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TRICLOCARBAN

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Triclocarban is an anilide antiseptic agent that is bacteriostatic against Gram- positive organisms in high dilutions.

Specific Substances

    1) TCC
    2) Cusiter
    3) Cutisan
    4) N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N1(4-Chlorophenyl)urea
    5) ENT 26925
    6) Genoface
    7) Procutene
    8) NSC 72005
    9) 3,4,4-Trichlorocarbanilide
    10) 3,4,4-Trichlorodiphenylurea
    11) Urea, N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4
    12) dichlorophenyl)-(9CL)
    13) Solubacter
    14) Dial(R) Soap
    15) CAS 101-20-2
    16) TCC (TRICLOCARBAN)

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) Triclocarban's use is limited to handwashes for health personnel, wound cleansers, and bar soaps for consumer use (HSDB , 2002).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) This product is used only externally. The toxicity is related to the amount of residue left after bathing. There have been a few cases of periorbital edema in geriatric patients using this product.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Periorbital edema has been reported in several geriatric cases.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Testicular degeneration was a primary sign of toxicity in animals.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Methemoglobinemia has been reported in infants following the use of TCC-containing products, which formerly contained a chloroaniline breakdown product.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) In one study, 5.3% of those tested were photosensitive to triclocarban. Isolated cases of contact dermatitis have also been reported.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) No specific toxic levels have yet been established for triclocarban.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Charcoal should be considered if greater than 25 mg/kg/day is ingested.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) No specific treatment is available.
    D) Should amounts in excess of 25 mg/kg/day be chronically ingested, splenic and testicular functions should be monitored.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) A dose of 75 mg/kg/day was calculated to give a blood level of 37.5 ppm. Based on adults exposed to 1.58 mg/kg/day from one bath, this would result in 0.024 mg/kg absorbed. This is a 1000-fold safety margin for the no-effect level in adults. The same rules apply to a 3 kg neonate. Even if one were to assume 100% absorption instead of 14%, the safety factor is still 200.
    B) Animals were found to have testicular degeneration with 75 mg/kg/day orally but this was not seen at 25 mg/kg/day.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) This product is used only externally. The toxicity is related to the amount of residue left after bathing. There have been a few cases of periorbital edema in geriatric patients using this product.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Periorbital edema has been reported in several geriatric cases.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) PERIORBITAL EDEMA has been reported in several geriatric cases (Personal Communication, 1985).

Neurologic

    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) ENCEPHALOPATHY
    a) RAT - Non-specific brain changes were noted in one strain of laboratory rat, but has yet to be replicated (FDA, 1974).

Hepatic

    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) SPLEEN DISORDER
    a) RAT - Non-specific splenic changes have been noted in an unusual strain of laboratory rat. These data have yet to be confirmed by other laboratory experiments (FDA, 1974).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Testicular degeneration was a primary sign of toxicity in animals.
    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) TESTIS DISORDER
    a) Testicular degeneration was the primary sign of toxicity found in animals. In chronic studies in rats, 75 mg/kg/day orally produced toxicity, but 25 mg/kg/day had no effect (FDA, 1982).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Methemoglobinemia has been reported in infants following the use of TCC-containing products, which formerly contained a chloroaniline breakdown product.
    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) CASE SERIES - Methemoglobinemia has been reported in infants following the use of TCC-containing products, due to a contaminant. One series of 18 cases came from a hospital nursery where the laundry rinse contained 2% TCC (Fisch et al, 1963). Other cases were seen when older children were given TCC-containing soap enemas (Johnson et al, 1963).
    a) In both of these case reports, chloroaniline breakdown products were found in the soap, possibly due to high-temperature autoclaving. Chloroaniline is thought to have been responsible and has subsequently been strictly monitored in TCC-containing products.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) In one study, 5.3% of those tested were photosensitive to triclocarban. Isolated cases of contact dermatitis have also been reported.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) PHOTOSENSITIVITY
    1) CASE SERIES - In one study, 5.3% of those tested were photosensitive to triclocarban. Sensitivity occurs to light wavelengths of 360 nm or less (Freeman & Know, 1968). Other anecdotal cases have been reported. In one other group of 2,200 patients tested, only 1 reacted positively (Maibach et al, 1978).
    B) CONTACT DERMATITIS
    1) Isolated cases of contact dermatitis have been reported (Nakawama, 1974; (Osmundsen, 1975) Frain-Bell, 1974; Agren-Jansson & Magnusson, 1976).
    C) SKIN FINDING
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION - Washing with previously used triclocarban-containing soap bars has been shown not to result in transmission of bacteria to the handwasher (Heinze & Yackovich, 1988).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS101-20-2 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) No specific toxic levels have yet been established for triclocarban.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) No specific toxic levels have yet been established for triclocarban.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) This compound may be assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography, but other methods have also been used (Jeffcoat, 1977).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) No specific toxic levels have yet been established for triclocarban.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Should more than 25 mg/kg of the pure product be ingested, gastric decontamination emesis should be considered.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) Activated charcoal should be considered if greater than 25 mg/kg/day is ingested.
    2) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) No specific treatment is yet available, or likely to be needed.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Should amounts in excess of 25 mg/kg/day be chronically ingested, (and especially greater than 75 mg/kg/day) then patients should be monitored for abnormalities in splenic and testicular function.
    C) PERIORBITAL EDEMA
    1) Periorbital edema has responded to conservative therapy. Antihistamines have been occasionally used as has epinephrine. In most cases, no treatment was necessary (Personal Communication, 1985).

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) A dose of 75 mg/kg/day was calculated to give a blood level of 37.5 ppm. Based on adults exposed to 1.58 mg/kg/day from one bath, this would result in 0.024 mg/kg absorbed. This is a 1000-fold safety margin for the no-effect level in adults. The same rules apply to a 3 kg neonate. Even if one were to assume 100% absorption instead of 14%, the safety factor is still 200.
    B) Animals were found to have testicular degeneration with 75 mg/kg/day orally but this was not seen at 25 mg/kg/day.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) This product is used only externally. The toxicity is related to the amount of residue left on the skin after bathing. The amount of TCC remaining after a 2 minute wash, followed by rinsing, was 1.35% of the amount applied or 0.33 mcg cm(2) of skin (North-Root et al, 1984).
    2) NO EFFECT LEVEL - A dose of 75 mg/kg/day was calculated to give a blood level of 37.5 ppm. Based on adults exposed to 1.58 mg/kg/day from one bath, this would result in 0.024 mg/kg absorbed. This is a 1,000 fold safety margin for the no-effect level in adults.
    a) The same rules apply to a 3 kg neonate. Even if one were to assume 100% absorption instead of 14%, the safety factor is still 200.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) Animals were found to have testicular degeneration with 75 mg/kg/day orally but this was not seen at 25 mg/kg/day (FDA, 1982).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS101-20-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS101-20-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS101-20-2 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS101-20-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    1) 2100 mg/kg (RTECS, 2002)
    B) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    1) > 5000 mg/kg (HSDB, 2002)
    C) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    1) >34600 mg/kg (RTECS, 2002)

Pharmacology Toxicology

Pharmacologic Mechanism

    A) Triclocarban is bacteriostatic to gram-positive bacteria (Heinze & Yackovich, 1988).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Triclocarban is a fine, white to off-white powder or plates with a slight, characteristic odor (HSDB , 2002)
    B) Triclocarban is soluble in acetone and dimethylformamide, and practically insoluble in water (HSDB , 2002)

Molecular Weight

    A) 315.59 (HSDB , 2002)

References

General Bibliography

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