TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C24-H54-O-Sn-2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

131-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Ashford, 1994)Grant, 1993; HSDB, 1997;(Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 1997)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Tributyltin oxide is used as a fungicide and bactericide in marine antifouling paints (Lewis, 1993).
Tributyltin oxide's use as an antifouling agent involves the following process: sheets of black neoprene rubber are injected with tributyltin. These sheets, used in underwater settings, are bound to structures with adhesive, and provide excellent fouling control (HSDB, 1997).
Tributyltin oxide is used as a pesticide, a molluscide, and a rodent repellent. It also is used as a plastics/adhesives biostabilizer and as a preservative for wood, paper, leather, glass, and textiles (Ashford, 1994) HSDB, 1997; (Lewis, 1993).
Tributyltin oxide is used in industrial settings as a catalyst, biocide, curing agent, water repellent coating, antioxidant or corrosion inhibitor, and in flame-resistant polyester (HSDB, 1997).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Tributyltin oxide is a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant. Ocular effects in experimental animals include ulceration, corneal perforation, total permanent opacity, hemorrhage in the iris, hypopyon, permanent extensive vascularization, and corneal scarring.

Respiratory effects may include dyspnea and pulmonary edema. Nausea, vomiting, GI hypermotility, and diarrhea may occur. CNS depression, tremor, and seizures may also be noted.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Tributyltin oxide is irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes (HSDB, 1997; (RTECS , 1997). Signs and symptoms of acute exposure include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. Occupational asthma has also been reported (Shelton et al, 1992) HSDB, 1997).

In experimental animals, corneal edema, eschar, ulcerations, and corneal surface erosions, dyspnea, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, gastrointestinal hypermotility, altered sleep time, seizures, and coma have been reported (Yoshizuka et al, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; RTECS , 1997).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no published reports were found of chronic human tributyltin oxide exposure.

In chronically exposed experimental animals, ovary, adrenal, spleen (females), heart (males), pituitary, liver, and kidney weights were increased; thyroid weight was decreased (females). Decreased immune response, weight loss or decreased weight gain, anemia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytosis, signs of decreased kidney function, and increased plasma enzyme activities were noted in experimental animals (Wester et al, 1990; Kranjc et al, 1984) HSDB, 1997; (RTECS , 1997).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, do not induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Anemia, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytosis were present in rats fed 50 mg of tributyltin oxide in the diet for 106 weeks. Of three groups of rats fed various amounts of the compound, those fed 50 mg were most likely to experience these conditions, as well as mortality (HSDB, 1997).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS56-35-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Tributyltin oxide (TBTO)

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1997 Note: All values are from RTECS (1997), unless otherwise noted.
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS56-35-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS56-35-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS56-35-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS56-35-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Bis(tributylin) oxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS56-35-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS56-35-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Distannoxane, hexabutyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS56-35-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Keep separate from strong oxidizers, as contact can cause fires and explosions (HSDB, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Tributyltin oxide is a severe eye irritant (Lewis, 1996). Dust- and splash-proof safety goggles are recommended for use with this compound (HSDB, 1997).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 56-35-9.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Tributyltin oxide is combustible (Lewis, 1993).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS56-35-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS56-35-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Irritating and acrid fumes are emitted when tributyltin oxide is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Tributyltin oxide is toxic via inhalation (Lewis, 1993).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Fire or explosion may result from contact with strong oxidizers (HSDB, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS56-35-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS56-35-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS56-35-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS56-35-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Ventilate the spill area. Safely collect spilled material and deposit into containers. Seal the containers and then properly dispose (HSDB, 1997).
Liquids containing the compound should be absorbed with vermiculite, earth, dry sand, or a like material (HSDB, 1997).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Sealed containers of tributyltin oxide may be disposed in a secured sanitary landfill (HSDB, 1997).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) may be released to the environment in manufacturing plant emissions and effluents, in spills and leaks that occur during transport of bulk quantities, from marine antifouling paints, in disposed portions of products that contain the compound, and in municipal wastewater. TBTO's major industrial uses include: as antimicrobials and slimicides for cooling-water treatment; preservative of timber, textiles, paper, leather, glass; molluscicide; rodent repellants, insecticides and pesticides; fungicide and bactericide in underwater and antifouling paints (HSDB, 2005).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers may be exposed to TBTO via dust inhalation and dermal contact during its production, handling, and use (HSDB, 2005).

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

Ingestion of contaminated fish or seafood and dermal contact with paints or other TBTO-containing products are the principal exposure pathways for the general population (HSDB, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is a semivolatile organic compound that can exist in both vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. TBTO's estimated vapor pressure is 7.8 x 10(-6) mmHg at 20 degrees C (HSDB, 2005).
Photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can degrade vapor-phase TBTO. The estimated half-life for this reaction is 1.5 hours, based on a rate constant of 85 x 10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C, and an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(5) hydroxyl radicals/cm(3). Wet and dry deposition can remove particulate phase TBTO from the atmosphere (HSDB, 2005).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Experimental results indicate direct photolysis is the principal, if not sole, means for abiotic degradation of TBTO in surface water. The photolytic half-life in sunlight of the tributyltin cation is greater than 89 days in both distilled and harbor water. TBTO's photodegradation half-life in surface water can take several months (HSDB, 2005).
- TBTO degrades more slowly in anaerobic versus aerobic environments. TBTO degradation in anoxic marine sediments is especially slow, given reported half-lives of 2-3 years in anaerobic marine sediments (HSDB, 2005).
- In seawater, TBTO degrades to dibutyltins, hydroxylated tributyltins, hydroxylated dibutyltins, carboxylated derivatives and monobutyltin. TBTO can react with sediment sulfides to form bis(tributyltin) sulfide (HSDB, 2005).
- Volatilization is not an important fate process for tributyltin oxide (TBTO) in surface water, as TBTO typically converts to its dissociated form, and the tributyltin cation strongly binds to sediment. Volatilization is also unlikely for TBTO, given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3 x 10(-7) atm-m(3)/mol, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.4 x 10(-7) mm Hg, and its water solubility (HSDB, 2005).
- Water pH and sediment organic carbon content are the principal factors governing tributyltin speciation, sediment-water partitioning, and the wide variation in tributyltin's octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) (Meador, 2000)
GROUND WATER
- Leaching through soil to groundwater is unlikely, given TBTO's tendency to strongly bind with soil. Adsorption to suspended particulate or humic matter tends to be much weaker (HSDB, 2005).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization and hydrolysis are not important environmental fate processes for tributyltin oxide (TBTO) in surface soil. Photodegradation of TBTO in surface soil is possible, but likely to be a slow process (HSDB, 2005).
- As tributyltin oxide (TBTO) binds strongly to soil, its mobility is low and leaching to groundwater is unlikely. Adsorption to suspended particulate or humic matter tends to be much weaker (HSDB, 2005).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the ambient atmosphere, tributyltin oxide (TBTO) can exist in both vapor and particulate phases. Photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can degrade vapor-phase TBTO, while wet and dry deposition can remove particulate phase TBTO. Volatilization and hydrolysis are not important fate process for TBTO in both surface soil and surface water. In surface water, direct photolysis is the primary means for abiotic degradation and the photodegradation half-life for TBTO can take several months. Photodegradation of TBTO in surface soil is also a slow process. TBTO binds strongly to soil; its mobility is low and leaching to groundwater is unlikely (HSDB, 2005).

BIODEGRADATION

Estimated biodegradation half-lives for tributyltin oxide (TBTO) in soil are 15 and 20 weeks, in unsterilized silt loam and sandy loam soil, respectively (HSDB, 2005).

Reported biodegradation half-lives for TBTO in water and water/sediment mixtures range from 6 days to 35 weeks. In clean water, TBTO's reported half-lives are 9 and 19 days, under light and dark conditions, respectively (HSDB, 2005).

Other reported biodegradation half-lives include: 5.5 months (marine sediment); 4 months (aerobic freshwater/sediment); 2 months (seawater at 5 degrees F); 6 days (freshwater at 5 degrees F); and 4-19 days (estuarine water) (HSDB, 2005).

Several fungi spp. reportedly can degrade TBTO (HSDB, 2005).

No TBTO degradation occurred during an 11-month test using water-sediment samples that were collected from Toronto Harbor and poisoned with potassium cyanide (KCN) (HSDB, 2005).

TBTO in Toronto Harbour sediments has a reported organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 90,800 and a 4-month biodegradation half-life for a water/sediment mixture (Verschueren, 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Bottom-feeding fish can accumulate tributyltin from eating Oligochaetes (annelid worms) that accumulate sediment-bound tributyltin (HSDB, 2005).
Reported bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for three marine fish species range from 2,400 to 11,000 (HSDB, 2005).
Tributyltin cations can bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms. Tributyltin's reported bioconcentration factor (BCF) in aquatic organisms is greater than 6000, which indicates a high bioconcentration potential (HSDB, 2005).

OTHER

INVERTEBRATES
- Tributyltin bioaccumulation rates vary accordingly with the lipid content of marine mussel tissues. Reported bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for mussels include 5000 (from water) and <2 (from food, mcg/g basis) (HSDB, 2005).
- Reported dietary BAFs for Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) range from 0.26 to 0.38 (dry wgt basis) and are independent of the dietary TBTO form (HSDB, 2005).
- Oyster BCFs range from 1000 (TBTO water concentration 0.15 mcg/L) to 5000 (TBTO water concentration 1.25 mcg/L) (HSDB, 2005).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

FISH
- SALT WATER GOBY: 2,000-12,000 (BCF) -- 0.21-2.1 mcg/L for 12 weeks (Verschueren, 2001)
- GOLDFISH: 2,800 in muscle (BCF) -- 1 mcg/L for 12 days; depuration half-life of 6 days (Verschueren, 2001)
- CRUCIAN CARP (Carassius carassius grandoculis): 589 (muscle), 457 (vertebra), 5012 (liver), 3162 (kidney) (BCFs) (HSDB, 2005)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is extremely toxic and may cause severe reproductive effects in many aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2005; US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2003).
TBTO's potential toxicological hazard in terrestrial environments is considered low (HSDB, 2005).
Reported 24-96 hour LC50 values for three fish species (goby, rainbow trout, fathead minnow) in sea water range from 3-31 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001).
Reported lethal water concentrations for aquatic species range from about 0.1-200 ng/mL, or approximately 2000 fold. For a wide variety of aquatic species, 48 mcg/g (dry wgt) is the approximate lethal whole-body tissue concentration affecting 50% of the individuals tested (Meador, 2000).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

ALGAE

EC50 - Rhaphidocellis subcapitata: 0.016 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira: 0.33-1.1 mcg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Chlorella pyrenoidosa: 42 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Scenedesmus pannonicus: 64 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Chlorella pyrenoidosa: 18 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Scenedesmus pannonicus: 32 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

BACTERIA

EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 1.1 mcg/L for 30 min -- Microtox test (Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEANS

EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 2.4 mcg/L (week 1); 1.4 mcg/L (week 2); 1.4 mcg/L (day 20) (Verschueren, 2001)
IC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 0.0017 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 0.75 and 4.7 mcg/L for 48H; 3.2 mcg/L (week 1); 2.4 mcg/L (week 2); 1.8 mcg/L (day 20) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 0.56 mcg/L for 48H; 1.8 mcg/L (week 1); 1.0 mcg/L (week 2); 0.56 mcg/L (day 20) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 1.8 mcg/L (week 1); 1.8 mcg/L (week 2); 1.0 mcg/L (day 20) (Verschueren, 2001)

FISH

EC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 5.8 mcg/L (week 1); 5.8 mcg/L (week 8); 1.8 mcg/L (day 99) (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 1.8 mcg/L (week 1); 5.6 mcg/L (week 8); 5.6 mcg/L (day 104) (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - TILAPIA (Tilapia rendalli): 53 mcg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BLEAK: 15 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 2.7 mcg/L for 96H - flow-through bioassay (CL 2.4 to 3.0 mg/L); test conditions: 24 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 7.5 mg/L, hardness 51.5 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 41.1 mg/L calcium carbonate, pH 7.5 (HSDB, 2005)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 7.5 and 21 mcg/L for 96H; 14 mcg/L (week 1); 13 mcg/L (week 8); 12 mcg/L (day 99) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 7.5 and 17 mcg/L for 96H; 18 mcg/L (week 1); 11 mcg/L (week 8); 7.5 mcg/L (day 104) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 0.96 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (Gasterosteus aculeatus) : 7.5 and 19 mcg/L for 96H (1-2 day old fish); 4.2 and 13 mcg/L for 96H (4-5 week old fish) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - ZEBRAFISH (Brachydanio rerio): 0.0027 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC80 - THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (Gasterosteus aculeatus): 10 mcg/L for 2 months -- in sea water (Verschueren, 2001)
MATC - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 3.7 mcg/L -- early life stage (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 5.6 mcg/L for 96H; 3.2 mcg/L (week 1); <3.2 mcg/L (week 8); 0.32 mcg/L (day 99) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 5.6 mcg/L for 96H; 1.0 mcg/L (week 1); 3.2 mcg/L (week 8); 3.2 mcg/L (day 104) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 4-5 weeks old: 3.2 mcg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 3.2 mcg/L (week 1), 3.2 mcg/L (week 8), 3.2 mcg/L (day 99) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes): 10 mcg/L (week 1), 3.2 mcg/L (week 8), 3.2 mcg/L (day 104) (Verschueren, 2001)

MOLLUSCS

EC50 - Lymnaea stagnalis: 0.56 mcg/L (day 12); 0.54 mcg/L (day 19); 0.50 mcg/L (day 26); 0.38 mcg/L (day 33) (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - Lymnaea stagnalis: 2.4 and 42 mcg/L for 96H; >5.6 mcg/L (day 12); 3.4 mcg/L (day 19); 2.6 mcg/L (day 26); 1.5 mcg/L (day 33) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - Lymnaea stagnalis: 1.8 mcg/L for 96H; 0.32 mcg/L (day 12); 0.32 mcg/L (day 19); 0.32 mcg/L (day 26); 0.32 mcg/L (day 33) (Verschueren, 2001)
NOLC - Lymnaea stagnalis: 3.2 mcg/L (day 12); 3.2 mcg/L (day 19); 1.0 mcg/L (day 26); 1.0 mcg/L (day 33) (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

596.16 (Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Tributyltin oxide is a colorless to slightly yellow, air-sensitive liquid which possesses a weak odor (HSDB, 1997; (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

<1 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.17 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.17 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

Solidifies below -45 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

MELTING POINT

< -45 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

254 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

220-230 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Lewis, 1996)

180 degrees C (at 2 mmHg) (Lewis, 1993)

FLASH POINT

>100 degrees C; 212 degrees F (TCC) (Lewis, 1993)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

0.1% in hot water (HSDB, 1997)
<20 ppm in water (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997)
4 mg/L water solubility (at pH 7.0 and 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997)
Tributyltin oxide is insoluble in water (Ashford, 1994).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Tributyltin oxide is soluble in oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

VISCOSITY

4.8 centistokes (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ansell-Edmont: SpecWare Chemical Application and Recommendation Guide. Ansell-Edmont. Coshocton, OH. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.ansellpro.com/specware. As accessed 10/31/2001.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 1994.

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TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents