TOLUENE 2,6-DIISOCYANATE

BENZENE, 1,3-DIISOCYANATO-2-METHYL-
BENZENE, 2,6-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYL-
DESMODUR-T
1,3-DIISOCYANATO-2-METHYLBENZENE
2,6-DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE
2,6-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYLBENZENE
HYLENE TCPA
HYLENE T ORGANIC ISOCYANATE
HYLENE TIC
HYLENE TM
HYLENE TM-65
HYLENE TRF
ISOCYANIC ACID, 2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ESTER
2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE
2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
2-METHYL-m-PHENYLENE ESTER, ISOCYANIC ACID
2-METHYL-m-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
NIAX TDI
NIAX TDI-P
2,6-TDI
2,6-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (65:35)
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (80:20)
TOLUENE 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
m-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
meta-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLYLENE 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.
BENZENE-, 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYL-
DESMODUR T100
DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE
1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE
DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE
HYLENE-T
ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYLPHENYLENE ESTER
METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
METHYLPHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
MONDUR-TD
MONDUR TD-80
NACCONATE-100
NIAX ISOCYANATE TDI
RUBINATE TDI
RUBINATE TDI 80/20
T 100
TDI
TDI 80
TDI 80-20
TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE, 80/20 MIXTURE
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATES
TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLYLENE ISOCYANATE
Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.
(Ashford, 1994a; Grant & Schuman, 1993; HSDB, 2001; IARC, 1986a; ILO, 1998a; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2000; RTECS, 2001)

SYNONYMS FOR THE PURE COMPOUND (CAS# 91-08-7):

BENZENE, 1,3-DIISOCYANATO-2-METHYL-
BENZENE, 2,6-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYL-
DESMODUR-T
1,3-DIISOCYANATO-2-METHYLBENZENE
2,6-DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE
2,6-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYLBENZENE
HYLENE TCPA
HYLENE T ORGANIC ISOCYANATE
HYLENE TIC
HYLENE TM
HYLENE TM-65
HYLENE TRF
ISOCYANIC ACID, 2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ESTER
2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE
2-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
2-METHYL-m-PHENYLENE ESTER, ISOCYANIC ACID
2-METHYL-m-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
NIAX TDI
NIAX TDI-P
2,6-TDI
2,6-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (65:35)
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (80:20)
TOLUENE 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
m-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
meta-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLYLENE 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.

BENZENE-, 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYL-
DESMODUR T100
DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE
1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE
DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE
HYLENE-T
ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYLPHENYLENE ESTER
METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
METHYLPHENYLENE ISOCYANATE
MONDUR-TD
MONDUR TD-80
NACCONATE-100
NIAX ISOCYANATE TDI
RUBINATE TDI
RUBINATE TDI 80/20
T 100
TDI
TDI 80
TDI 80-20
TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE
TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE, 80/20 MIXTURE
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATES
TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
TOLYLENE ISOCYANATE
Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.

(Ashford, 1994a; Grant & Schuman, 1993; HSDB, 2001; IARC, 1986a; ILO, 1998a; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS, 2000; RTECS, 2001)

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

91-08-7(Toluene 2,6-diisocyanate)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

NQ9490000 (Mixed isomers)
CZ6310000 (2,6-TDI)

UN/NA NUMBER

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4921575 (80:20 isomer mixture)

DESIGNATIONS

BEILSTEIN HANDBOOK REFERENCE:4-13-00-00259
BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NUMBER:2211546
IMO CLASSIFICATION:6.1 - Poisonous Material

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C9-H6-N2-O2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

156-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE / WATER-SENSITIVE)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are industrial chemicals that are manufactured in large volumes (IARC , 2000).
These isomer mixtures are used as cross-linking agent for Nylon-6 (Sax & Lewis, 1987).
Approximately 90% of the supply of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are used in the production of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams (IARC, 1986a).

These foams can be manufactured through two synthetic methods:

In the 'one-shot' technique, toluene diisocyanate reacts with a di- or polyfunctional alcohol, producing the polyurethane backbone of the polymer. Reaction between excess toluene diisocyanate and water results in formation of amines. These amines in turn further react with the toluene diisocyanate, thereby introducing urea groups into the polymer chain. Interaction between these urea groups and toluene diisocyanate results in cross-linkage between chains.
The second method is a prepolymer process that involves the reaction between toluene diisocyanate and a polyl. During this reaction, a prepolymer with isocyanate end groups is formed. This prepolymer is then reacted with glycols or diamines to cross-link the chains (IARC, 1986a).

Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture is also used as a component in polyurethane coatings and elastomer systems (IARC, 1986a).

These coatings can be used as floor finishes, wood finishes and paints (urethane-modified alkyds), wood and concrete sealants and floor finishes (moisture-curing coatings) and as aircraft, truck and passenger car coatings (prepolymer systems) (IARC, 1986a). They are also used on leather, wire, tank linings, and masonry (ACGIH, 1991b).
Because urethane elastomers are abrasion- and solvent-resistant, they are used in adhesive and sealant compounds, automobile parts, shoe soles, roller skate wheels, pond liners, blood bags, oils fields and mines. Certain elastomers are produced from pure 2,4-TDI rather than the 80:20 isomer mixture (ACGIH, 1991b; IARC, 1986a).
Paints used as top coats now rarely contain toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures. They often were replaced by isocyanates with higher molecular weights (such as 4,4-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI)) or by prepolymers (ILO, 1998).

Polymeric foams generated from the commercially available 80:20 isomer mixture are biologically inert and are widely used in furniture, packing, insulation, and boat building (ACGIH, 1991b).
In 1984, the US Food and Drug Administration determined that the use of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI as components of adhesives that come in contact with food was acceptable. Also acceptable was the use of these toluene diisocyanates as component of polyurethane resins that form a surface contacting the food (IARC, 1986a).

FORMS

The most common form of the commercially available type of toluene diisocyanate contains a mixture of 80% 2,4 TDI and 20% 2,6 TDI. Also available is a mixture containing 65% 2,4-TDI and 35% 2,6-TDI (Ashford, 1994a; CHRIS, 2000; IARC, 1986a).

All isomer mixtures have similar characteristics (CHRIS, 2000).

In the USA, toluene diisocyanate with the 80:20 isomer ratio is produced in two forms: type I and type II. These types differ slightly with respect to acidity and amount of hydrolyzable chloride (IARC, 1986a).
Analysis of the 80:20 isomer mixture produced in the US typically shows the following (IARC, 1986a):

99.5% purity; 80+/-1% 2,4-TDI;
20+/-1% 2,6-TDI;
0.001-0.011% (varies) acidity as hydrochloric acid;
0.010-0.014% maximum hydrolyzable chloride;
0.01-0.02% maximum total chlorine.

Analysis of the 80:20 isomer mixture produced in Japan typically shows the following (IARC, 1986a):

99.6% minimum purity;
78.0-81.0% 2,4-TDI;
19.0-22.0% 2,6-TDI;
0.004% maximum acidity as hydrochloric acid;
0.01% maximum hydrolytic hydrochloric acid;
0.07% maximum total hydrochloric acid.

Analysis of the 65:35 isomer mixture produced in Japan typically shows the following (IARC, 1986a):

99.5% minimum purity;
63-67% 2,4-TDI;
33-37.0% 2,6-TDI;
0.010-0.013% maximum acidity as hydrochloric acid;
0.01-0.013% maximum hydrolytic hydrochloric acid;
0.05% maximum total hydrochloric acid.

SOURCES

It is unknown whether 2,6- TDI occurs naturally (IARC, 1986a).
Toluene diisocyanate was first produced commercially in the late 1930s. It is primarily produced during a reaction between phosgene and toluenediamine (Ashford, 1994a; IARC, 1986a).

During the initial reaction, toluene is nitrated to 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. Following catalytic reduction of the nitration products to diaminotoluene and dissolution in organic solvents, the diaminotoluene isomers react with phosgene for several hours at gradually increasing temperatures. The final toluene diisocyanate is then recovered via fractionation, isolating it from generated hydrogen chloride and unreacted phosgene (IARC, 1986a).

In Japan, a process was developed that generates toluene diisocyanate without the use of phosgene.

In this process, carbonylation of dinitrotoluene initially produces diurethane, which is then converted thermally to toluene diisocyanate and alcohol (IARC, 1986a).

The free monomer of toluene diisocyanate isomers can be detected in urethane foam fabric coating at concentrations of less than 200 mg/kg (IARC, 1986a).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Toluene 2,6-diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) is usually the minor component of a mixture with the 2,4- isomer, and their toxicity is believed to be similar.

The main route of toxic exposure to 2,6-TDI is by inhalation; ingestion also occurs, and it can be absorbed through the skin. It is a strong irritant of the eyes, nose, skin and respiratory tract. At high concentrations, the vapor may induce bronchoconstriction by a pharmacologic mechanism. The most recognizable effect of overexposure is an asthma-like reaction.

The sequence of effects is conjunctival irritation and lacrimation, with pharyngeal irritation, followed by a dry cough in the evening, with retrosternal chest pain, difficulty breathing and distress; this worsens at night and is better in the morning. Re-exposure produces coughing, chest pain, moist wheezing, dyspnea and distress.

Symptoms of exposure may mimic those of an upper respiratory tract infection, with chest tightness, chills, cough, fever, headache, wheezing and dyspnea, and the symptoms may be delayed as much as 8 hours after exposure.

Overexposure may also produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest constriction and retrosternal soreness, a choking feeling, productive paroxysmal coughing, bronchospasms, bronchitis, occupational asthma, and sometimes temporal headache, insomnia and paranoid depression. Severe inhalation overexposure can result in pulmonary edema.

Dermal contact results in an inflammatory reaction; sensitization is possible. Effects of dermal exposure include itching, redness, swelling, blistering and eczema. When splashed in the eye, 2,6-TDI produces lacrimation, keratitis and conjunctivitis.

Chronic exposure can produce a sometimes insidious sensitization of the respiratory tract, with a resultant allergic respiratory reaction including asthma and loss of lung function. Chronic exposure also can result in liver disease, with jaundice, as well as anemia.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

2,6-TDI is an eye irritant, with secondary glaucoma as a possible consequence of eye splashes (HSDB). It is a throat and respiratory tract irritant and a powerful skin irritant (HSDB). The lowest toxic dose in humans exposed by inhalation is approximately 80 ppb (RTECS); however, the lowest dose to produce allergic sensitization in repeated exposures may be much lower.

Exposure to greater than 100 ppb can cause primary respiratory tract irritation, while less than approximately 30 ppb does not produce irritation (Karol, 1986). Acute bronchospasm can occur from TDI exposure (US DHHS, 1994a). TDI exposure can also cause bronchial hyperreactivity to other chemicals (US DHHS, 1994a).

2,6-TDI completely inhibited serum cholinesterase activity in a liquid assay and was more active than the more common 2,4-TDI for this effect (Brown, 1982). However, 2,6-TDI does not cause typical anticholinesterase poisoning.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

2,6-TDI has caused CUMULATIVE TOXICITY in experimental animals with repeated exposures (HSDB). While these experimental animal studies generally used much higher concentrations than would be encountered in the workplace, the possibility of cumulative toxicity in humans cannot be ruled out.

The major feature of 2,6-TDI toxicity (and also of the 2,4- isomer) is its activity as a RESPIRATORY SENSITIZER. Isocyanates are one of the most common causes of occupational asthma (Baur, 1996). About 5-10% of the population will become sensitized if exposed to concentrations in the 6-20 ppb range (Karol, 1986). One estimate of the effective dose for sensitization has been as low as 2 ppb (HSDB). High-level intermittent exposures have been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of TDI-induced asthma (Brooks, 1995). Once sensitized, exposure to as little as 1 ppb can cause bronchospasm.

Prevalence of respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma in auto body shop workers who used isocyanate-containing spray paints was 19.6% in one study, but poor compliance in peak expiratory flow volume measurements led to poor correlation between measured respiratory parameters and results of questionnaires (Cullen et al, 1996).

The asthma can be either immediate or delayed by several hours after each exposure. Delayed reactions typically occur in the middle of the night, and it is often difficult to make the association between exposure to a substance in the workplace and delayed effects. Typical symptoms are tightness in the chest, dry cough, breathlessness, and difficulty in breathing (Karol, 1986).

The mechanism of isocyanate-induced asthma may be heterogeneous. Local accumulation and activation of lymphocytes and eosinophilia were seen in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of affected workers; this result suggests a cellular mechanism (Baur, 1996).

Occupational asthma may resolve if further exposure ceases. The length of time required for the allergy to resolve may vary from one individual to another. For those with no other allergies, it can take as little as 4-6 months for the symptoms to resolve. For atopic individuals, as long as several years may be required (Karol, 1986). In one study, pulmonary function was still reduced as long as 40 months after the last exposure (Innocenti et al, 1971).

Further exposure after development of occupational asthma results in further deterioration of pulmonary function (Paggiaro, 1984). Chronic bronchitis may persist even after asthma has abated (Paggiaro, 1984). TDI-induced pulmonary effects can occur in individuals who do not appear to be sensitized (US DHHS, 1994a).

One important question about the ability of 2,6-TDI to cause respiratory allergies is whether it is more or less active than the 2,4-TDI for these effects. In one study, both the 2,6- and 2,4- isomers evoked an allergic response in inhalation challenge testing, but unfortunately no quantitative data were given in the paper (Barkman, 1984).

TDI is also a respiratory tract irritant.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.

DILUTION -

In ingestion exposures, emesis should not be induced because of the potential for irritant effects and CNS depression. Immediate dilution with milk or water might be beneficial.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
If CNS and respiratory depression occur, ensure airway patency and adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation. Endotracheal intubation, supplemental oxygenation, and assisted ventilation could be required.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Ingestion may result in significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns, and EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal irritation, DO NOT induce emesis. Immediate dilution with milk or water might be beneficial.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Most toxicological studies do not specify which toluene diisocyanate isomer was used in their study. In many studies, the commercial 80:20 isomer mixture was used. There is no known important distinction in toxicological effects between the 2,4- and the 2,6-isomer (ACGIH, 1991).

The US EPA established an Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) of 7x10(-5) mg/m(3) for the 80:20 isomer mixture. This value was calculated using an Uncertainty factor of 30, and a Multiplication factor of 1 (IRIS , 2001).

Human studies:

The lowest toxic dose for humans by inhalation was 80 ppb (RTECS , 1996). However, previously sensitized individuals may react at exposures much lower than this in the 1 to 2 ppb range (Karol, 1986).
Exposure to airborne levels greater than 100 ppb caused primary respiratory tract irritation, while exposure to levels less than approximately 30 ppb did not (Karol, 1986).
Nine workers of polyurethane foam producing plant were exposed to high concentrations of toluene diisocyanate vapors. All developed microcystic corneal epithelial edema, accompanied with the impression of foggy or smoky vision, but without discomfort. It was found that exposure for one day was sufficient to develop the edema. While visual acuity was only minimally reduced using the Snellen chart, slit-lamp examination showed microcystic changes in the corneal epithelium. This change was spontaneously reversible within 12 to 48 hours following exposure for one day, or within several days after repeated daily exposure. It was later suspected that amines, rather than the diisocyanates, used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams were responsible for the development of the edema and the haziness of vision (Grant, 1993).
Toluene diisocyanates reportedly form antigenic complexes with proteins, thereby transforming lymphocytes in sensitized individuals and inducing formation of specific antibodies (HSDB , 2001a).
"If the breathing zone concentration reaches 0.5 ppm, the possibility of respiratory response is imminent. Depending on length of exposure and level of concentration above 0.5 ppm, respiratory symptoms will develop with a latent period of 4 to 8 hours. Higher concentrations produce a sensation of oppression or constriction of the chest" (Hathaway et al., 1996).
Respiratory sensitization has occurred after repeated exposure to levels of 0.02 ppm and below. Initial symptoms often occur at night. Susceptibility to toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma does not require a prior history of atopy or allergic conditions. Following sufficient exposure to toluene diisocyanates, any individual may become sensitized to this compound. Nightly symptoms may develop even long after the end of a work shift. Individuals with toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma may continue to show dyspnea, wheezing and bronchial hyperreactivity for 2 or more years after cessation of exposure. Due to current work practices, skin sensitization is uncommon. Little relation seems to exist between skin sensitivity and respiratory sensitivity to toluene diisocyanates (Hathaway et al., 1996).
Two and a half percent of workers exposed to 0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m(3)) of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture developed bronchial hypersensitivity. Individuals sensitized to this mixture developed severe respiratory symptoms when exposure continued. In most cases, improvement occurs when exposure ceases (IARC, 1986).
Dose-dependent changes in the rate of loss of pulmonary function were described in a cohort of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture. An excess rate was observed at a concentration of 0.002 to 0.003 ppm (0.01 to 0.021 mg/m(3)) (IARC, 1986).
No respiratory effects were observed following exposure to approximately 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m(3)) for five to ten years (IARC, 1986).
Exposure to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture may cause chronic restrictive pulmonary disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Exposure to high concentrations or repeatedly low concentrations of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture has been associated with the development of chronic bronchitis. Sensitized workers may develop persistent respiratory symptoms even after exposure was terminated (IARC, 1986).
Exposure to very high concentrations of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture can have effects on the nervous system, and can lead to headache, poor memory, difficulty concentrating, confusion, changes in personality, irritability and depression (IARC, 1986).
One report describes the development of an adenocarcinoma in the lung of a 47-year old non-smoking spray painter. The worker had been exposed to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate for 15 years. It was suggested that the lung disease was caused by exposure to isocyanates. IARC states however, that this report was inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of toluene diisocyanantes (IARC, 1986) IARC, 1999).
Between 1957 and 1962, 42 cases of occupational toluene intoxication were reported from 14 plants in Massachusetts. For 14 of these cases, average vapor concentration of toluene diisocyanates in the workroom was about 0.03 ppm; in a few samples, the average concentration were greater than 0.05 ppm. In 11 cases, the average concentration was measured at 0.015 ppm, and in 9 cases the average concentration was below 0.01 ppm. In the remaining cases, no measurements were possible. It was found that all plants with average concentrations greater than 0.01 ppm had cases with related respiratory illness. No such illnesses were reported in plants with average concentrations of 0.007 ppm or less (ACGIH, 1991).
Although repeated exposure to lower concentrations of the isomer mixture has been shown to produce chronic-like syndromes in humans, and may be related to hypersensitization, exposure to moderately elevated levels of the mixture (mean 0.07 ppm, peak 0.2 ppm) does not result in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (ACGIH, 1991).
An investigation of 83 cases of occupational intoxication following exposure to the isomer mixture showed that the maximum incidence occurred at a concentration of approximately 0.1 ppm, whereas very few complaints were noted when the concentration was approximately 0.01 ppm. Another study showed a high incidence of illness at concentrations between 0.03 and 0.07 ppm, but no complaints when the concentration was kept below 0.03 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
In one study, respiratory sensitization was observed in workers who were only exposed to toluene diisocyanate vapors during trimming and sewing of polyurethane cushions. Air concentration was measured at only 0.003 ppm (Zenz, 1994).
In a plant manufacturing polyurethane foam ice chests and picnic jugs, workers were exposed to 0.005 ppm of the isomer mixture during normal operations but had been exposed to unknown relatively high concentrations of the mixture during spills in the past. Nine of 13 symptomatic workers showed decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) and decreased forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (ACGIH, 1991).
Even in asymptomatic workers, ventilatory capacity can be reduced over a work shift following exposure to toluene diisocyanate vapors at low (below 0.02 ppm and 0.001 ppm) or high (greater than 0.9 ppm) concentrations. In the latter, an acute loss of forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of 0.18L over 8 hours has been reported (Zenz, 1994).
During an 18-month period, respiratory sensitization was observed in 5% of 99 workers, who were exposed to the isomer mixture usually below 0.02 ppm. It was assumed that the sensitization was a result of exposure to higher concentrations in spill situations (ACGIH, 1991).
Four of 47 office workers became sensitized from exposure to exhaust air containing "unknown but probably quite low" concentrations of the isomer mixture. The air inlet of the office was 23 feet from the ventilation outlet of a nearby isomer mixture-manufacturing plant (ACGIH, 1991).

Animal studies:

Results from a study performed in guinea pigs suggested that exposure to 29 ppb of toluene diisocyanates (97.8% of 2,4-TDI and 2.2% of 2,6-TDI) had a direct, dose-dependent effect on tracheal smooth muscle activity (HSDB, 2001).
Commercial grade isomer mixture was found to be carcinogenic in F344/N rats. Exposure resulted in increased number of subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas in male and female animals; pancreatic acinar cell adenomas in male animals; pancreatic islet cell carcinomas, neoplastic nodules of the liver, and mammary gland fibroadenomas in female animals. The same isomer mixture was not considered to be carcinogenic for male B6C3F1 mice but was judged carcinogenic for female B6C3F1 mice. Exposure of female mice resulted in hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas and hepatocellular adenomas. Concentrations of the isomer mixture (administered via gavage, dissolved in corn oil) used for both rats and mice were as follows: male rats 23 or 49 mg/kg; female rats and female mice 49 or 108 mg/kg; male mice 108 or 202 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991; NTP , 1986).
In one animal study, where mice and rats of both genders were exposed to the commercial isomer mixture, the pattern of multiple tumor sites was similar to that seen following exposure to 2,4-diamino toluene. Since common metabolites are produced from 2,4-TDI and 2,4-diamino toluene, it was suggested that 2,4-TDI contained in commercial mixture is responsible for the mixture's carcinogenic effect (Hathaway et al., 1996).
Inhalation exposure of rats and mice to production-grade isomer mixture at concentrations of 0.05 ppm and 0.15 ppm did not show evidence for carcinogenicity. Exposure durations were 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, 108 to 110 weeks (rats) or 104 weeks (mice). Exposures in this study were later found to be below the maximum tolerated dose, based on mortality and gross body weight data (ACGIH, 1991).
Eleven male Fischer 344 rats were orally exposed to 2,6-TDI in corn oil. At 900 mg/kg body weight, the compound polymerized in the gastrointestinal tract. The polymer lined the stomach, thereby preventing the migration of food into the intestine. No such effect was seen at a dose of 60 mg/kg (NTP , 1986).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS91-08-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture)

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture)

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

Category 3A : Substances for which the criteria for classification in Category 4 or 5 are fulfilled but for which the database is insufficient for the establishment of a MAK value.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

Toxicity data following exposure to isomer mixture:
- NOEL- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- NOEL- (INHALATION)RABBIT:

TOXICITY VALUES

ACGIH, 1991 HSDB, 2001b RTECS, 2001b; RTECS, 2001c
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
Toxicity data following exposure to isomer mixture:
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TD- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

mg/m(3) = 7.12 X ppm (at 25 degrees C, 760 mmHg) (IARC, 1986)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS91-08-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: (0.005 ppm)
TLV-STEL: (0.02 ppm)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): (Resp sens)
Molecular Weight: 174.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

See Notice of Intended Changes; Adopted values enclosed in parentheses are those for which changes are proposed in the Notice of Intended Changes.

Notice of Intended Changes

Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.001 ppm
TLV-STEL: 0.003 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: IFV, SEN, Skin
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
IFV: Inhalable fraction and vapor.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Asthma
Molecular Weight: 174.15

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS91-08-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS91-08-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Toluene diisocyanate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Benzene, 1,3-diisocyanatomethyl-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Toluene 2,6-Diisocyanate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS91-08-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS91-08-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS91-08-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,3-diisocyanato-2-methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS91-08-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Keep containers of this compound closed, but do not seal containers that contain unreacted water together with this compound ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
Storage temperature should be between 75 and 100 degrees F (HSDB , 2001b).
Storage of this compound should follow guidelines set for "Carcinogens". This includes the following: Do NOT use horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets. Airflow inside vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets and fume cupboards should be tested periodically. Periodic checks should also be performed to evaluate air concentrations of this compound and deposits on surfaces (such as walls, floors, benches, the interior of fume hoods and air ducts). Store only in one designated section of a cupboard, or an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (HSDB , 2001a).
A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters may be used to keep the air concentration of this compound low in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes and animal rooms. When replacing filters, place them immediately in a plastic bag, seal and label the bag. Waste liquids should be collected or placed in a container suitable for disposal, with the tightly sealed lid and labeled properly. For disposal, place the container in a plastic bag, seal and label the bag. Broken glassware should be decontaminated using either solvent extraction or chemical destruction methods, or in a specially designed incinerator (HSDB , 2001a).
Containers of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. They should be protected from physical damage and kept isolated from any source of ignition. The preferred storage location is outdoors or in a detached or isolated storage unit. Use an inert gas (such as nitrogen or dry air) to blanket tanks containing this chemical. To prevent uncontrollable polymerization, carefully prevent any potential contact between toluene diisocyanates and strong bases (ITI, 1995; (OHM/TADS, 2001)).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

This chemical can react with aniline (AAR, 2000).
Store isomer mixture isolated from amines, alcohols, bases and acids (HSDB , 2001b).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are powerful irritants to mucous membranes of the eyes, and of the upper and lower respiratory tract, even at low air concentrations (IARC, 1986).

Firefighters must wear complete protective equipment (close-circuit breathing apparatus, rubber gloves etc.) to be protected against diisocyanate vapors and nitrogen dioxide (HSDB , 2001a).

Wet or contaminated work clothing should be removed and replaced (AAR, 2000).

Segregate contaminated protective clothing using a method that prevents direct contact of the personnel handling, cleaning or disposing the clothing with the chemical. Establish a quality assurance plan to evaluate the completeness of the cleaning procedures. Workers should not remove contaminated clothing from the workplace (HSDB , 2001a).

Showers should be available to workers handling this substance (HSDB , 2001a).

Protective measures should follow guidelines set for "Carcinogens". This includes the following: Protect workers from exposure by providing dispensers for liquid detergents. Use safety pipettes for all pipetting work. Personnel working in animal laboratory should wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece suits, close-fitting on ankles and wrists), gloves, hair covering and overshoes. Workers in chemical laboratories should always wear gloves and gowns. The use of carefully fitted masks or respirators may be advised. Synthesis and purification processes should be performed under a well-ventilated hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative pressure. Adjust air changes to prevent generation of air high concentrations (HSDB , 2001a).

Following accidental exposure, move victim to fresh air and call for medical assistance. Quickly remove any spilled material from the skin. Provide artificial respiration or oxygen as necessary. Keep victim quiet and warm. Watch for possible delayed effects (AAR, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

There is conflicting information regarding the use of contact lenses in industrial settings, largely because the effect depends on the compound but also on the characteristic and duration of exposure, hygiene of lenses and the use of other eye protection equipment. Even if contact lenses are used, usual eye protection equipment should be used in addition (HSDB , 2001a).

If the eyes were exposed to the chemical, hold the eyelids open and flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes (AAR, 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

In emergency and fire situations, wear self-contained breathing apparatus (HSDB , 2001b).

Personnel protective gear should include a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000).

The following three air-purifying respirators were tested and found to protect against toluene diisocyanate vapors: Willson R-21, Survivair (both are organic vapor cartridges) and 3M-8711 (disposable, valveless respirator). Exposure was assessed three times using concentrations of 0.2 ppm for 40 hours, and once using concentrations of 1.5 ppm or greater for 20 hours (HSDB , 2001b).

Emergency response personnel should wear full protective clothing and work either under well ventilated conditions or use self-contained breathing apparatus ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

"Chemical cartridge respirators should not be used because isocyanates have poor olfactory warning properties. Supplied air respirators should be used only during emergencies, during installation and testing of engineering controls, during spray painting with isocyanate-based paints, non-routine maintenance or repair, or in confined spaces. If a major spill occurs, the area should be evacuated immediately. Clean-up crews must wear air-supplied respirators, eye protection, and protective clothing" (Zenz, 1994).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 91-08-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Purolite

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Resistor

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Sureflex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Economy Short Boot

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Hazmax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

To protect workers in the polyurethane industry from high air concentrations of diisocyanates, a method was developed that would generate only low concentrations of this compound. This was achieved by using tetrafluoroethylene Teflon permeation tubes that contained sealed-in spaghetti tubing with a solid tetrafluoroethylene Teflon rod that was held in place with aluminum Swagelok ferrules. Using an air bath, the permeation tubes were kept at temperatures between 303 and 343 K. Toluene diisocyanate was kept cold using dry nitrogen and it was diluted with dry clean air to achieved the desired concentrations (HSDB , 2001a).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Toluene diisocyanate can react with aniline. This reaction is exothermic. The heat generated may be sufficient to ignite surrounding combustibles and the toluene diisocyanate itself (AAR, 2000).
All sources of possible ignition should be shut off and no flames, smoking, or flares should be allowed in the hazard area (AAR, 1987).
Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled with water using an unmanned device until well after the fire is extinguished (AAR, 1987).
Fires should not extinguished unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS91-08-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

The isomer mixture is combustible when exposed to heat or flame (HSDB , 2001b).
Due to its high flashpoint, the isomer mixture does not represent a serious fire hazard (HSDB , 2001b).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or for; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS91-08-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide to fight fires, and water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).

If this compound is on fire or involved in a fire, try to combat flames only if flow of the compound can be stopped. Flooding quantities of water spray can be used to cool containers exposed to the heat of a fire. When this compound is on fire, approach the fire from upwind and try to extinguish it from as far away as possible. Do NOT inhale released vapors and combustion by-products. Solid streams of water may not be effective to combat the fire (AAR, 2000).

Use water spray, carbon dioxide or dry chemical ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, toluene diisocyanate emits highly toxic oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000a).
When heated to decomposition, hydrogen cyanide and sulfur oxides are released (HSDB , 2001c).
In addition, hydrogen chloride gas may be released (HSDB , 2001b).
During combustion, cyanides are generated ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

This compound represents an explosion hazard when kept under confined conditions ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

At normal temperatures, this compound is relatively non-corrosive ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are powerful irritants to mucous membranes of the eyes, and of the upper and lower respiratory tract, even at low air concentrations (IARC, 1986).

Reaction between water and toluene diisocyanate generates carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000).

This material may release toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen when heated to decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Reaction between the 80:20 isomer mixture and water, acids, bases and amines may result in uncontrollable polymerization and rapid evolution of heat (ACGIH, 1991).

2.6-TDI in liquid form or as a concentrated solution will rapidly hydrolyze to form amines. The generated amines will rapidly interact with remaining isocyanate groups, thereby producing dimers, oligomers and polymers. While the formation of free diaminotoluene is unlikely in concentrated solutions, free diaminotoluene is likely to be generated in dilute solutions (IARC, 1986).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

If this material is leaking but not on fire, downwind evacuation should be considered with the area determined by the amount of material spilled, the location of the spill, and the weather conditions taken into consideration (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS91-08-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS91-08-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Toluene 2,6-diisocyanate
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.005
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.02
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.083
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.51
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS91-08-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: 2,6-Toluene diisocyanate
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.02 ppm
mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.01 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.01 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: 2,6-Toluene diisocyanate
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.24 ppm
mg/m3: 1.71 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.17 ppm
mg/m3: 1.21 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.083 ppm
mg/m3: 0.59 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.021 ppm
mg/m3: 0.15 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.021 ppm
mg/m3: 0.15 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: 2,6-Toluene diisocyanate
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.65 ppm
mg/m3: 4.63 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.65 ppm
mg/m3: 4.63 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.51 ppm
mg/m3: 3.63 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.32 ppm
mg/m3: 2.28 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.16 ppm
mg/m3: 0.93 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS91-08-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Following a spill or leak, isolate the leaked material from any potential source of ignition (such as sparks or flames). Prevent leakage of the spilled material into water sources and sewers. Try to stop leak, and build dikes to contain flow of spilled material. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).
An aqueous solution of the non-ionic surfactant Arkopal-N100 (10-20% by weight) was successfully used to decontaminate spilled toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture. The solution can either be used as liquid or foam; solid formulations are also available (HSDB , 2001b).
Following a spill of the isomer mixture into water, in situ amelioration can be achieved by using pumps or vacuums to remove this compound from the bottom. Call EPA's Emergency Response Team for further assistance. Do not burn the compound to restore contaminated beaches or shorelines ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
Toluene diisocyanate should be transformed into urea prior to disposal. To dispose of the isomer mixture, pour or sift it onto sodium bicarbonate or a mixture containing 90 parts of sand and 10 parts of soda ash. Mix, place in heavy paper cartons and fill the cartons with paper. Burn these cartons in an incinerator. If necessary, add scrap wood to augment the fire. For more effective incineration, burn the cartons in incinerators equipped with afterburner and alkaline scrubber. Alternatively, the isomer mixture can be mixed with a flammable solvent (such as alcohol or benzene) and sprayed into the chamber of an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
To decontaminate empty drums, convert residual isomer mixture into urea by filling the drum with water. This should be done in a well ventilated area. Addition of small amounts of isopropyl alcohol or ammonia will accelerate this conversion. Let this reaction continue for 48 hours before disposing of the formed solid ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
A study was done to test the feasibility of using polyurethane foam (PUF) to remove toluene diisocyanate (TDI) from the exhaust air of a PUF production plant. The results showed that high density, low TDI content PUF was effective in removing TDI if the exhaust air was relatively dry. Another effective method was a water scrubber with a catalyst or surfactant (De et al, 1992).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Diisocyanates can be removed from gases without formation of insoluble ureas through hydrolysis with dilute, aqueous alkalies or mineral acids in the presence of active charcoal and/or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (HSDB , 2001a).
Toluene diisocyanates may be removed from waste water using air stripping (HSDB , 2001a).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

NEVER flush liquid isomer mixture down a drain ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
Waste containing toluene diisocyanate is a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration (at 820 to 1,600 degrees C, with residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids) (HSDB , 2001a).
Waste containing toluene diisocyanate is also a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration (at 650 to 1,600 degrees C, with a residence time of 0.1 to 0.2 seconds) (HSDB , 2001a).
Fluidized bed incineration may also be used for toluene diisocyanate-containing waste (450 to 980 degrees C, with residence times of seconds for gases and liquids, and hours for solids) (HSDB , 2001a).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

It is unknown whether 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) occurs naturally (IARC, 1986).

Most of the data from environmental fate and monitoring studies do not distinguish between the isomers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Typically, they reflect results from the commercial mixture of the 2,4- and the 2,6- isomers (HSDB, 2004).

Although the commercially available mixture of TDIs typically consists of 80% 2,4-TDI and only 20% 2,6-TDI, the greater reactivity of the 2,4-TDI isomer leads to a higher concentration of 2,6-TDI in workplace air of a polyurethanes manufacturing plant (HSDB, 2004).

TDI isomers have been found in wastewater from a furniture manufacturing plant at 0.1-0.4 mg/L. No differentiation was made between the different diisocyanates and the corresponding amines (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986).

Six years after an accidental spill of 13 tons of TDI isomer mixture, only toluene-derived polyureas were found in soil at the spill site (HSDB, 2004; IARC, 1986).

Samples taken from stack exhaust of a polyurethane foam production plant showed TDI isomer levels ranging from 100 to 17,700 mcg/m(3) (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986).

In one study, the following mean TDI concentrations were measured in ambient workplace air during the specified activities (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989):

TDI production: 0.7-710 mcg/m(3);
Polyurethane foam production: not detectable to 1490 mcg/m(3);
Elastomer production: 70-140 mg/m(3);
Polyurethane foam use: 13-1050 mcg/m(3);
Polyurethane spray paint use: 10-710 mcg/m(3);
Production of polyurethane-coated wire: less than 1-740 mcg/m(3).

Measurements of mean TDI atmospheric concentrations during outdoor application of TDI foam to a 40-ft diameter storage tank showed the following concentrations at the specified distance downwind from the spray gun: 0.3 ppm at 8 ft; 0.02 ppm at 40 ft; 0.002 ppm at 150 ft. No toluene diisocyanates were detected at a distance greater than 8 ft upwind from the spray gun. Air samples taken immediately after the spraying ceased at a distance of 2 ft from the foam surface showed a mean concentration of 0.03 ppm. Air concentrations near the pumping equipment during material transfer were measured at 0.02 ppm (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

In one study, personal monitoring devices indicated mean occupational concentrations of TDIs ranging from not detectable to 540 mcg/m(3) during polyurethane foam production, and from 2 to 122 mcg/m(3) during polyurethane use (HSDB, 2004).

Mean air concentrations of TDIs released from insulation in ship's hold were measured at 120-150 mcg/m(3). Mean air concentrations of TDIs released from coated fabric in a workplace were 2-10 mcg/m(3) (HSDB, 2004).

Measurements at flexible foam slabstock plants showed that about 0.005% of the TDI used in production was released in the vent stack exhaust (Howard, 1989).

Large quantities of the TDI mixture are regularly transported, and spills can occur during loading and unloading (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Environmental fate data on the isolated 2,6-toluene are generally lacking (HSDB, 2004).
Experimental results showed that over a relative humidity range of 7-70%, the loss rate of toluene diisocyanates (TDIs) was a process independent of humidity. Neither toluenediamine nor TDI-urea products could be detected under these conditions (Howard, 1989).
The loss rate of TDIs in an environmental chamber containing irradiated clean air followed a first order function, with a half-life of 3.3 hours. Further investigations showed that the removal of TDIs was due to interaction with free radicals but not photolysis. Removal rate was not significantly affected by the addition of urban surrogate hydrocarbon mixture (simulating polluted urban air) or ammonium sulfate particulate matter. It is expected that the half-life of TDIs is shorter in polluted air, due to the increase in concentration of free radicals under these conditions (HSDB, 2004).
In the atmosphere, TDIs react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, and they are removed from the atmosphere via dry deposition. In the atmosphere, reaction of TDI with water vapor is not considered an important environmental fate process (HSDB, 2004).
- The estimated half-life in air for the photochemical reaction of vapor phase 2,6-TDI with hydroxyl radicals is 2.5 days (HSDB, 2004).
Based on an estimated photo-oxidation half-life in air, the half-lives for the biodegradation of 2,6-TDI in air reportedly range from 0.321 to 3.21 hours (Howard, 1991).
Based on an estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air, the photo-oxidation half-lives for 2,6-TDI in air reportedly range from 0.321 to 3.21 hours (Howard, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Hydrolysis of toluene diisocyanates (TDIs) is expected to occur much quicker than attack by microorganisms can take place. Hydrolysis results in formation of toluenediamines, which in turn undergo a variety of biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004).
- Release of low concentrations of TDIs into a model river or seaway system resulted in complete hydrolysis within one day. A simulated spill of TDIs into stagnant water (0.5L of TDI, poured into 20L of water at pH 5, 7 or 9 at 20 degrees C) resulted in formation of a hard crust at the TDI-water interface. This crust thickened over the following 30 days, leaving no TDIs in liquid form. In the crust, less than 0.5% of the original TDI remained after 35 days (HSDB, 2004). The half-life for this reaction is 3.3 hours (Howard, 1989).
- A simulated spill into running water (0.5L TDI poured into 20L of slowly overflowing water) showed barely detectable amounts of toluenediamine in the overflow, and again resulted in formation of a crust at the water-TDI interface. In the crust, less than 0.5% of the original TDI remained after 35 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Based on its estimated hydrolysis half-life in water, the half-lives for biodegradation of 2,6-TDI in surface water reportedly range from 12 to 24 hours. Based on the disappearance of a TDI isomer mixture from a model river, the first order hydrolysis half-life is estimated to be 12 hours (Howard, 1991).
- Ten days after the spill of 13 tons of toluene diisocyanate mixture onto swampy, wet forest soil, there was no TDI detectable in a connecting brook (Howard, 1989).
GROUND WATER
- Based on its estimated hydrolysis half-life in water, the half-lives for biodegradation of toluene-2,6-diisocyanate in groundwater reportedly range from 12 to 24 hours (Howard, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Due to the low vapor pressure, volatilization of toluene diisocyanates (TDIs) does not readily occur from soil surfaces (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Following a spill of TDIs onto swampy, wet forest soil, both TDIs and toluenediamines were found in the soil. After the TDIs had solidified, the area was covered with sand. Measurements of both TDIs and toluenediamines showed a decline from the initially measured parts per thousand range to the parts per million range within 10 days to 12 weeks after the spill. Six years after the spill, only TDI-derived polyureas were detected at the spill site at depths up to 100 cm (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- In a simulated spill, 5 kg of TDIs were placed in a container and covered with 50 kg of sand and 5 kg of water at ambient temperatures. Samples taken from the top and the bottom of the sand pile showed that after 24 hours, 5.5% of the TDIs remained unreacted, and that after 8 days, 3.5% of the TDIs remained unreacted (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Ten days after the spill of 13 tons of TDI mixture onto swampy, wet forest soil, there was no TDI detectable in a connecting brook (Howard, 1989).

OTHER

OTHER
- In an experimental setting, fast stirring of the commercial 80/20 mixture into water gave the most consistent results in a small scale study. Both the 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) isomers disappeared at a rate approximating first order kinetics. Results were as follows (Yakabe et al, 1999):
- Larger scale experiments showed that at ambient temperature and following very good dispersion in water, approximately half of the initial amount of the isomer mixture (28 mg/L) had disappeared within 30 seconds. With less homogeneous dispersion, the half-life ranged from 3 to 5 minutes (Yakabe et al, 1999).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) primarily exists as a vapor and degradation principally occurs by photochemical reactions with hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 2.5 days). Products of this photochemical reaction are removed from the atmosphere via dry deposition. As TDI decomposes in water, contact with clouds, fog, or rain also results in atmospheric degradation. TDI reaction with water vapor is not considered an important atmospheric environmental fate process (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

2,6,-TDI can undergo hydrolysis, a process that is expected to occur much quicker than degradation by microorganisms. Complete hydrolysis of low TDI concentrations can occur in 1 day, according to experimental results where TDI was released into a model river or seawater system. The hydrolysis reaction produces toluenediamines, which can then undergo further biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

TDI does not readily volatilize from soils or water surfaces due to its low vapor pressure (HSDB, 2004).

Biodegradation half-lives for 2,6-TDI in soil range from 12 to 24 hours (based on its estimated hydrolysis half-life in water). Biodegradation of 2,6-TDI in both surface and groundwater reportedly range from 12 to 24 hours (based on its estimated hydrolysis half-life in water)(Howard, 1991; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on the half-life for aerobic biodegradation in water under unacclimated conditions, the anaerobic biodegradation half-life for toluene 2,6-diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) is estimated to range from 672 hours (28 days) to 2688 hours (16 weeks) (Howard, 1991).

The half-life for aerobic biodegradation in water under unacclimated conditions is estimated to range from 168 hours (7 days) to 672 hours (4 weeks) (Howard, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Toluene 2,6-diisocyanate is considered unlikely to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

EC50 - BACTERIA (Photobacterium phosphoreum): 42 mg/L for 30 minutes (Microtox) (Verschueren, 2001)

LC - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugia): below 508 mg/L no significant mortality-- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)

LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 195 mg/L for 24H -- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 172 mg/L for 48H -- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 164 mg/L for 96H -- Conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)

LD50 - (ORAL) RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (Agelaius phoeniceus): 100 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004)

LD50 - (ORAL) STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris): greater than 100 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004)

LD50 - (ORAL) WILD BIRD SPECIES: 100 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004; RTECS, 2001)

NOLC - GRASS SHRIMP (Palaemonetes pugia): <508 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

174.16

80:20 isomer mixture: 174.15 (ACGIH, 1991)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate has properties similar to the 2,4- isomer of toluene diisocyanate (Lewis, 1998).

The isomer mixture is a clear to pale yellow liquid ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

The isomer mixture is liquid at room temperature. It darkens when exposed to light. It is heavier than water and will react with water to form carbon dioxide. It is colorless in water ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).

When exposed to water, toluene diisocyanate isomers break down into their corresponding diaminotoluenes (2,6-diaminotoluene dihydrochloride) (IARC, 1986).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.01 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

80:20 isomer mixture: 0.02 torr (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

80:20 isomer mixture: 0.04 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998)

80:20 isomer mixture: 0.02 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2001c)

Isomer mixture: 0.01 atm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001b)

Isomer mixture: 0.01 atm (at 25 degrees C) ((OHM/TADS, 2001))

Isomer mixture: 0.05 atm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001b) Zenz, 1994)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.22 (at 25/15.5 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
80:20 isomer mixture: 1.22 (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.22 (IARC, 1986)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
80:20 isomer mixture: 1.22 (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
Isomer mixture: 1.22 + or - 0.01 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001b)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

7.2 degrees C (IARC, 1986)
80:20 isomer mixture (Japan): 11.8-13.4 degrees C (IARC, 1986)
80:20 isomer mixture: 11.5 degrees C (at 13.5 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991a)
Mixed isomers: 9-14 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
Mixed isomers: 11.3-13.5 degrees (HSDB , 2001b)

MELTING POINT

19.5-21.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997a)
Isomer mixture: 11-14 degrees C (ILO, 1998a)
Isomer mixture: 19.5 degrees C ((OHM/TADS, 2001))

BOILING POINT

120 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)

129-133 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986; ILO, 1998)

251 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)

Isomer mixture: 251 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001b; ILO, 1998; (OHM/TADS, 2001))

FLASH POINT

132 degrees C, 270 degrees F (open cup) (Lewis, 1997)

80:20 isomer mixture: 132 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001b)

80:20 isomer mixture: 270 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB , 2001b)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.9 ppm ((OHM/TADS, 2001))

UPPER

9.5 ppm ((OHM/TADS, 2001))

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

80:20 isomer mixture: Insoluble in water but highly reactive with water (Harbison, 1998)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

80:20 isomer mixture: soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, and other organic solvents, such as acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene and kerosene (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001b)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

1144C (Spectrum number in Pouchert compilation) (IARC, 1986)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents