TRICHLOROETHANE

1,1,1-trichloroethane is encountered both in industrial and domestic uses. It is used as a degreaser, pesticide, a solvent in paints, glues, and aerosol products, as a dry cleaning agent, and in household products for the removal of stains (Baselt, 2000a; Lewis, 2001a; Verschueren, 2001).
"Because of its ozone-depleting properties, methyl chloroform is scheduled to be phased out of use by the year 2005 as part of the Montreal Protocol" (Harbison, 1998).

After the phase-out, the only allowed use of methyl chloroform will be as a chemical intermediate feedstock ((HSIA, 1994)).

Cases of intentional abuse of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in substances such as typewriter correction fluid for euphoric symptoms have been documented (Troutman, 1988).

FORMS

1,1,1-trichlorethane is available in the following grades: cold cleaning; industrial inhibited; inhibited; uninhibited; white room (CHRIS, 2003).
In the United States, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is commercially available as technical or solvent grades. They differ in the amount of stabilizer (such as alcohols, esters, ketones, or nitrogen compounds) that has been added to prevent corrosion of metal (Harbison, 1998; HSDB, 2003).

SOURCES

1,1,1-trichloroethane can be produced by the chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethane, ethane, or vinyl chloride, the catalytic addition of hydrochloric acid to 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride), or by refluxing carbon monoxide with chloroethane and carbon tetrachloride (Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996; HSDB, 2003).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

1,1,1-Trichloroethane is a central nervous system and respiratory depressant, as well as a skin, eye, mucous membrane and respiratory tract irritant. It is harmful by inhalation, ingestion and dermal exposure, and is absorbed mainly through the lungs and skin, with low oral toxicity. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is one of the least toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents.
Exposure produces a burning sensation of the eyes and skin. Repeated dermal exposure can defat the skin, causing erythema, rash, and dry, scaly, fissured dermatitis. Lengthy contact with the skin can result in pain and irritation. Eye exposure produces irritation, lacrimation, conjunctivitis and transient, superficial eye injury. Corneal burns are possible.
Systemic effects include headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting, drowsiness, helplessness, hallucinations or distorted perceptions, impaired judgement, motor activity changes, ataxia, decreased reaction time, decreased manual dexterity, loss of proprioception, irritability, aggression, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, abdominal cramps and other gastrointestinal changes, hypotension, cardiac fibrillation, lassitude and coma.
Central nervous system effects may be most pronounced at higher exposures and include loss of coordination and equilibrium, central nervous system impairment and central anesthetic effects (possibly fatal). CNS depressant effects are seen with high concentrations.
Cardiac sensitization to epinephrine, which can result from exposure to high concentrations, can produce fatal cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest. In patients who abuse halogenated hydrocarbons, this is referred to as "sudden sniffing death".
Asphyxiation may result from inhalational exposure. Chemical pneumonitis (particularly after aspiration of gastric contents) and acute lung injury with hemorrhage are also possible consequences of exposure.
Intentional exposure to high concentrations in recreational abuse for euphoria may produce unconsciousness, seizures, respiratory arrest, dysrhythmias and sudden death.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Toxic by ingestion.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful.
Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

1,1,1-Trichloroethane is rapidly absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, and through intact skin (Hathaway et al, 1996). In acute exposure it causes skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation and CNS depression(HSDB , 1998; RTECS , 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996). Symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) depression include headache, weakness, dizziness, nausea, loss of coordination and judgement, with coma and death at higher doses. Some cases of sudden death have been ascribed to development of non-perfusing cardiac arrhythmias (King et al, 1985; Banathy & Chan, 1983; Ranson & Berry, 1986).

Ingestion may result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and esophageal irritation or burns (Gerace, 1981).

Exposure of 9 exercising male volunteers to fluctuating or steady airborne levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 100 ppm (TWA) did not have any adverse effects; changes in EEG patterns involving prevention of increase in alpha-waves seen with exercise alone were observed (Laine et al, 1996).

Short-term exposure to airborne concentrations of 250 to 550 ppm increased reaction time, impaired manual dexterity, and induced anesthesia (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ACGIH, 1991). At an airborne level of 1,000 ppm, equilibrium was disturbed.

At airborne levels of 1,900 to 2,650 ppm, there was irritation of the throat and light-headedness, headache, and lassitude. Airborne concentrations greater than 5,000 ppm are regarded as life-threatening, with 6000 to 20,000 ppm conferring risk of sudden death due to CNS and respiratory depression (Droz, 1982). Numerous fatalities have occurred from inhalation in enclosed spaces (ACGIH, 1991).

One patient developed paresthesias and a sensory peripheral neuropathy of the hands and feet with onset several days after 2-day use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. These effects were resolving at six months after exposure (House et al, 1996).

Mild liver and kidney damage have been reported from high-level acute exposures (Hathaway et al, 1996).

1,1,1-Trichloroethane is known from controlled studies in dogs to increase the sensitivity of the heart to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine (adrenalin), resulting in arrhythmias (Reinhardt et al, 1973). Death may result from exposure to airborne concentrations greater than 5000 ppm, due to respiratory arrest (a consequence of CNS depressant effects) and to peripheral vascular collapse (HSDB, 1998).

1,1,1-Trichloroethane increased motor activity in mice at low airborne concentrations (1,250 to 2,500 ppm), and depressed activity at high airborne concentrations (Bowen & Balster, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

When repeatedly applied to the skin, 1,1,1- trichloroethane has a defatting action. Erythema and vesication may occur (Jones & Winter, 1983; Stewart & Dodd, 1964). One case of allergic contact dermatitis in a worker chronically exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been reported (Ingber, 1991).

Voluntary repeated exposure to airborne levels of 500 ppm of 1,1,1-trichloroethane caused fatigue. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane equilibrated in the exposed subjects after 3 to 4 days, but was still detectable in the breath up to 1 month after exposure ceased (Stewart et al, 1969).

In one epidemiological study, 151 employees exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane at airborne levels less than 250 ppm for an average of 6 years did not have any noteworthy medical problems (p 33).

One patient with occupational 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure developed otherwise unexplained progressive liver disease; removal from exposure was associated with improvement (Cohen & Frank, 1994). Mild liver and kidney injury have been reported in a few cases of occupational exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996; Hodgson et al, 1989).

Effects similar to those of organic solvent syndrome have been described in a group of 28 workers with chronic 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure. Memory, concentration, balance and coordination defects, moodiness, and irritability were the main findings (Kelafant et al, 1993, 1994). 1,1,1-Trichloroethane has been a solvent of abuse (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

One case of peripheral sensory neuropathy involving the hands and feet has been associated with 1,1,1-trichloroethane occupational exposure; after removal from exposure, the condition nearly completely resolved over six months (House et al, 1994). Ruijten et al (1991) examined 31 printing workers exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane at airborne concentrations of 17 to 70 ppm for 16 years and found no impairment of the motor or autonomic nerves.

Rats tolerated exposure to airborne concentrations of 204 ppm for 3 months with no apparent ill effects (Eben & Kimmerle, 1974). Rats exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane at airborne levels of 500 to 4000 ppm for 4 days had withdrawal syndrome characterized by handling-induced seizures upon removal from exposure. Re-exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane reduced the severity of the seizures, and TOLUENE, ETHANOL, pentobarbital or midazolam were also effective in reducing effects of withdrawal. These results suggest that 1,1,1-trichloroethane can induce physical dependence similar to that of CNS-depressant drugs (Evans & Balster, 1993).

Rats exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane by inhalation at airborne concentrations up to 2000 ppm for 13 weeks had no changes in neurologic function, as determined by a functional observational battery and clinical/morphologic findings, except for diminished forelimb grip performance in the 2000 ppm group (Mattsson et al, 1993).

Guinea pigs developed hepatotoxicity (increased liver weight, centrilobular fatty changes) and inflammation of the lungs following chronic 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure (Hayes & Laws, 1991).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, CNS, cardiovascular system and liver (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

There is no specific antidote for excessive exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Respiratory support may facilitate elimination. Monitor electrocardiogram in patients with significant exposure. Avoid administration of adrenergic agonist medications whenever possible.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility by an ophthalmologist.

ORAL EXPOSURE

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The acute lethal dose in humans has been estimated as 500 to 5000 mg/kg (Fasset & Irish, 1973).
Torkelson (1994) reports that inhalation of 20,000 ppm for 60 minutes will result in a surgical anesthesia and possible death in humans (Torkelson, 1994).
Inhalation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane at concentrations greater than 14,000 to 15,000 is capable of causing death (ACGIH, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).
Death occurred after a few minutes of exposure to 70,000 ppm of 1,1,1- trichloroethane. In another case, a concentration of greater than 5000 ppm caused death to occur within 10 minutes (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992).
Based on effects caused in monkeys and rats, the following effects are expected in humans: 20,000 ppm for 60 minutes, coma and possibly death; 10,000 ppm for 30 minutes, marked incoordination; 2000 ppm for 5 minutes, disturbance of equilibrium (Proctor et al, 1988).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The highest concentration of unintentional exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane for five minutes or less that would not cause irreversible damage or incapacitation which would prevent escape is 2500 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2003).
The lowest published toxic dose (TDLo) in humans is reported to be 670 mg/kg, with resultant nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (RTECS, 2003). The lowest published inhalational toxic concentration (TCLo) in man is reported to be 200 ppm for 4 hours, with resultant behavioral changes (RTECS, 2003).
"The anesthetic effects of trichloroethane, such as lightheadedness and loss of coordination, are displayed by persons exposed to vapor concentrations exceeding 1000 ppm" (Baselt, 1997; Baselt, 2000a).
CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has states that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is not classifiable as a human carcinogen; this corresponds to a carcinogenicity rating of A4 (HSDB, 2003).
The International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) defines 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a Group 3 carcinogen, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. Evidence of carcinogenicity was inadequate in both humans and experimental animals ((IARC, 1999)).

CASE REPORTS

An epidemiological study of 151 men and women exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (exposure periods ranged from several months to six years) at exposure levels sometimes exceeding 200 ppm found no adverse effects related to exposure in workers as compared to control subjects (Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 2001).
When exposed to 900 to 1000 ppm for 20 minutes, human subjects experienced light-headedness, incoordination, and impaired equilibrium; at similar concentrations, transient eye irritation has also been reported. Impairments in psychomotor task performance have been demonstrated at levels around 350 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1996).
A 37-year-old female with no cardiac history inhaled a product containing 30% trichloroethane for 20 minutes in a closed bathroom and experienced a silent myocardial infarction (Bailey et al, 1997).

ANIMAL DATA

Trichloroethane at concentrations above 14,000 to 15,000 ppm is fatal to experimental animals (Torkelson, 1994).
When doses of 0.5 g/kg were applied repeatedly for 90 days to rabbits, no effects were caused except for slight reversible irritation of the skin at the site of application (ACGIH, 2001).
Exposure to the vapor at 500 ppm for seven hours a day, five days per week for six months did not cause any toxic changes of significance in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, or monkeys (ACGIH, 2001).
Animal studies confirm the low hepatotoxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane but indicate that a lowered myocardial threshold to the dysrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine can occur if exposures are excessive (ACGIH, 2001).
Based on effects caused in monkeys and rats, the following effects are predicted to occur in humans: 20,000 ppm for 60 minutes, coma and possibly death; 10,000 ppm for 30 minutes, marked incoordination; 2000 ppm for 5 minutes, disturbance of equilibrium (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS71-55-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Methyl chloroform

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential ; Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Methyl chloroform
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2 mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Information reviewed but value not estimated.
RfC: 5 mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

LC50- (INHALATION)CAT:
- 24,400 mg/m(3)(RTECS, 2003)
LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 3911 ppm for 2H - excitement(RTECS, 2003)
- 13,500 ppm for 10H (HSDB, 2003)
- OF1, Female, 13,414 ppm for 6H(ATSDR, 1995)
- NA2, Male, 3911 ppm for 2H (ATSDR, 1995)
- CD-1, Male, 22,241 ppm for 30M (ATSDR, 1995)
- CD-1, Male, 18,358 ppm for 60M(ATSDR, 1995)
- Female, 13,410 ppm (72.4 g/m(3)) for 6H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 22,240 ppm (120 g/m(3)) for 30M (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 18,358 ppm (99.1 g/m(3)) for 1H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 20,616 ppm (111 g/m(3)) for 30M (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 29,492 ppm (159 g/m(3)) for 10M(IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- 38,000 ppm (205 g/m(3)) for 15M(IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 18,000 ppm (97.2 g/m(3)) for 3H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 18,000 ppm for 4H(RTECS, 2003)
- 14,000 ppm for 7H(HSDB, 2003)
- 14,250 ppm (76.9 g/m(3)) for 7H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Sprague-Dawley, Male, 10,305 ppm for 6H(ATSDR, 1995)
- Alderley-Park, 38,000 ppm for 15M (ATSDR, 1995)
- Wistar, 14,250 ppm for 7H (ATSDR, 1995)
- Male, 18,400 ppm (99.4 g/m(3)) for 4H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 10,300 ppm (55.6 g/m(3)) for 6H (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 24,000 ppm for 1H(HSDB, 2003)
LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 27 g/m(3) for 10M (Lewis, 2000)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG:
- 4140 mg/kg(IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 4147 mg/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
- 3100 mg/kg - liver function tests impaired(RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- 750 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- 8600 mg/kg(IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 9470 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 5083 mg/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
- Female, 3700 mg/kg (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Male, 5080 mg/kg(HSDB, 2003; IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 2568 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
- 3636 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- Female, 11.24 g/kg(HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 2000)
- Female, 9700 mg/kg (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 6 g/mg - weight loss/decreased weight gain; change in pulse rate(RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- 16 g/kg - changes in sleep; ataxia(RTECS, 2003)
LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- 5660 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
- Female, 5.66 mg/kg (HSDB, 2003)
- 10,500 mg/kg (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 15,800 mg/kg (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- greater than 16 g/kg(ACGIH, 2001)
- 16 g/kg(Bingham et al, 2001a)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- 3593 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
- 3.9 g/kg (Bingham et al, 2001a)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- Female, 11,000 ppm (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- Female, 10,300 ppm (ATSDR, 1995)
- Sprague-Dawley, Female, 12,996 ppm (ATSDR, 1995)
- Sprague-Dawley, Male, 17,148 ppm (ATSDR, 1995)
- Male, 12,300 mg/kg (ATSDR, 1995)
- Male, 14,300 mg/kg (IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
- 9600 mg/kg - change in pulse rate; weight loss/decreased weight gain(RTECS, 2003)
LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- 95 mg/kg (Lewis, 2000)
- 95 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- 15800 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- 500 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- 1000 ppm for 1H/13W-intermittent -- liver changes(RTECS, 2003)
- 650 ppm for 7H/58D-intermittent -- weight loss/decreased weight gain(RTECS, 2003)
- 3000 ppm for 7H/29D-intermittent -- weight loss/decreased weight gain(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- 350 ppm - behavioral changes(RTECS, 2003)
- 350 ppm -- central nervous system effects (Lewis, 2000)
- 200 ppm for 4H - changes in sense organs(RTECS, 2003)
- 200 ppm for 4H - motor activity changes; irritability(RTECS, 2003)
- 920 ppm for 70M - behavioral changes; conjunctive irritation(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- 1000 ppm for 2H/3W-intermittent - motor activity changes; liver changes; red blood cell count changes(RTECS, 2003)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- female, 2100 ppm for 6H at 1-20D of pregnancy - fetotoxicity (except death)(RTECS, 2003)
- female, 7000 ppm for 3H at 13-19D of pregnancy - maternal effects; effects on live birth index; behavioral effects on newborns(RTECS, 2003)
- 10,000 ppm for 1H/13W-intermittent - changes to liver(RTECS, 2003)
- 2100 ppm for 24H/14D/1-20D preg -- teratogenic effects (Lewis, 2000)
TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- 670 mg/kg - gastrointestinal effects(RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 8004 mg/kg for 6D-intermittent -- changes in spleen weight; autoimmune effects(RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 319 g/kg for 13W-continuous -- weight loss/decreased weight gain(RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- female, 43 mg/kg for 1-22D of pregnancy and 21D after birth -- developmental circulatory abnormalities(RTECS, 2003)
- 109 g/kg for 13W-continous -- acute renal failure; acute tubular necrosis(RTECS, 2003)

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS:

1 mg/m(3) = 0.18 ppm (Verschueren, 2001)

1 mg/m(3) = 0.185 (ATSDR, 1995) IPCS, 1992)
1 ppm = 5.40 mg/m(3) (ATSDR, 1995) ICPS, 1992)
1 ppm = 5.46 mg/m(3) (NIOSH , 2001)
1 ppm = 5.54 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS71-55-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Methyl chloroform

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 350 ppm
TLV-STEL: 450 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair; liver dam
Molecular Weight: 133.42

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS71-55-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS71-55-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Methyl chloroform
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 350 ppm (1900 mg/m(3)) [15-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

IDLH:

IDLH: 700 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Table Z-1 for Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane):

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 350

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1900

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing; all spent solvent mixtures/blends used in degreasing containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F002, F004, and F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures.
Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents; all spent solvent mixtures/ blends containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F001, F004, or F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures.
Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Methyl chloroform
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-
P or U series number: U226
Footnote:
Listed as: Methyl chloroform
P or U series number: U226
Footnote:
Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
P or U series number: U226
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS71-55-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform)
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS71-55-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS71-55-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2831 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2831
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, N36, T4, TP1

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
N36: Aluminum or aluminum alloy construction materials are permitted only for halogenated hydrocarbons that will not react with aluminum.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2831 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
UN Number: 2831

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS71-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Bottles, cans, and drums and tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges are usual shipping containers for this compound (NFPA, 1997). Do not store trichloroethane in aluminum containers because it easily corrodes aluminum and aluminum alloys (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) ITI, 1988). Compound should be kept in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from heat and moisture. Keep vapor from sources of ultraviolet light, such as arc welding, as poisonous gases may be produced (Psychem , 1997; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Compound should be kept in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from heat and moisture. Keep vapor from sources of ultraviolet light, such as arc welding, as poisonous gases may be produced (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store compound separate from water, strong caustics (such as sodium and potassium hydroxide); acetone; ammonia, strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and bromine) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, aluminum, zinc, and magnesium) since violent reactions can occur (Psychem , 1997; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Keep vapor from sources of ultraviolet light (such as arc welding) as poisonous gases may be produced (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Trichloroethane is incompatible with strong caustics, strong oxidizers, chemically active metals (such as aluminum, magnesium powders, sodium, and potassium). This compound will decompose to form irritating gases, hydrochloric acid, phosgene, and dichloracetylene when in contact with hot metal or when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Protective clothing made of leather, neoprene, or polyvinyl alcohol should be worn when working with 1,1,1-trichloroethane (natural rubber is attacked by this compound). Also recommended is the use of a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, safety goggles, and gloves. If skin becomes contaminated, it should be promptly washed. Nonimpervious clothing should be removed and replaced if it becomes contaminated (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

"Personal Protective Equipment: Organic vapor-acid gas canister; self-contained breathing apparatus for emergencies; neoprene or polyvinyl-alcohol-type gloves; chemical safety goggles and face shield; neoprene safety shoes (or leather safety shoes plus neoprene footwear); neoprene of polyvinyl alcohol suit or apron for splash protection" ((CHRIS, 2001)).

"Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers" (HSDB , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Eye protection should be worn (Sittig, 1991).

Safety goggles should be worn when handling this compound (OHM/TADS , 2001)

Do not wear contact lenses while working with this compound (HSDB , 2001)

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

A positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

A chemical cartridge respirator should be worn when 1,1,1-trichloroethane is being handled (OHM/TADS , 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 71-55-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.03
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.004
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.004
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 232
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 9.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.004
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 72
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 459
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 72
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 459
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Butyl II 874R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 107
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Butyl/Neoprene

Comasec Safety, Inc

Butyl+Plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 786
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Fluorosolv

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-467

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99.5%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Latex

Memphis Glove Company

5290 Series Flock-Lined Latex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 74
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 74
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Flex

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 900
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Black Max

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 660
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Flexigum

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Jelly Fish

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 900
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 54
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 137
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.3
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 51
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 146
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 39
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 332
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Astro-Prene

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 780
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Guardian Manufacturing Group

IN-35

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 23
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Chem-ply/N-440

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 56
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1447.3
Notes: 95%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19.5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1022
Notes: 95%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5410S Series Flock-Lined Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

6912 Neomax Neoprene

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 37
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 39
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 19
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 332
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 37
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 49
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 174
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 37
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 37
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 33
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Comasec Safety, Inc

Comatril

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Flexiproof

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 60
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/A-10

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 534.9
Notes: 95%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/A-14

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 276
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 53
Notes: 95%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/A-15

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 75.3
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 24.3
Notes: 97%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Stansolv/AF-18

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 91.2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 201
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Memphis Glove Company

5320 Series Flock-Lined Nitrile

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

9750 Series Predator Nitrile

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <10000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-466

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Stansolv/A-10CR

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 534.9
Notes: 95%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+Neoprene+Natural Rubber

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

TRIonic 521

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic 522

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-194BPK

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic E-204

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic O-240

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 52
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 92
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 92
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Comasec Safety, Inc

Blockbuster LP

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Comastar

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 10
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Lion Paw

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Normal

Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Presti

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Jacket

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Yellow Submarine

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 120
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)

Memphis Glove Company

6400 Actifresh Green PVC

Degradation Rating: 0 (on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 offering the least chemical resistance)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Memphis Glove Company, 2001)

Polyvinyl Chloride/Nitrile

Comasec Safety, Inc

Multi+plus

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 50
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 96
Notes: tested in accordance with ASTM F739
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
Degradation Rating: Not reported
Breakthrough Time (minutes): < 30
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested in conformity with the standard EN 374-3
Citation: (Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)

Viton/Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Best Viton 892

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Comasec Safety, Inc 8 Niblick Road Box 1219 Enfield, CT 06083-1219 USA Phone: (860) 741-2207 Fax: (860) 741-0881 Toll-Free: (800) 333-0219 Website: http://www.comasecsafety.com Email: info@comasecsafety.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Guardian Manufacturing Group 302 Conwell Avenue Willard, OH 44890-9525 USA Phone: (419) 933-2711 Fax: (419) 935-8961 Toll-Free: (800) 243-7379 Website: http://www.guardian-mfg.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Memphis Glove Company 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (901) 795-0672 Fax: (901) 794-7622 Toll-Free: (800) 955-6887 Website: http://www.memphisglove.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.
- Most vapors are heavier than air.
- Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited.
- Container may explode in heat of fire.
Fires involving 1,1,1-trichloroethane should be extinguished using agents that are suitable for the surrounding fire type, as this compound burns with difficulty. Affected containers can be cooled with flooding quantities of water applied from a maximal distance. Run-off water should be kept out of sewers and water sources. Approach fire from upwind as poisonous gases are produced (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001); NFPA, 1997).
CHRIS (2001) recommends that carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam be used to extinguish fires involving 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Goggles and a self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when fighting fires involving this compound ((CHRIS, 2001)).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS71-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS71-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

To avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products, fire should be approached from upwind. As 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a non-combustible liquid and does not itself burn, fires involving this compound should be extinguished with an agent that is suitable for the type of surrounding fire. Water spray, applied from a maximal distance, can be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool and to flush spills away from exposures. Run-off should be kept out of sewers and water sources (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

CHRIS (2001) recommends that carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam be used to extinguish fires involving 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic and irritating gases, such as hydrogen chlorine, carbon monoxide, and phosgene, are released when 1,1,1-trichloroethane undergoes combustion ((CHRIS, 2001); NFPA, 1997; Psychem , 1997).
"Decomposition: Thermal decomposition of 1,1,1-trichloroethane occurs below 260 degrees C, while large amounts of hydrogen chloride and trace amount of phosgene form at temperatures above that level" (HSDB , 2001).
At high temperatures (>300 degrees C), 1,1,1-trichloroethane decomposes and/or oxidizes to hydrogen chloride and dichloroethane, as well as some phosgene (AAR, 2000) IPCS, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If subjected to a high-energy source, 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapors in containers can explode (NFPA, 1997).

"1,1,1-trichloroethane can burn in the vapor state and in admixture with air forms explosive mixtures" (IPCS, 1992).

Please see the 'Reactivity Hazard' section for more comprehensive information.

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

If subjected to a high-energy source, 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapors in containers can explode (NFPA, 1997).

"1,1,1-trichloroethane can burn in the vapor state and in admixture with air forms explosive mixtures" (IPCS, 1992).

Please see the 'Reactivity Hazard' section for more comprehensive information.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

1,1,1-Trichloroethane, under the proper conditions, can undergo reactions with the following compounds (IPCS, 1992; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 2000):

acetone
alkaline solutions (e.g., an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide to form 1,1-dichloroethene)
aluminum oxide + heavy metals
amides
aqueous acids
azides
strong caustics
dinitrogen tetraoxide
inhibitors
liquid oxygen
metals and their alloys (e.g., aluminum; magnesium; potassium; potassium-sodium alloy; sodium)
metal powders (including copper; bronze) (reacts violently)
molecular sieve
strong oxidizers
oxygen
sodium hydroxide
water

While nonflammable, exposure to high temperatures (>300 degrees C) may cause 1,1,1-trichloroethane to decompose or oxidize to emit toxic chloride fumes, dichloroethane, and/or phosgene (AAR, 2000) IPCS, 1992).

Aluminum and aluminum alloys are extremely corroded by 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Iron and zinc are moderately corroded by this compound when dry (HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Some plastics, coatings, and rubber are attacked by 1,1,1-trichloroethane (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Catalysis by metal salts (especially aluminum compounds) will cause 1,1,1-trichloroethane to degrade at lower temperatures. At ambient temperatures, 1,1,1-trichloroethane decomposes in air to release, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and traces of chlorine (IPCS, 1992).

"The formation of phosgene by the photooxidation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane during welding operations may be considerable" (IPCS, 1992).

"Although no flash point is measurable by standard tests, the vapor can be ignited by a high-energy source, the limits being 8.0-10.5 vol% in air at 25 degrees C, with an autoignition temperature of 500 degrees C" (Urben, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS71-55-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 350
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 700
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 3500
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS71-55-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Trichloroethane, 1,1,1- (Methyl chloroform)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 230
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 230
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 600
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 4200
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS71-55-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1252 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1252 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1252 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1252 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1252 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 930 ppm
mg/m3: 5064 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 670 ppm
mg/m3: 3650 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 600 ppm
mg/m3: 3270 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 380 ppm
mg/m3: 2070 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 310 ppm
mg/m3: 1688 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4800 ppm
mg/m3: 26,135 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 4800 ppm
mg/m3: 26,135 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 3800 ppm
mg/m3: 20,690 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 2400 ppm
mg/m3: 13,067 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1900 ppm
mg/m3: 10,345 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS71-55-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 700 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
The release should be approached form upwind and only by those wearing protective clothing. The leak should be controlled or stopped if this can be done without undue risk. Vapors can be knocked down using water spray. Local health and pollution control agencies should be notified; water sources and sewers must be protected, runoff controlled, and discharged material isolated for proper disposal (AAR, 2001; ((CHRIS, 2001); NFPA, 1997).
Only those individuals wearing personal protective clothing should be allowed in the spill or leak area. Dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or other non-reactive absorbent material can be used to absorb liquid spills of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which should then be deposited in sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).
Spills and leaks can be absorbed with paper and evaporated in a hood on a glass dish. The paper should be burned in a hood (ITI, 1988).
ITI (1995) suggests purifying by distillation prior to returning to the supplier.
LAND SPILL - A holding area should be created to contain the spilled material. Use foamed concrete, foamed polyurethane, sand bags, soil to dike the surface flow. Bulk liquid can be absorbed with cement powder, fly ash, or commercial sorbents (AAR, 2000).
WATER SPILL - Limit spill travel through the use of oil spill control booms or natural barriers. Material should be trapped at the bottom by using excavated lagoons, deep water pockets, or sand bag barriers. Use suction hoses to remove trapped material (AAR, 2000).
Check with US EPA to ensure that waste disposal regulations are being met (HSDB , 2001)
"Contain and isolate spill by using clay/bentonite dams, interceptor trenches, or impoundments. Construct swale to divert uncontaminated portion of watershed around contaminated portion. Seek professional help to evaluate problem, implement containment measures and conduct bench scale and pilot scale tests prior to full scale decontamination program implementation. Density stratification and impoundment - remove product from bottom layer by pumping through manifold or polyethylene rope mop collection or remove clarified upper portion by skimmers or siphon. Treatment is required for both clarified and concentrated product fractions. Treatment alternatives include powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, and biodegradation. Treatment alternatives for contaminated soils include well point collection and treatment of leachates as for contaminated waters, bentonite/cement injection to immobolize spill. Contaminated soil residues may be packaged for disposal" (OHM/TADS , 2001)
"Disposal method(s): Product residues and sorbent media may be packaged in 17H epoxy-lined drums and disposed of at an approved EPA disposal site. Destruction by high temperature incineration with hydrochloric acid scrubber, if available. Encapsulation by organic polyester resin or silicate fixation. Confirm disposal procedures with responsible environmental engineer and regulatory officials" (OHM/TADS , 2001)

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand, earth or other noncombustible absorbent material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

This compound may also be recycled from waste gases and liquids (as an alternative to disposal) (Sittig, 1991).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Sittig (1991) suggests incineration as the preferred disposal method, especially after mixing trichloroethane with another combustible fuel. To prevent the formation of phosgene, this compound must undergo complete combustion. To remove haloacids, an acid scrubber may be used.
1,1,1-trichloroethane is a candidate for the following types of incineration (HSDB , 2001):
- Liquid injection: At a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C; residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds
- Rotary kiln: Temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C; residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, hours for solids
- Fluidized bed incineration: Temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C; residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, longer for solids
The Ultrox technology uses Ultra Violet light and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and ozone to oxidize organic contaminants in wastewater. The process was tested at a site in San Jose, CA and achieved VOC removals greater than 90 percent. Most of the VOC removal was through chemical oxidation (Topudurti, 1992).
The reaction of hydroxyl (OH) radicals with methyl chloroform was initiated with a pulsed photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence apparatus. The method was used to measure the rate coefficients for the reaction at 298 and 277 degrees Kelvin. The measured coefficients were 20 and 15%, respectively, lower than earlier reported values. The consequence of these results is to reduce by 15% the projected lifetimes of species whose main loss process in the troposphere is via reaction with OH radicals (Talukdar et al, 1992).
Destruction and removal efficiencies greater than 99.99% were attained for wastes containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane by fluidized bed incineration and oceanic incineration. Supercritical-water oxidation has also resulted in extremely high destruction efficiencies (Freeman, 1989).

BIOREMEDIATION

1,1,1-Trichloroethane has been shown to be at least partially degraded by anaerobic digestion. It degrades slowly but only in the presence of another metabolite which can support the growth of the organisms as a carbon source (Freeman, 1989).
Anaerobic environments have been shown to catalyze the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. The dechlorination of trichloroethane (TCA) was the subject of the laboratory study using batch anaerobic reactors. The results showed that dechlorination occurred under methanogenic conditions and not under denitrification. The reaction was complete in a reactor containing glass beads and activated carbon with a hydraulic residence time of 2.5 (Ahlert & Enzminger, 1992).
High concentrations of three chlorinated aliphatic chemicals were subjected to anaerobic biodegradation in this study. The chemicals were dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CF), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). Feeding mixtures of the chemicals to the digester caused a decrease in the degradation of TCA and an increase in the degradation of DCM. When fed high levels of acetate the system showed an increased ability to transform all the chlorinated aliphatic chemicals (Hughes & Parkin, 1992).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

All sources of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are anthropogenic. It will enter the environment primarily through evaporation to the atmosphere (during production and use), but also makes its way into the environment through wastewater, stack, and fugitive emissions from production. Inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion of contaminated food or water are all possible routes of exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The primary human exposure comes from air and drinking water (ATSDR, 1995; HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Since it is stable in the atmosphere, 1,1,1-trichloroethane released to air is expected to travel long distances and return, in part, to the earth via rain. Tropospheric 1,1,1-trichloroethane degrades very slowly by photooxidation, and approximately 15% also diffuses slowly to the stratosphere where photodegradation occurs rapidly. This compound's reaction with hydroxyl radicals has a half-life of 6 months to 25 years. The presence of nitrogen oxides and chloride radicals increases the rate of degradation (Howard, 1990).
"When 1,1,1-trichloroethane enters the troposphere, it is oxidized by reaction with the free hydroxyl radicals produced by the action of solar UV light to form trichloroacetaldehyde, which is further oxidized to trichloroacetic acid. The half-life for oxidation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been estimated to range for 2 to 5.5 years, corresponding to residence times of 5 to 7 years" (IPCS, 1992).
It is estimated that the amount of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the atmosphere is increasing by 12-17% (Howard, 1990).
The half-life for 1,1,1-trichloroethane is air ranges from 5393 to 53929 hours. These values are based upon this compound's photooxidation half-life in air (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- The half-life of 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been reported to range from hours to a few weeks, depending upon mixing conditions and wind. (In laboratory condition evaporation half-lives have ranged from a fraction of an hour to several hours.) 1,1,1-trichloroethane may be removed by biodegradation of adsoption onto particulate matter, but both of these methods are insignificant compared to volatilization (Howard, 1990).
- Using a Henry's Law constant of 8 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol, a half-life of 3.7 hours from a model river (current of 1 m/sec and wind of 3 m/sec) can be calculated (Howard, 1990).
- At 25 degrees C, 90% evaporation occurred within 60-80 min from an aqueous solution containing 1 mg 1,1,1-trichloroethane/L, the half-life being 20 min" (IPCS, 1992).
- "Two parallel reactions result in the degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in water: (a) dehydrochlorination to hydrochloric acid and 1,1-dichloroethene; (b) hydrolysis to hydrochloric and ethanoic acids. These reactions are influenced to a different degree by temperature and alkalinity. Thus the calculated half-life at 10 degrees C in initially neutral demineralized water is 9.3 years and the observed half-life at 20 degrees C is 1.7 years" (IPCS, 1992).
- "Water chemistry: Degradation in water is of much lesser importance than tropospheric reactions. Transfer reactions from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere are rapid compared to the hydrolytic half-life. The average evaporation half-life of methyl chloroform from water containing 500 ppm soil (of various types) was 17-23 minutes. The hydrolytic half-life has been estimated at 6-9 months. The lower estimates were uncorrected for evaporation. No difference was found in sunlight or darkness. Methyl chloroform hydrolyzes at 25 degrees C to acetic acid and hydrochloric acid. At 10 degrees C and pH 8, vinylidene chloride is the major end product. The estimated half-life in seawater at pH 8 and 25 degrees C is 9 months" (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- Half-lives of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in water at different temperatures (IPCS, 1992):
- In ground water, 1,1,1-trichloroethane has an estimated half-life of 3360 to 13104 hours (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- On land, this compound is lost to volatilization, due to its high vapor pressure and Henry's Law constant (8 X 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole), and quickly passes through soil into groundwater; soil adsorption is proportional to the soil's organic carbon content (Howard, 1990).
- SOIL ADSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT: Laboratory experiments using 1,1,1-trichloroethane adsorbed onto aquifer materials of low organic carbon content generated linear isotherms from which the following distribution coefficient was calculated: K(d) = 0.04 to 0.55 mL/g (Larsen et al, 1992).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Hydrolysis is not a significant degradation process (half-life approximately 6 months), but a by-product of vinylidene chloride is produced. In the troposphere, direct photolysis is not important due to the compound's inability to absorb light above 290 nm (half-life 0.5 to 2.2 years), but in the stratosphere, trichloroethane rapidly degrades due to photolysis. Trichloroethane undergoes a slow reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (average half-life 5 years). Photooxidation produces phosgene, chlorine gas, hydrogen chloride, and carbon dioxide. Degradation is expected to be greatly increased by exposure to ozone and chlorine. In water, photodegradation is not observed (Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

In soil, no or very slow degradation has been observed (Howard, 1990). In water, slow degradation has been observed under anaerobic or aerated conditions; aerobic half-lives range from 20 to 39 weeks and anaerobic half-lives range from 80 to 156 weeks (Howard, 1991; (Howard, 1990). This process may take several weeks and acclimation is important. In seawater, the half-life of trichloroethane is 9 months and vinylidene chloride is the degradation product (Howard, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 8.9 (in a 28-day test) (Howard, 1990).
BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 9 (IPCS, 1992; (Verschueren, 2001)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

TLm - (WATER) PINFISH: 75-150 ppm -- salt water; time period not specified (CHRIS, 2001)
LC90 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 89 mg/L for 72H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC90 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 91 mg/L for 96H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BARNACLE (Eliminius modestus), nauplii: 7.5 mg/L (nominal) for 48H -- static conditions (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) BARNACLE LARVAE: 7.5 ppm for 48H -- saltwater; static conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.32-1.2 g in size: 110 mg/L (nominal) for 24H -- static conditions; 21-23 degrees C; hardness of 32-48 mg/L CaCO3; pH of 6.7-7.8 (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.32-1.2g in size: 57-90 mg/L (nominal) for 96H -- static conditions; 21-23 degrees C; hardness of 32-48 mg/L CaCO3; pH 6.7-7.8 (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 67.7 mg/L (nominal) for 96H -- static conditions (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 104 mg/L for 24H -- saltwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 70 mg/L for 96H - saltwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) DAB (Limanda limanda), 15-20 cm in size: 33 mg/L (measured) for 96H -- flow-through conditions(IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) DAB: 33 ppm for 96H -- saltwater; flow-through conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas),
1 g in weight: 91-126 mg/L (nominal) for 96H -- static conditions; 12 degrees C; pH of 7.8-8.0 (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 1 g in weight: 43.7-77.7 mg/L (measured) for 96H -- flow-through conditions; 12 degrees C; pH of 7.8-8.0 (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, adult: 52.8 ppm for 96H -- freshwater; flow-through conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, adult: 105 ppm for 96H -- freshwater; static conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 55 mg/L for 72H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 53 mg/L for 96H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 105 mg/L for 96H -- saltwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 42.3 mg/L for 96H (confidence limit 35.2-50.7 mg/L) -- flow-though bioassay with measured concentrations; 25.6 degrees C; dissolved oxygen; 6.5 mg/L; hardness of 46.4 mg/L CaCO3; alkalinity of 42.6 mg/L CaCO3; pH 7.99 (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata), 2-3M old: 133 mg/L for 168H -- static conditions, but water was renewed daily (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 133 mg/L for 7D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) MYSID SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 31.2 mg/L (nominal) for 96H -- static conditions (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) PINPERCH: 75-100 ppm for 24H -- saltwater; static conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus), 8-15 mm in size: 60-81 mg/L for 96 - static conditions; 25-31 degrees C; hardness of 10-31 mg/L CaCO(3); nominal (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna), <24H old: >530 mg/L (nominal) for 48H -- static conditions, 21-23 degrees C; hardness of 72 mg/L CaCO3; pH of 6.7-8.1 (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna), 4-6D old: 59.6 mg/L for 48H -- static conditions, 21-25 degrees C (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna), 4-6D old: 57.6 mg/L for 48H -- static (IPCS, 1992)
LC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): >1300 ppm for 24H -- freshwater (OHM/TADS, 2001)
LC10 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 34 mg/L for 72H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
LC10 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 31 mg/L for 96H -- freshwater (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW, adult: 11.1 ppm for 96H - freshwater; flow-through conditions (OHM/TADS, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 52.9 mg/L for 96H -- loss of equilibrium; flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.5 degrees C; dissolved oxygen 5.8 mg/L; hardness 43.8 mg/L CaCO3; alkalinity of 42.3 mg/L CaCO3; pH 7.69 (HSDB, 2001)
EC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 28.8 mg/L for 96H (confidence limit 23.0-36.2 mg/L) -- loss of equilibrium; flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations; 25.6 degrees C; dissolved oxygen 6.5 mg/L; hardness of 46.4 mg/L CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 mg/L CaCO3; pH 7.99 (HSDB, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

133.40

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Trichloroethane is a colorless, watery, nonflammable liquid with an odor that has been described as ethereal, chloroform-like, sweetish and pleasant (ATSDR, 1995; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS, 2003; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002). At 1500-2000 ppm, the odor has been described as unpleasant and strong (Bingham et al, 2001).

It has no flash point or fire point by ASTM procedures for Tag closed cup and Cleveland open cup tests. Even though trichloroethane has no flash point, it will burn as a vapor, although not as a liquid (de Nevers, 1986). A considerable amount of energy is necessary for ignition, and it will not sustain combustion (Torkelson, 1994).

VAPOR PRESSURE

124 mmHg; 16.41 kPa (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)

100 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Verschueren, 2001)

125 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2003)

96.0 torr (at 20 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2003)

155 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

124 mmHg; 16.5 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)

123.7 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

127 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.34 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NIOSH , 2001)
1.3376 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2003)
1.3492 (at 20/4 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2003)
1.3 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.34 for trichloroethane (NFPA, 1997)
1.32 Trichloroethane (Psychem , 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.3390 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)
1.3299 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)
1.32096 g/mL (at 30 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)
1.3376 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1.31 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2003)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.3376 for trichloroethane (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
1.3390 for trichloroethane (IPCS, 1992)
1.3492 for trichloroethane (ITI, 1995)
1.325 g/mL (Lewis, 2001)

VAPOR DENSITY

4.6 (air=1) (IPCS, 1992; (Verschueren, 2001)
4.6 (at 25 degrees C and 700 mmHg) (OHM/TADS, 2003)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-32.5 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)
less than -39 degrees C; less than -38 degrees F; less than 234 K (CHRIS, 2001)
-23 degrees F (NIOSH, 2001)
-38 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-30 degrees C; -22 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
-30.41 degrees C; -58.0 degrees F (OHM/TADS, 2001)
-30.4 degrees C (Howard, 1990a; HSDB, 2001; IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992; IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1992)
-32 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)
-32.5 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991a; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996a)
-33 degrees C; -27 degrees F (Psychem , 1997)

BOILING POINT

74.1 degrees C (ACGIH, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Lewis, 2000)

74 degrees C; 165 degrees F; 347 K (CHRIS, 2003; NIOSH , 2001; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2003; Psychem , 1997; Sittig, 1991)

71-81 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001)

75 degrees C (Lewis, 2001)

FLASH POINT

It has no flash point or fire point by ASTM procedures for Tag closed cup and Cleveland open cut tests. Even though trichloroethane has no flash point, it will burn as a vapor, although not as a liquid (de Nevers, 1986). A considerable amount of energy is necessary for ignition, and it will not sustain combustion (Torkelson, 1994).

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

537 degrees C; 998 degrees F (IPCS, 1992; (OHM/TADS, 2003)

500 degrees C; 932 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; CHRIS, 2003)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

7.5% (ATSDR, 1995; NIOSH , 2001)
7.0% (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 1997)
8.0% (OHM/TADS, 2003)

UPPER

10.5% (OHM/TADS, 2003)
12.5% (ATSDR, 1995; NIOSH , 2001)
16% (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Trichloroethane is insoluble in water (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
0.4% (by weight) (Harbison, 1998)
0.3 g/L (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1996) IPCS, 1992)
0.95 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)
0.480 g/L (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1992)
0.1495% (wt/wt) (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)
<1000 ppm (at 77 degrees F) (OHM/TADS, 2003)
480 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2001)
0.07 g/100 g (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
4,400 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

1,1,1-trichloroethane is soluble in acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol (Budavari, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991) IPCS, 1992; (Lewis, 2000).
1,1,1-trichloroethane is miscible with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1996)
>10% in ethanol (HSDB, 2003)
>10% in ethyl ether (HSDB, 2003)
>10% in chloroform (HSDB, 2003)

OTHER

1,1,1-trichloroethane is highly soluble in fat (ACGIH, 1996)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 2.47 (IPCS, 1992; (Verschueren, 2001)

Log Kow = 2.49 (ATSDR, 1995; Howard, 1990; HSDB, 2003)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.92 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

6.3 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)

8 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

17.2 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 30 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1995)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

19461 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) (HSDB, 2003)

MASS

618 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2003)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

CRITICAL PRESSURE

4.48 MPa (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

311.5 degrees C (HSDB, 2003)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

7.53 (at 20 degrees C) (liquid) (HSDB, 2003)

DIPOLE MOMENT

1.78 debyes (HSDB, 2003)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

4700 Btu/lb; 2600 cal/g; 110x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS, 2003)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.00 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

45 dynes/cm; 0.045 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2003)

VISCOSITY

0.858 cP (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)

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TRICHLOROETHANE

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents