TOLUENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
AI3-15101 BENZENE, 2,4-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYL- CRESORCINOL DIISOCYANATE DESMODUR-T DESMODUR T80 DI-ISOCYANATE DE TOLUYLENE (FRENCH) DI-ISO-CYANATOLUENE n,n-DI-ISO-1-CYANATOLTOLUENE DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYLBENZENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE DIISOCYANAT-TOLUOL (GERMAN) HYLENE T ORGANIC ISOCYANATE HYLENE TCPA HYLENE TLC HYLENE TM HYLENE TM-65 HYLENE TRF ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYL PHENYLENE ESTER ISOCYANIC ACID, 4-METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ESTER META-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE MONDUR TDS NCI-C50533 NIAX TDI NIAX TDI-P 2,4-TDI TOLUEEN-DIISOCYANAAT (DUTCH) TOLUEN-DISOCIANATO (ITALIAN) 2,4-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (65:35) TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (80:20) TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE, 2,4-DIISOCYANATO- TOLUILENODWUIZOCYJANIAN (POLISH) 2,4-TOLYENE DIISOCYANATE 2,4-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLUYLENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TOLYENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE m-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLYLENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TULUYLENDIISOCYANAT (GERMAN) Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture. BENZENE-, 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYL- DESMODUR T100 DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE HYLENE-T ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYLPHENYLENE ESTER METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYLPHENYLENE ISOCYANATE MONDUR-TD MONDUR TD-80 NACCONATE-100 NIAX ISOCYANATE TDI RUBINATE TDI RUBINATE TDI 80;20 RUBINATE TDI 80/20 T 100 TDI TDI 80 TDI 80-20 TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE, 80/20 MIXTURE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATES TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLYLENE ISOCYANATE Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture. (Ashford, 1994; (CHRIS, 2001); Grant, 1993; HSDB, 2001; IARC, 1986; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000a; NIOSH , 2001; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; RTECS, 2001; Sittig, 1991)
- SYNONYMS FOR THE PURE COMPOUND (CAS# 584-84-9):
AI3-15101 BENZENE, 2,4-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYL- CRESORCINOL DIISOCYANATE DESMODUR-T DESMODUR T80 DI-ISOCYANATE DE TOLUYLENE (FRENCH) DI-ISO-CYANATOLUENE n,n-DI-ISO-1-CYANATOLTOLUENE DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATO-1-METHYLBENZENE 2,4-DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE DIISOCYANAT-TOLUOL (GERMAN) HYLENE T ORGANIC ISOCYANATE HYLENE TCPA HYLENE TLC HYLENE TM HYLENE TM-65 HYLENE TRF ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYL PHENYLENE ESTER ISOCYANIC ACID, 4-METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ESTER META-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE 4-METHYL-META-PHENYLENE DIISOCYANATE MONDUR TDS NCI-C50533 NIAX TDI NIAX TDI-P 2,4-TDI TOLUEEN-DIISOCYANAAT (DUTCH) TOLUEN-DISOCIANATO (ITALIAN) 2,4-TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (65:35) TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (80:20) TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE, 2,4-DIISOCYANATO- TOLUILENODWUIZOCYJANIAN (POLISH) 2,4-TOLYENE DIISOCYANATE 2,4-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLUYLENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TOLYENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE m-TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLYLENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE TULUYLENDIISOCYANAT (GERMAN) Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.
BENZENE-, 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYL- DESMODUR T100 DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE 1,3-DIISOCYANATOMETHYLBENZENE DIISOCYANATOTOLUENE HYLENE-T ISOCYANIC ACID, METHYLPHENYLENE ESTER METHYL-META-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYL-M-PHENYLENE ISOCYANATE METHYLPHENYLENE ISOCYANATE MONDUR-TD MONDUR TD-80 NACCONATE-100 NIAX ISOCYANATE TDI RUBINATE TDI RUBINATE TDI 80;20 RUBINATE TDI 80/20 T 100 TDI TDI 80 TDI 80-20 TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE TOLUENE 2,4- AND 2,6-DIISOCYANATE, 80/20 MIXTURE TOLUENE DIISOCYANATES TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE TOLYLENE ISOCYANATE Editor's note: Many of the utilized references do not clearly distinguish between the pure chemical and the isomer mixture. This is the case for synonyms and trade names as well as for toxicity listings and physical properties. Throughout this document, an effort was made to indicate whether the information was related to the pure chemical or the isomer mixture.
(Ashford, 1994; (CHRIS, 2001); Grant, 1993; HSDB, 2001; IARC, 1986; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000a; NIOSH , 2001; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; RTECS, 2001; Sittig, 1991)
IDENTIFIERS
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are industrial chemicals that are manufactured in large volumes (IARC , 2000). These isomer mixtures are used as cross-linking agent for Nylon-6 (Lewis, 1997a). Many Spandex-formulations use 2,4-toluene diisocyanate as a component (HSDB, 2001). Approximately 90% of the supply of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are used in the production of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams (IARC, 1986). These foams can be manufactured through two synthetic methods: - In the 'one-shot' technique, toluene diisocyanate reacts with a di- or polyfunctional alcohol, producing the polyurethane backbone of the polymer. Reaction between excess toluene diisocyanate and water results in formation of amines. These amines in turn further react with the toluene diisocyanate, thereby introducing urea groups into the polymer chain. Interaction between these urea groups and toluene diisocyanate results in cross-linkage between chains.
- The second method is a prepolymer process that involves the reaction between toluene diisocyanate and a polyl. During this reaction, a prepolymer with isocyanate end groups is formed. This prepolymer is the reacted with glycols or diamines to cross-link the chains (IARC, 1986).
Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture is also used as a component in polyurethane coatings and elastomer systems (IARC, 1986). These coatings can be used as floor finishes, wood finishes and paints (alkyds), wood and concrete sealants and floor finishes (moisture-curing coatings) and as aircraft, truck and passenger car coatings (prepolymer systems) (IARC, 1986). They are also used on leather, wire, tank linings, and masonry (ACGIH, 1991a). Because urethane elastomers are abrasion- and solvent-resistant, they are used in adhesive and sealant compounds, automobile parts, shoe soles, roller skate wheels, pond liners, blood bags, oils fields and mines. Certain elastomers are produced from pure 2,4-TDI rather than the 80:20 isomer mixture (ACGIH, 1991a; IARC, 1986). Paints used as top coats now rarely contain toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures. They often were replaced by isocyanates with higher molecular weights (such as 4,4-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI)) or by prepolymers (ILO, 1998).
Polymeric foams generated from the commercially available 80:20 isomer mixture are biologically inert and are widely used in furniture, packing, insulation, and boat building (ACGIH, 1991a). In 1984, the US Food and Drug Administration determined that the use of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI as components of adhesives that come in contact with food was acceptable. Also acceptable was the use of these toluene diisocyanates as components of polyurethane resins that form a surface contacting the food (IARC, 1986).
2,4-TDI is a clear to pale yellow liquid. It has a sharp, pungent, unpleasant odor (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994; IARC, 1986). Its odor has also been described as fruity and sweet (Sittig, 1991). 2,4-TDI is a water-white liquid that turns straw-yellow upon standing. It exists as clear to light yellow liquid or crystals, depending upon temperature and pressure (ILO, 1998). It can be colorless to pale yellow, solid or liquid (above 71 degrees F) (ILO, 1998; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991). The liquid solidifies below about 2 degrees C (Lewis, 1998). Presence of 2,6-TDI isomer is considered an impurity (HSDB, 2001). The most common form of the commercially available type of toluene diisocyanate contains a mixture of 80% 2,4-TDI and 20% 2,6-TDI. Also available is a mixture containing 65% 2,4-TDI and 35% 2,6-TDI, as well as 99.5 % pure 2,4-TDI (Ashford, 1994; IARC, 1986; CHRIS, 2000). 2,4-TDI is also available in 100% pure form (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994). All isomer mixtures have similar characteristics (CHRIS, 2000). In the USA, toluene diisocyanate with the 80:20 isomer ratio is produced in two forms: type I and type II. These types differ slightly with respect to acidity and amount of hydrolysable chloride introduced during the synthesis process (IARC, 1986). Analysis of the 80:20 isomer mixture produced in the US typically shows the following (IARC, 1986): - 99.5% purity;
- 80+/-1% 2,4-TDI;
- 20+/-1% 2,6-TDI;
- 0.001-0.011% (varies) acidity as hydrochloric acid;
- 0.010-0.014% maximum hydrolysable chloride;
- 0.01-0.02% maximum total chlorine.
Analysis of the 80:20 isomer mixture produced in Japan typically shows the following (IARC, 1986): - 99.6% minimum purity;
- 78.0-81.0% 2,4-TDI;
- 19.0-22.0% 2,6-TDI;
- 0.004% maximum acidity as hydrochloric acid;
- 0.01% maximum hydrolytic hydrochloric acid;
- 0.07% maximum total hydrochloric acid.
Analysis of the 65:35 isomer mixture produced in Japan typically shows the following (IARC, 1986): - 99.5% minimum purity;
- 63-67% 2,4-TDI;
- 33-37.0% 2,6-TDI;
- 0.010-0.013% maximum acidity as hydrochloric acid;
- 0.01-0.013% maximum hydrolytic hydrochloric acid;
- 0.05% maximum total hydrochloric acid.
In Japan, pure 2,4-TDI is also commercially available. Analysis usually shows the following (IARC, 1986): - 99.5% minimum purity;
- minimum 97.5% 2,4-TDI;
- maximum 2.5% 2,6-TDI;
- 0.010-0.013% acidity as hydrochloric acid;
- 0.01-0.013% hydrolytic hydrochloric acid;
- 0.05% total hydrochloric acid.
It is unknown whether 2,4-TDI occurs naturally (IARC, 1986). 2,4-TDI is primarily obtained from coal tar and petroleum (Lewis, 1998). 2,4-TDI is usually manufactured from toluene-2,4-diamine and phosgene (Budavari, 2000). Toluene diisocyanate was first produced commercially in the late 1930s. It is primarily produced through reaction of phosgene with 2,4/2,6-toluenediamine (Ashford, 1994; IARC, 1986). During the initial reaction, toluene is nitrated to 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. Following catalytic reduction of the nitration products to diaminotoluene and dissolution in organic solvents, the diaminotoluene isomers react with phosgene for several hours at gradually increasing temperatures. The final toluene diisocyanate is then recovered via fractional distillation, isolating it from generated hydrogen chloride and unreacted phosgene (IARC, 1986).
In Japan, a process was developed that generates toluene diisocyanate without the use of phosgene (IARC, 1986). In this process, carbonylation of dinitrotoluene initially produces the diurethane, which is then converted thermally to toluene diisocyanate and alcohol (IARC, 1986; HSDB, 2001).
The free monomer of toluene diisocyanate isomers can be detected in urethane foam fabric coating at concentrations of less than 200 mg/kg (IARC, 1986). 2,4-TDI is purified through distillation. This process removes contained hydrogen chloride (Lewis, 1997a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Ingestion can result in a sore throat, irritation of the mouth and stomach, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
- Inhalation of the vapors can cause irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs; wheezing; cough; chemical pneumonitis; bronchospasm; bronchitis; insomnia; euphoria; ataxia; loss of consciousness; personality changes; irritability; and depression. Pulmonary edema may occur from severe inhalation poisoning. It is one of the leading causes of occupational asthma.
- Dermal exposure can cause redness, pain, swelling, and blistering. Chronic dermal exposure can lead to skin sensitization and allergic eczema.
- Splash contact to the eyes may result in redness, pain, blurred vision, severe irritation, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal damage.
- Repeated exposure can cause lung disease psychological effects, chest tightness, sneezing, cyanosis and collapse, chronic obstructive bronchitis, emphysema, chemical bronchitis, and asthmatic syndrome. Exposure can result in chemical pneumonitis, bronchospasm, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema; it is one of the leading causes of occupational asthma. Neurologic symptoms may include euphoria, loss of coordination, loss of consciousness, memory loss, and depression.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- 2,4-TDI is a strong eye irritant, with secondary glaucoma a possible consequence of eye splashes (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991). It is a throat, respiratory tract, and mucous membrane irritant, and a powerful skin irritant (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991). The lowest toxic dose for humans exposed by inhalation is approximately 0.5 ppm (RTECS); however, the lowest dose to produce allergic sensitization in repeated exposures may be much lower.
- Some persons can become sensitized from a single, high-dose exposure (ACGIH, 1992).
- Exposure to greater than 100 ppb can cause primary respiratory tract irritation, while less than approximately 30 ppb does not cause primary irritant effects (Karol, 1986). Inhalation can cause productive paroxysmal coughing with retrosternal soreness and chest pain; higher levels can produce a sensation of constriction or oppression in the chest, bronchitis and pulmonary edema (Hathaway et al, 1991). Other effects of high-level acute exposure include gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting, and neurological effects, such as headache, depression, and loss of coordination, memory, and concentration (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Acute symptoms may persist for 3 to 7 days after removal from exposure (Hathaway et al, 1991). The neurological effects following an extremely high-level acute exposure may be permanent (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982; HSDB).
- 2,4-TDI inhibited acetylcholinesterase in humans both in vivo (Trevisan & Moro, 1981) and in vitro (Saronova, 1982). Serum cholinesterase was completely inhibited in a liquid assay (Brown, 1982). However, TDI does not cause typical anticholinesterase poisoning at relatively low dose exposures. 2,4-TDI was poorly absorbed through the skin in rabbits (HSDB). TDI can cause skin irritation or burns, eye irritation, corneal inflammation, glaucoma and other ocular effects (Grant, 1986; US DHHS, 1994).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Repeated exposure to 2,4-TDI can cause severe dermatitis and skin sensitization, bronchospasm, and interstitial fibrosis of the lung (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991). After a few days to two months of exposure, typical symptoms are eye and throat irritation and tearing, followed by a dry cough, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing (ILO, 1983). The symptoms may mimic those of a chronic or recurring cold. Eczema can also develop.
- The major feature of 2,4-TDI toxicity (and also of the 2,6- isomer) is its activity as a RESPIRATORY SENSITIZER. About 5-10% of the population will become sensitized if exposed to concentrations in the 6-20 ppb range (Karol, 1986). One estimate of the effective dose for sensitization has been as low as 2 ppb (HSDB). Isocyanates are one of the most common causes of occupational asthma (Baur, 1996).
- The dose-response for sensitization is poorly understood, but there has been a high incidence of cases with chronic exposure to greater than 0.03 ppm (ACGIH, 1986). Exposure to 0.01 ppm or less was associated with fewer complaints, but some cases appeared even at less than 0.005 ppm if there had been isolated high-level acute exposures (ACGIH, 1992). Once sensitized, an individual can react at extremely low exposure levels, in the range of 0.001 ppm (1 ppb) (ACGIH, 1992).
- The asthma can be either immediate or delayed by several hours after each exposure. Asthma symptoms may be precipitated by exposure to chemicals other than TDI (ATSDR, 1995). Delayed reactions typically occur in the middle of the night, and it is often difficult to make the association between exposure to a substance in the workplace and delayed onset of effects. The latent period for development of asthma-like symptoms with continued occupational exposure may be 6 months to 20 years (Hathaway et al, 1991). Typical signs and symptoms are tightness in the chest, dry cough, breathlessness, and difficulty in breathing (Karol, 1986).
- Asthma can resolve in some cases when there is no further exposure, with the time for resolution varying from one individual to another. For those with no other allergies, it can take as little as 4 to 6 months for symptoms to resolve. For atopic individuals, as long as several years may be required (Karol, 1986). In one study, pulmonary function was still reduced as long as 40 months after the last exposure (Innocenti, 1981).
- Further exposure after development of occupational asthma results in further deterioration of pulmonary function (Innocenti, 1981). Chronic bronchitis may persist even after the acute allergy has abated (Innocenti, 1981).
- Some patients have improved, but failed to return to normal values in pulmonary function testing (FEV1 and FEF25-75), some have continued to decline, and some have stabilized at a lower functional level (ACGIH, 1986).
- One important question about the ability of 2,4-TDI to cause respiratory allergies is whether it is more or less active than 2,6-TDI for these effects. In one study, both the 2,4- and 2,6- isomers evoked an allergic response in inhalation challenge testing, but different individuals showed different patterns of response, suggesting a complex or different mechanism of sensitization for the two isomers (Barkman, 1984). High-level intermittent exposures have been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of TDI-induced asthma (Brooks, 1995).
- The mechanism of isocyanate-induced asthma may be heterogeneous. Local accumulation and activation of lymphocytes and eosinophilia were seen in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of affected workers; this result suggests a cellular mechanism (Baur, 1996). There seems to be little or no relationship between development of skin sensitivity and asthma (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- Other unconfirmed effects of chronic exposure have been hypertension and ischemic heart disease, these being more frequent among employees of an older plant where exposures to TDI were in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/m(3), in comparison with a newer plant where airborne levels ranged from 0.021 to 0.031 mg/m(3) (Saronova, 1982).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration . Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin and respiratory system [in animals: pancreas, liver, mammary gland, circulatory system and skin tumors] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
EYE EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE - Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
According to IARC, there is sufficient evidence that toluene diisocyanates are carcinogens in experimental animals (IARC, 1999). "NIOSH considers this substance to be a potenital occupational carcinogen" (NIOSH , 2001). ACGIH classification is as A4 - "Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen" (ACGIH, 2000). IARC ranks toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures as possibly carcinogenic in humans (Group 2B) (IARC, 1999).
- 2,4-TDI is considered hazardous at any concentration (Lewis, 1998).
- Most toxicological studies do not specify which toluene diisocyanate isomer was used in their study. In many studies, the commercial 80:20 isomer mixture was used. There is no known important distinction in toxicological effects between the 2,4- and the 2,6-isomer (ACGIH, 1991).
- The US EPA established an Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) of 7x10(-5) mg/m(3) for the 80:20 isomer mixture. This value was calculated using an Uncertainty Factor of 30, and a Multiplication Factor of 1 ((IRIS, 2001)).
Nine workers of polyurethane foam producing plant were exposed to high concentrations of toluene diisocyanate vapors. All developed microcystic corneal epithelial edema, accompanied with the impression of foggy or smoky vision, but without discomfort. It was found that exposure for one day was sufficient to develop the edema. While visual acuity was only minimally reduced using the Snellen chart, slit-lamp examination showed microcystic changes in the corneal epithelium. This change was spontaneously reversible within 12 to 48 hours after a one day exposure, or within several days after repeated daily exposure. It was later suspected that amines, rather than the diisocyanates, used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams were responsible for the development of the edema and the haziness of vision (Grant, 1993). Toluene diisocyanates reportedly form antigenic complexed with proteins, thereby transforming lymphocytes in sensitized individuals and inducing the formation of specific antibodies (HSDB, 2001a). At breathing zone concentrations of 0.5 ppm, respiratory response is imminent. Respiratory symptoms will develop with a latent period of 4 to 8 hours. Onset is dependent upon length of exposure and level of concentrations above 0.5 ppm. Concentrations above 0.5 ppm will produce a sensation of oppression or constriction of the chest (Hathaway et al, 1996). Respiratory sensitization occurred after repeated exposure to levels of 0.02 ppm and below. Initial symptoms often occur at night. Susceptibility to toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma does not require a prior history of atopy or allergic conditions. Following sufficient exposure to toluene diisocyanates, any individual may become sensitized to this compound. Nightly symptoms may develop even long after the end of a work shift. Individuals with toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma may continue to show dyspnea, wheezing and bronchial hyperreactivity for 2 or more years after cessation of exposure. Due to current work practices, skin sensitization is uncommon. Little relation seems to exist between skin sensitivity and respiratory sensitivity to toluene diisocyanates (Hathaway et al., 1996). 2.5% of workers exposed to 0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m(3)) of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture developed bronchial hypersensitivity. Individuals 'sensitized' to this mixture developed severe respiratory symptoms when exposure continued. In most cases, improvement occurs when exposure ceases (IARC, 1986). Dose-dependent changes in the rate of loss of pulmonary function were described in a cohort of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture. An excess rate was observed at a concentration of 0.002 to 0.003 ppm (0.01 to 0.021 mg/m(3)) (IARC, 1986). No respiratory effects were observed following exposure to approximately 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m(3)) for five to ten years (IARC, 1986). Exposure to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture may cause chronic restrictive pulmonary disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Exposure to high concentrations or repeatedly low concentrations of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture has been associated with the development of chronic bronchitis. Sensitized workers may develop persistent respiratory symptoms even after exposure was terminated (IARC, 1986). Exposure to very high concentrations of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture can have effects on the nervous system, and can lead to headache, poor memory, difficulty concentrating, confusion, changes in personality, irritability and depression (IARC, 1986). One report describes the development of an adenocarcinoma in the lung of a 47-year old non-smoking spray painter. The worker had been exposed to toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate for 15 years. It was thought that the lung disease was caused by exposure to isocyanates. IARC states however that this report was inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of toluene diioscyanantes to humans (IARC, 1986) IARC, 1999). Between 1957 and 1962, 42 cases of occupational TDI intoxication were reported from 14 plants in Massachusetts. For 14 of these cases, average vapor concentration of toluene diisocyanates in the workroom was about 0.03 ppm; in a few samples, the average concentration were greater than 0.05 ppm. In 11 cases, the average concentration was measured at 0.015 ppm, and in 9 cases the average concentration was below 0.01 ppm. In the remaining cases, no measurements were possible. It was found that all plants with average concentrations greater than 0.01 ppm had cases with related respiratory illness. No such illnesses were reported in plants with average concentrations of 0.007 ppm or less (ACGIH, 1991). Although repeated exposure to lower concentrations of the isomer mixture has been shown to produce chronic-like syndromes in humans, and may be related to hypersensitization, exposure to moderately elevated levels of the mixture (mean 0.07 ppm, peak 0.2 ppm) does not result in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (ACGIH, 1991). An investigation of 83 cases of occupational intoxication following exposure to the isomer mixture showed that the maximum incidence occurred at a concentration of approximately 0.1 ppm, whereas very few complaints were noted when the concentration was approximately 0.01 ppm. Another study showed a high incidence of illness at concentrations between 0.03 and 0.07 ppm, but no complaints when the concntration was kept below 0.03 ppm (ACGIH, 1991). In one study, respiratory sensitization was observed in workers who were only exposed to toluene diisocyanate vapors during trimming and sewing of polyurethane cushions. Air concentration was measured at only 0.003 ppm (Zenz, 1994). In a plant manufacturing polyurethane foam ice chests and picnic jugs, workers were exposed to 0.005 ppm of the isomer mixture during normal operations but had been exposed to unknown relatively high concentrations of the mixture during spills in the past. Nine of 13 symptomatic workers showed decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) and decreased forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (ACGIH, 1991). Even in asymptomatic workers, ventilatory capacity can be reduced over a work shift following exposure to toluene diisocyanate vapors at low (below 0.02 ppm and 0.001 ppm) or high (greater than 0.9 ppm) concentrations. In the latter, an acute loss of forced expiratory volume (FEV1) of 0.18L over 8 hours has been reported (Zenz, 1994). During an 18-month period, respiratory sensitization was observed in 5% of 99 workers, who were exposed to the isomer mixture usually below 0.02 ppm. It was assumed that the sensitization was a result of exposure to higher concentrations in spill situations (ACGIH, 1991). Four of 47 office workers became sensitized from exposure to exhaust air containing "unknown but probably quite low" concentrations of the isomer mixture. The air inlet of the office was 23 feet from the ventilation outlet of a nearby isomer mixture-manufacturing plant (ACGIH, 1991).
Mice exposed to 0.4 ppm of 2,4-TDI experienced a 50% decrease in respiratory rate. Exposure at this concentration for 5 days (6 hours per day) resulted in lesions in the nasal cavities of the animals with a distinct anterior-posterior gradient in severity (HSDB, 2001a). Results from a study performed in guinea pigs suggested that exposure to 29 ppb of toluene diisocyanates (97.8% of 2,4-TDI and 2.2% of 2,6-TDI) had a direct, dose-dependent effect on tracheal smooth muscle activity (HSDB , 2001). Commercial grade isomer mixture was found to be carcinogenic inF344/N rats. Exposure resulted in increased number of subcutaneous fibromas and fibrosarcomas in male and female animals; pancreatic acinar cell adenomas in male animals; pancreatic islet cell carcinomas, neoplastic nodules of the liver, and mammary gland fibroadenomas in female animals. The same isomer mixture was not considered to be carcinogenic for male B6C3F1 mice but was judged carcinogenic for female B6C3F1 mice. Exposure of female mice resulted in hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas and hepatocellular adenomas. Concentrations of the isomer mixture (administered via gavage, dissolved in corn oil) used for both rats and mice were as follows: male rats 23 or 49 mg/kg; female rats and female mice 49 or 108 mg/kg; male mice 108 or 202 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991; NTP , 1986). In one animal study, where mice and rats of both genders were exposed to the commercial isomer mixture, the pattern of multiple tumor sites was similar to that seen following exposure to 2,4-diamino toluene. Since common metabolites are produced from 2,4-TDI and 2,4-diamino toluene, it was suggested that 2,4-TDI contained in commercial mixture is responsible for the mixture's carcinogenic effect (Hathaway et al., 1996). Inhalation exposure of rats and mice to production-grade isomer mixture at concentrations of 0.05 ppm and 0.15 ppm did not show evidence for carcinogenicity. Exposure durations were 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, 108 to 110 weeks (rats) or 104 weeks (mice). Exposures in this study were later found to be below the maximum tolerated dose, based on mortality and gross body weight data (ACGIH, 1991).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS584-84-9 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanate (or as a mixture) A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
ACGIH, 1991 RTECS, 2001a) LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 13.9 ppm for 4H -- pulmonary edema, hemorrhage (ACGIH, 1991) 13 ppm for 4H - Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi; Changes in pulmonary vascular resistance; Pleural effusion
LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 9.7 ppm for 4H -- Pulmonary edema, hemorrhage (ACGIH, 1991) 10 ppm for 4H -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi;
LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT: LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: 80 ppb -- Changes in Sense Organs and Special Senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); changes in Lung, Thorax, or Respiration 500 ppb -- Changes in Sense Organs and Special Senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste); changes in Lung, Thorax, or Respiration 20 ppb for 2Y -- Cough; Sputum Female, 300 ppt for 8H/5D -- Respiratory obstruction
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 990 ppb for 6H/14D - intermittent --Changes in Sense Organs and Special Senses (Nose, Eye, Ear, and Taste)
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 204 mcg/m(3) for 24H/84D - continuous -- Muscle contraction or spasticity; Effect on true cholinesterase; Effect on lipids including transport 102 ppb for 24H/7D - continuous -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi 26 ppm for 6H/5W - intermittent -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi; Chronic pulmonary edema; Death
TDLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
ACGIH, 1991 RTECS, 2001a) LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 90.4 + or - 19.2 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b) 12,700 ppb for 4H - Excitement; Dyspnea; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS, 2001b)
LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 69.1 + or - 9.96 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b) 9700 ppb for 4H -- Excitement; Dyspnea; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS, 2001b)
LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT: 78.32 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b) 11 ppm for 4H -- Excitement; Dyspnea; Changes in structure or function of salivary glands (RTECS, 2001b)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: 56.96 mg/m(3) for 1H (HSDB, 2001b) 98.96 + or - 8.6 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b) Male, 348.88 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b) Female, 356 mg/m(3) for 4H (HSDB, 2001b)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 4130 mg/kg (RTECS, 2001b) 5800 mg/kg (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 1 ppm for 6H/5D intermittent -- Death (RTECS, 2001b) 29 ppb for 8W continuous -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi (RTECS, 2001b) 46 ppb for 1W continuous -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi (RTECS, 2001b)
TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 100 ppb for 6H/81D intermittent -- Changes in Lung, Thorax, or Respiration (RTECS, 2001b) 10 mcg/m(3) for 24H/22W continuous -- Changes in Recordings from specific areas of CNS; Changes in bone marrow; Effects on true cholinesterase (RTECS, 2001b) 2 ppm for 6H/5D intermittent - Death (RTECS, 2001b) 2830 ppb for 6H/3W intermittent -- Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi; Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count; Weight loss or decreased weight gain (RTECS. 2001b)
TD- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: TD- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT: TD- (ORAL)RAT: TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: 7 g/kg for 14D intermittent - Weight loss or decreased weight gain; Death (RTECS, 2001b) 63 gm/kg for 2Y intermittent -- Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria; Lymphomas including Hodgkin's disease (RTECS, 2001b) 7800 mg/kg for 13W intermittent -- Death (RTECS, 2001b)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 31,800 mg/kg for 2Y intermittent -- Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria; Leukemia; Tumors at Skin and Appendages (RTECS, 2001b) 7 g/kg for 14D intermittent - Weight loss or decreased weight gain; Death (RTECS, 2001b) 15,600 mg/kg for13W intermittent --Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi; Death (RTECS, 2001b)
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS584-84-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS584-84-9 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS584-84-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) Table Z-1 for Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Toluene diisocyanate Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Benzene, 1,3-diisocyanatomethyl- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS584-84-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS584-84-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS584-84-9 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS584-84-9 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
STORAGE
Polythene (polyethylene) containers are not suitable for storage of 2,4-TDI. They absorb water through the plastic, which may harden them, and they may burst with prolonged storage (Urben, 1999; Lewis, 2000a). 2,4-TDI may be shipped in: cylinders, metal or polyethylene cans, pails or drums. Tanks are commonly used to transport this compound on trucks, rail cars or tank barges. This compound may be packaged under dry nitrogen (NFPA, 2002). Editor's Note: please be aware that the two statements above show a discrepancy in suitable shipping material information for polyethylene. Also, while this compound may be shipped in metal containers, please, be aware that 2,4-TDI attacks copper and its alloys (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
This compound darkens when exposed to sunlight (Budavari, 2000; IARC, 1986). This compound is stable during transport. Storage temperature should be between 75 and 100 degrees F in inert atmosphere. For shipments, pressure-vacuum venting system should be employed. This compound may be shipped in ship types 2, and barge hull types 1 ((CHRIS, 2001)). This compound self-reacts at elevated temperatures. During the reaction, dimers, trimers and polymers are form, and heat and carbon dioxide are released (NFPA, 1997). Also produced in fires are oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 2000). Keep containers of this compound closed, but do not seal containers that contain unreacted water together with this compound ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). Storage of this compound should follow guidelines set for "Carcinogens". This includes the following: Do NOT use horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets. Airflow inside vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets and fume cupboards should be tested periodically. Periodic checks should also be performed to evaluate air concentrations of this compound and deposits on surfaces (such as walls, floors, benches, the interior of fume hoods and air ducts). Store only in one designated section of a cupboard, or an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (HSDB, 2001a). A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters may be used to keep the air concentration of this compound low in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes and animal rooms. When replacing filters, place them immediately in a plastic bag, seal and label the bag. Waste liquids should be collected or placed in a container suitable for disposal, with the tightly sealed lid and labeled properly. For disposal, place the container in a plastic bag, seal and label the bag. Broken glassware should be decontaminated using either solvent extraction or chemical destruction methods, or in a specially designed incinerator (HSDB, 2001a). Containers of toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. They should be protected from physical damage and kept isolated from any source of ignition. The preferred storage location is outdoors or in a detached or isolated storage unit. Use an inert gas (such as nitrogen) or dry air to blanket tanks containing this chemical. To prevent uncontrollable polymerization, carefully prevent any potential contact between toluene diisocyanates and strong bases (ITI, 1995; (OHM/TADS, 2001)).
This compound is incompatible with strong oxidizers, water, acids, bases, amines etc. (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991). This chemical can react with the aromatic amine, aniline (AAR, 2000). 2,4-TDI readily reacts with compounds containing active hydrogens (such as water, acids or alcohols). Reaction between 2,4-TDI and bases (such as caustic soda or tertiary amines) may result in uncontrollable polymerization, followed by rapid release of heat. Exposure to high temperature can result in generation of dimers (IARC, 1986) 2,4-TDI my undergo exothermic polymerization when exposed to bases or more than trace amounts of acyl chlorides (which are sometimes as stabilizers) (Urben, 1999). 2,4 TDI is incompatible with strong acids, including non-oxidizing mineral and organic acids, caustics, ammonia, amines, amides, alcohols, glycols and caprolactam solution. When brought in contact with water, expect violent foaming and splattering, and generation and release of carbon dioxide and organic base. 2,4-TDI attacks copper and its alloys and some plastics (such as polyethylene and rubber) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are powerful irritants to mucous membranes of the eyes, and of the upper and lower respiratory tract, even at low air concentrations (IARC, 1986).
- Firefighters must wear complete protective equipment (closed-circuit breathing apparatus, rubber gloves etc.) to be protected against diisocyanate vapors and nitrogen dioxide (HSDB, 2001a).
- In emergency and fire situations, workers should be protected from exposure by wearing goggles or face shield, rubber overclothing (gloves boots, apron), and using a self-contained breathing apparatus. Other protective equipment should consist of an organic vapor canister ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Editor's Note: please be aware that while HSDB and CHRIS recommend the use of protective gear made of rubber, 2,4-TDI is known to attack rubber.
- Showers should be available to workers handling this substance (HSDB, 2001a).
- Wet or contaminated work clothing should be removed and replaced. Workers should not take contaminated clothing off the premises (NIOSH , 2001).
- Segregate contaminated protective clothing using a method that prevents direct contact of the personnel handling, cleaning or disposing the clothing with the chemical. Establish a quality assurance plan to evaluate the completeness of the cleaning procedures. Workers should not remove contaminated clothing from the workplace (HSDB, 2001a).
- Protective measures should follow guidelines set for "Carcinogens". This includes the following: Protect workers from exposure by providing dispensers for liquid detergents. Use safety pipettes for all pipetting work. Personnel working in animal laboratory should wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece suits, close-fitting on ankles and wrists), gloves, hair covering and overshoes. Workers in chemical laboratories should always wear gloves and gowns. The use of carefully fitted masks or respirators may be advised. Synthesis and purification processes should be performed under a well-ventilated hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative pressure. Adjust air changes to prevent generation of air high concentrations (HSDB, 2001a).
- Following exposure to the liquid, immediately call for medical assistance. This chemical will cause burns on skin and eyes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes, and use copious amounts of water to flush the exposed areas. Then wipe the area dry and wipe with rubbing alcohol. Finally, wash the area with soap and water. This chemical is considered poisonous when swallowed. If a person swallowed it but is conscious, encourage victim to drink water or milk, but do not induce vomiting. Following inhalation exposure, move victim to fresh air and administer artificial respiration and oxygen if necessary ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Following accidental exposure, move victim to fresh air and call for medical assistance. Quickly remove any spilled material from the skin. Provide artifical respiration or oxygen as necessary. Keep victim quiet and warm. Watch for possible delayed effects (AAR, 2000).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- There is conflicting information regarding the use of contact lenses in industrial settings, largely because the effect depends on the compound but also on the characteristic and duration of exposure, hygiene of lenses and the use of other eye protection equipment. Even if contact lenses are used, usual eye protection equipment should be used in addition (HSDB, 2001a).
- NIOSH recommends not wearing contact lenses when working with this substance (NIOSH , 2001).
- In emergency and fire situations, wear goggles ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- "Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection" (NIOSH , 2001).
- If the eyes were exposed to the chemical, hold the eyelids open and flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes ((CHRIS, 2001)) AAR, 2000).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- In emergency and fire situations, wear self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- "Chemical cartridge respirators should not be used because isocyanates have poor olfactory warning properties. Supplied air respirators should be used only during emergencies, during installation and testing of engineering controls, during spray painting with isocyanate-based paints, non-routine maintenance or repair, or in confined spaces. If a major spill occurs, the area should be evacuated immediately. Clean-up crews must wear air-supplied respirators, eye protection, and protective clothing" (Zenz, 1994).
- The following three air-purifying respirators were tested and found to protect against toluene diisocyanate vapors: Willson R-21, Survivair (both are organic vapor cartridges) and 3M-8711 (disposable, valveless respirator). Exposure was assessed three times using concentrations of 0.2 ppm for 40 hours, and once using concentrations of 1.5 ppm or greater for 20 hours (HSDB, 2001b).
- Emergency response personnel should wear full protective clothing and work either under well ventilated conditions or use self-contained breathing apparatus ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 584-84-9.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- To protect workers in the polyurethane industry from high air concentrations of diisocyanates, a method was developed that would generate only low concentrations of this compound. This was achieved by using tetrafluoroethylene Teflon permeation tubes that contained sealed-in spaghetti tubing with a solid tetrafluoroethylene Teflon rod that was held in place with aluminum Swagelok ferrules. Using an air bath, the permeation tubes were kept at temperatures between 303 and 343 K. Toluene diisocyanante was kept cold using dry nitrogen and it was diluted with dry clean air to achieved the desired concentrations (HSDB, 2001a).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
This compound is combustible when exposed to heat or flame (IARC, 1986). When on fire, this chemical releases poisonous gases ((CHRIS, 2001)). "Combustion by-products include oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen cyanide ,and other irritants and toxic gases" (NFPA, 1997).
When exposed to heat, closed containers of this compound may rupture violently (NFPA, 1997). Toluene diisocyanate can react with aniline . This reaction is exothermic. The heat generated may be sufficient to ignite surrounding combustibles and the toluene diisocyanate itself (AAR, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS584-84-9 (NFPA, 2002):
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
This compound is combustible ((CHRIS, 2001); ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a; (NFPA, 1997). Due to its high flashpoint, the isomer mixture does not represent a serious fire hazard (HSDB, 2001b).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or for; do not use straight streams.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS584-84-9 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide to fight fires ((CHRIS, 2001)) Lewis, 2000a; (NFPA, 1997).
- Solid streams of water and foam may be ineffective to combat flames, and they may cause frothing ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Use water spray, carbon dioxide or dry chemical (ITI, 1995; (OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- "Alcohol" foam may also be used as extinguishing agent (AAR, 2000).
- Editor's Note: please be aware that some data indicates that solid streams of foam may cause frothing.
- If this compound is on fire or involved in a fire, try to combat flames only if flow of the compound can be stopped. Flooding quantities of water spray can be used to cool containers exposed to the heat of a fire. When this compound is on fire, approach the fire from upwind and try to extinguish it from as far away as possible. Do NOT inhale released vapors and combustion by-products. Solid streams of water may not be effective to combat the fire (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
When on fire, this chemical releases poisonous gases ((CHRIS, 2001)). When heated to decomposition, toluene diisocyanate emits highly toxic oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000a). When heated to decomposition, hydrogen cyanide and sulfur oxides are released (HSDB, 2001a). In addition, hydrogen chloride gas may be released (HSDB, 2001b). During combustion, cyanides are generated ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- At concentrations of 0.9-9.5% in air, this compound reacts violently with amines, alcohols, bases and warm water, and must be considered an explosion hazard (HSDB, 2001a).
- This compound is combustible. Exposure to the heat of a fire may result in rupture of the containers, leading to explosion hazard from the released vapors (ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a).
- This compound represents an explosion hazard when kept under confined conditions ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Toluene diisocyanate isomer mixtures are powerful irritants to mucous membranes of the eyes, and of the upper and lower respiratory tract, even at low air concentrations (IARC, 1986).
- Avoid contact with liquid as well as vapor. When on fire, this chemical releases poisonous gases ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Reaction between water and toluene diisocyanate generates carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Reacts with water, yielding carbon dioxide and often reacts violently with hydrogen-containing compounds (Lewis, 1998).
- 2,4-TDI reacts with the following compounds:
compounds containing active hydrogens (such as water, acids and alcohols) (IARC, 1986); bases (such as caustic soda or tertiary amines) (possibly leading to polymerization and release of heat) (Budavari, 2000; IARC, 1986)
- The reaction between water and 2,4-TDI is non-violent and leads to the formation of carbon dioxide and an organic base ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- 2,4-TDI my undergo exothermic polymerization when exposed to bases or more than trace amounts of acyl chlorides (which are sometimes used as stabilizers) (Urben, 1999).
- Reaction between the 80:20 isomer mixture and water, acids, bases and amines may result in uncontrollable polymerization and rapid evolution of heat (ACGIH, 1991).
- Potentially violent polymerization reaction with acyl chlorides or bases (Editor's Note: temperature range not specified) (Lewis, 1996).
- Polymerization is slow and non-hazardous. It occurs at temperatures above 113 degrees F ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- In liquid or concentrated 2,4-TDI, hydrolysis of a single isocyanate group to the amine will result in rapid reaction between the generated amine and other isocyanate groups. This reaction will lead to the formation of dimers, oligomers and polymers. The generation of free diaminotoluene is unlikely in concentrated solution, but more likely in dilute solutions (IARC, 1986).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- In emergency situations, call the fire department and notify local health and pollution control agencies. Prevent leakage of this chemical into water intakes. If spilled in water, notify local health and wildlife officials, and operators of nearby water intakes. In case of fire, cool containers exposed to the heat with water ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- In spill or leak situations, first attempt to stop the leak. Released vapors can be dispersed with water spray. Emergency personnel should approach the spill site from upwind, and absorb the spilled material in non-combustible material for disposal (NFPA, 1997).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS584-84-9 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Toluene 2,4- (2,6-) Diisocyanate (TDI) ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.01 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 0.15 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 0.6 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS584-84-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Toluene-2,4- diisocyanate; (TDI) TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.005 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.02 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.083 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.51 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS584-84-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate Final Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 0.02 ppm mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 0.02 ppm mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 0.02 ppm mg/m3: 0.14 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 0.01 ppm mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 0.01 ppm mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate Final Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 0.24 ppm mg/m3: 1.71 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 0.17 ppm mg/m3: 1.21 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 0.083 ppm mg/m3: 0.59 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 0.021 ppm mg/m3: 0.15 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 0.021 ppm mg/m3: 0.15 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate Final Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 0.65 ppm mg/m3: 4.63 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 0.65 ppm mg/m3: 4.63 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 0.51 ppm mg/m3: 3.63 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 0.32 ppm mg/m3: 2.28 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 0.16 ppm mg/m3: 0.93 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS584-84-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium expansion foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 156 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In a spill situation, neutralize this compound with a mixture of 50% water, 45% alcohol and 5% concentrated ammonia water. Use a self-contained breathing apparatus to collect the leaking liquid in sealable containers (HSDB, 2001a). In spill situations, stop discharge, and collect the chemical using pumps. Do not burn the spilled chemical ((CHRIS, 2001)). Following a spill or leak, isolate the leaked material from any potential source of ignition (such as sparks or flames). Prevent leakage of the spilled material into water sources and sewers. Try to stop leak, and build dikes to contain flow of spilled material. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000). An aqueous solution of the non-ionic surfactant Arkopal-N100 (10-20% by weight) was successfully used to decontaminate spilled toluene diisocyanate isomer mixture. The solution can either be used as liquid or foam; solid formulations are also available (HSDB, 2001b). Following a spill of the isomer mixture into water, in situ amelioration can be achieved by using pumps or vacuums to remove this compound from the bottom. Call EPA's Emergency Reponse Team for further assistance. Do not burn the compound to restore contaminated beaches or shorelines ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). Toluene diisocyanate should be transformed into urea prior to disposal. To dispose of the isomer mixture, pour or sift it onto sodium bicarbonate or a mixture containing 90 parts of sand and 10 parts of soda ash. Mix, place in heavy paper cartons and fill the cartons with paper. Burn these cartons in an incinerator. If necessary, add scrap wood to augment the fire. For more effective incineration, burn the cartons in incinerators equipped with afterburner and alkaline scrubber. Alternatively, the isomer mixture can be mixed with a flammable solvent (such as alcohol or benzene) and sprayed into the chamber of an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). To decontaminate empty drums, convert residual isomer mixture into urea by filling the drum with water. This should be done in a well ventilated area. Addition of small amounts of isopropyl alcohol or ammonia will accelerate this conversion. Let this reaction continue for 48 hours before disposing of the formed solid ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
Diisocyanates can be removed from gases without formation of insoluble ureas by hydrolysis with dilute, aqueous alkalies or mineral acids in the presence of active charcoal and/or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (HSDB, 2001a). Toluene diisocyanates may be removed from waste water using air stripping (HSDB, 2001a). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
NEVER flush liquid isomer mixture down a drain ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). To decontaminate empty drums, convert residual isomer mixture into urea by filling the drum with water. This should be done in a well ventilated area. Addition of small amounts of isopropyl alcohol or ammonia will accelerate this conversion. Let this reaction continue for 48 hours before disposing of the formed solid ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). Waste containing toluene diisocyanate is a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration (at 820 to 1,600 degrees C, with residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids) (HSDB, 2001a). Waste containing toluene diisocyanate is also a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration (at 650 to 1,600 degrees C, with a residence time of 0.1 to 0.2 seconds) (HSDB, 2001a). Fluidized bed incineration may also be used for toluene diisocyanate containing waste (450 to 980 degrees C, with residence times of seconds for gases and liquids, and hours for solids) (HSDB, 2001a). Dispose of this chemical by dissolving it in a combustible solvent (such as alcohol or benzene) and spraying the solution into a furnace equipped with afterburner and scrubber (ITI, 1995). For disposal, pour this compound into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of 9 parts sand and 1 part soda ash, mix them together and transfer the mass into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn the carton in an open furnace or in a furnace with afterburner and scrubber (ITI, 1995). Toluene diisocyanate should be transformed into urea prior to disposal. To dispose of the isomer mixture, pour or sift it onto sodium bicarbonate or a mixture containing 90 parts of sand and 10 parts of soda ash. Mix, place in heavy paper cartons and fill the cartons with paper. Burn these cartons in an incinerator. If necessary, add scrap wood to augment the fire. For more effective incineration, burn the cartons in incinerators equipped with afterburner and alkaline scrubber. Alternatively, the isomer mixture can be mixed with a flammable solvent (such as alcohol or benzene) and sprayed into the chamber of an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber ((OHM/TADS, 2001)). Concentrated wastes obtained from distillation equipment can be burnt in special incinerators. Because toluene diisocyanates reacts readily with water, it is expected that wastewater will contain primarily reaction products from this reaction. These reaction products can be biodegraded by treatment with activated sludge (HSDB, 2001a). The recommended methods of disposal are either controlled incineration or addition of toluene diisocyanates to excess dilute alkali (alkaline hydrolysis) and subsequent discharge to sewer. Disposal in landfills is not recommended (HSDB, 2001a).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Most data from environmental fate and monitoring studies do not distinguish between toluene diisocynate (TDI) isomers. Typically, they reflect results from the commercial mixture of the 2,4-TDI and the 2,6-TDI isomers (HSDB, 2004).
- 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) is not known to occur naturally (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986).
TDI isomers have been found in wastewater of a furniture manufacturing plant at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L. No differentiation was made between the different isomers of diisocyanates and the corresponding amines (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986). Large quantities of the commercial TDI mixture are regularly transported and spills can occur during loading and unloading (Howard, 1989). Samples taken from stack exhaust of a polyurethane foam production plant showed levels of TDI isomers ranging from 100 to 17,700 mcg/m(3) (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986).
Although the commercially available TDI mixture typically consists of 80% 2,4-TDI and only 20% 2,6-TDI, the greater reactivity of the 2,4-TDI isomer leads to a higher concentration of 2,6-TDI in workplace air. Relative to the total percentage of TDI measured in workplace air using personal monitoring devices, the percentage of 2,4-TDI was only 29 to 69% (HSDB, 2004). Similarly, the concentration of 2,4-TDI measured during environmental monitoring is typically much less than the 80% in the commercial mixture (Howard, 1989).
Measurements of airborne TDI were taken in two plants, where flexible polyurethane foam for use in mattresses, carpet pads, and air filters was manufactured using a continuous slab process. Median concentrations of 2,4-TDI were 0.70 ppb for the mixing end of the process and 0.33 ppb for the finishing end. Few samples showed concentrations exceeding the ceiling value of 20 ppb as set by ACGIH (HSDB, 2004). In one Finnish study, personal monitoring devices measured TDI vapor concentrations of 25 to 80 mcg/m(3) at the pouring end of a polyurethane foam producing plant, 14 to 44 mcg/m(3) at the paper stripping stage, and 1 to 8 mcg/m(3) at the cutting end (HSDB, 2004). In one study, the following mean concentrations of TDI were measured in ambient workplace air during the specified activities (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989): TDI production: 0.7-710 mcg/m(3); Polyurethane foam production: not detectable to 1490 mcg/m(3); Elastomer production: 70-140 mg/m(3); Polyurethane foam use: 13-1050 mcg/m(3); Polyurethane spray paint use: 10-710 mcg/m(3); Production of polyurethane-coated wire: between <1 and 740 mcg/m(3).
Measurements of TDI using personal monitoring devices indicated mean occupational concentrations ranging from not detectable to 540 mcg/m(3) during polyurethane foam production and from 2 to 122 mcg/m(3) during polyurethane use (HSDB, 2004). Measurements of mean atmospheric concentrations of TDI during outdoor application of toluene diisocyanate foam to a 40-ft-diameter storage tank showed the following concentrations at the specified distance downwind from the spray gun: 0.3 ppm at 8 ft; 0.02 ppm at 40 ft; and 0.002 ppm at 150 ft. No TDI was detected at a distance >8 feet upwind from the spray gun. Air samples taken at a distance of 2 feet from the foam surface immediately after the spraying had ceased showed a mean concentration of 0.03 ppm. Air concentrations near the pumping equipment during material transfer were measured at 0.02 ppm (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). Measurements of vent stack exhaust from flexible foam slabstock plants showed that about 0.005% of the TDI used in the production was released in the exhaust. Approximately 50% of the released amount consisted of 2,4-TDI (Howard, 1989). Mean air concentrations of TDI released from insulation in a ship's hold were measured at 120 to 150 mcg/m(3). Mean TDI air concentrations released from coated fabric in a workplace were measured at 2 to 10 mcg/m(3) (HSDB, 2004).
- 2,4-TDI is allowable as an indirect food additive only when used as a component of adhesives (HSDB, 2004).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
The loss rate of toluene diisocyanates (TDI) in an environmental chamber containing irradiated clean air followed a first order function, with a half-life of 3.3 hours. Further investigations showed that the removal of TDI was due to interaction with free radicals but not photolysis. Removal rate was not significantly affected by the addition of urban surrogate hydrocarbon mixture (simulating polluted urban air) or ammonium sulfate particulate matter. It is expected that the half-life of TDI is shorter in polluted air, due to the increased concentration of free radicals under these conditions (HSDB, 2004). Experimental results showed that over a relative humidity range of 7 to 70%, the loss rate of TDI was a process independent of humidity. Neither toluenediamine nor TDI-urea products could be detected under these conditions (Howard, 1989). In the atmosphere, vapor-phase 2,4-TDI is degraded through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction has been estimated at ~1.7 days at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 x 10(5) radicals/cm(3). It can also be removed from the atmosphere via dry deposition. Reaction of TDI with water vapor in the atmosphere is not considered an important environmental fate process (HSDB, 2004). The estimated half-life in air for the photochemical reaction of 2,4-TDI is 3.3 hours, based on its reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989).
SURFACE WATER 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) can undergo hydrolysis, a process that is expected to occur much more quickly than degradation by microorganisms. The hydrolysis reaction produces toluenediamines, which can then undergo further biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004). A low concentration of TDI (50 ppm) released into a model river and seawater system completely hydrolyzed to concentrations of 0.1 ppm or less in 1 day (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989). An immediate product of 2,4-TDI hydrolysis is 2,4,-diaminotoluene (Verschueren, 2001).
A simulated spill of TDI into stagnant water (0.5L of TDI, poured into 20L of water at pH 5, 7 or 9 at 20 degrees C) resulted in formation of a hard crust at the TDI-water interface. This crust thickened over the following 30 days, leaving no TDI in liquid form. Less than 0.5% of the original TDI was present in the crust after 35 days (Howard, 1989). Ten days after a spill of 13 tons of TDI mixture onto swampy, wet forest soil, there was no TDI detectable in a connecting brook (Howard, 1989). Kinetics and product distribution of TDI reactions in water were studied for both stirred and unstirred conditions (Yakabe et al, 1999): In an experimental setting, fast stirring of the commercial 80:20 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) mixture into water gave the most consistent results in a small scale study. Both the 2,4- and the 2,6-isomers disappeared at a rate approximating first order kinetics (Yakabe et al, 1999). At 27 degrees C and a loading of 1000 mg of isomer mixture per liter of water, the half-lives were 0.7 hours for the 2,4-isomer, and 1.7 hours for the 2,6-isomer (Yakabe et al, 1999). At 12 degrees C, the reaction proceeded at a lower rate, but the poor dispersion of TDI in water at this temperature prevented kinetic analysis (Yakabe et al, 1999). The reaction occurred at a much slower rate under unstirred conditions. Under these conditions, both the 2,4- and the 2,6-isomers disappeared at a constant rate, approximating zero order kinetics. The rate was dependent on the surface area. Following loading with 5 g of the isomer mixture, the rates were 3.5% per day for a surface area of 2.5 cm(2) and 8.6% per day for a surface area of 19.6 cm(2) (Yakabe et al, 1999).
One experiment showed that in purified water at 12 degrees C, 24 to 45% of the TDI were still unreacted after 8 hours, whereas none could be detected after 8 hours at 27 degrees C. The experiment also indicated that the reaction was slower in synthetic seawater than in purified water (Yakabe et al, 1999). Larger scale experiments showed that at ambient temperature and following very good dispersion in water, approximately half of the initial amount of the TDI isomer mixture (28 mg/L) had disappeared within 30 seconds. With less homogeneous dispersion, the half-life ranged from 3 to 5 minutes (Yakabe et al, 1999).
TERRESTRIAL Following a 13 ton spill of toluene diisocyanates (TDI) onto swampy, wet forest soil, both TDI and toluenediamines were found in the soil. After the TDI solidified, the area was covered with sand. Measurements of both TDI and toluenediamines showed a decline from the initially measured parts per thousand range to the parts per million range within 10 days to 12 weeks after the spill. Six years after the spill, only TDI-derived polyureas were detected at the spill site (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). In a simulated spill, 5 kg of TDI were placed in a container and covered with 50 kg of sand and 5 kg of water at ambient temperatures. Samples taken from the top and the bottom of the sand pile showed that after 24 hours, 5.5% of the TDI remained unreacted, and 3.5% of the TDI remained unreacted after 8 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). Due to its low vapor pressure, TDI does not readily volatilize from soils or other surfaces (Howard, 1989).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- In the atmosphere, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) is degraded by photochemical reactions with hydroxyl radicals. Products of this photochemical reaction are removed from the atmosphere via dry deposition. Contact with clouds, fog, or rain also results in atmospheric degradation. 2,4-TDI readily reacts with water, acids, and alcohols because they contain an active hydrogen (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
In the commercially available 80:20 isomer mixture, 2,4-TDI preferentially reacts with compounds containing active hydrogen (such as water, alcohol, acids), rather than with 2,6-TDI (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). The estimated half-life in air for the photochemical reaction of vapor phase 2,4-TDI with hydroxyl radicals is 3.3 hours (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).
- 2,4-TDI can undergo hydrolysis, a process that is expected to occur much more quickly than degradation by microorganisms. The hydrolysis reaction produces toluenediamines, which can then undergo further biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004).
Typical by-products of 2,4-TDI hydrolysis are toluenediamines (20%) and polyurea (80%), which can further undergo various biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004). Complete hydrolysis of 50 ppm TDI to 0.1 ppm or less TDI can occur in 1 day, according to experimental results where TDI was released into a model river and seawater system (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989).
- TDI does not readily volatilize from soils or surfaces due to its low vapor pressure (Howard, 1989).
BIODEGRADATION
- Hydrolysis of toluene diisocyanates (TDI) is expected to occur much more quickly than attack by microorganisms can take place. Hydrolysis results in formation of toluenediamines, which in turn undergo a variety of biochemical transformations (HSDB, 2004).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
- 80:20 isomer mixture: 174.15 (ACGIH, 1991)
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Both 2,4-TDI and the isomer mixture are a clear water-white to pale yellow liquid, depending on pressure, temperature and relative conditions of the isomers (IARC, 1986; ILO, 1998) Lewis, 2000a; ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- It can be colorless to pale yellow, solid or liquid (above 71 degrees F) (ILO, 1998; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
- It is liquid at room temperature (Budavari, 2000; (OHM/TADS, 2001)). At 15 degrees C and 1 atm pressure, it is a solid ((CHRIS, 2001)).
- Its odor has been described as sharp and pungent, or as sharp, sweet and fruity (Budavari, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001)) Lewis, 2000a; (NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
- The isomer mixture is colorless in water ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- 2,4-TDI and the isomer mixture are heavier than water and will sink to the bottom ((CHRIS, 2001); (OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- 2,4-TDI and the isomer mixture darken when exposed to sunlight. Their reaction with water generates carbon dioxide (Budavari, 2000; (OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- Editor's note: please be aware that the behavior of 2,4-TDI or the isomer mixture in water is likely to be affected by their reactivity with water.
- At normal temperatures, this compound is relatively non-corrosive ((OHM/TADS, 2001)).
- When exposed to water, toluene diisocyanate isomers break down into their corresponding diaminotoluenes (2,4 diaminotoluene) (ACGIH, 1991; IARC, 1986).
In man, 2,4-TDI is metabolized into 2,4-diaminotoluene. The plasma half-life of the metabolite averages 21 days (Baselt, 1997).
- Due to its high reactivity with the functional groups of tissue proteins, 2,4-TDI is mainly distributed or eliminated as the metabolite rather than the intact compound. Following inhalation, 2,4-TDI is rapidly absorbed and irreversibly bound to plasma proteins. Within 24 hours following exposure, 15-23% of the absorbed dose of 2,4-TDI is excreted in the urine as 2,4-toluenediamine, apparently as the acetyl conjugate of the parent compound. Urinary elimination occurs as a biphasic process, with an early half-life of 2-5 hours and a late half-life of 6-11 days (Baselt, 1997).
- Editor's note: ACGIH provides information on the chemical and physical properties of the 80:20 isomer mixture, but also states "the chemical and physical properties of 2,4-TDI are similar" (ACGIH, 1991).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 0.01 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986; Lewis, 1997)
- 8X10(-3) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2001a)
- 0.01 mmHg (at 77 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2001)
- 1 mmHg (at 80 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)
- 80:20 isomer mixture: 0.04 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998)
- 80:20 isomer mixture: 0.02 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2001c)
- Isomer mixture: 0.01 atm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2001b)
- 80:20 isomer mixture: 0.02 torr (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
- Isomer mixture: 0.05 atm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2001b; (Zenz, 1994)
- Isomer mixture: 0.01 atm (at 25 degrees C) ((OHM/TADS, 2001))
- Isomer mixture: 0.01 torr (ILO, 1998)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 1.22 (at 25/15.5 degrees C) (IARC, 1986; Lewis, 1997)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.2244 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 1.22 (at 25 degrees C) ((CHRIS, 2001)) 80:20 isomer mixture: 1.22 (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) Isomer mixture: 1.22 g/ml (at 25 degrees C) (ILO, 1998) Isomer mixture: 1.22 + or - 0.01 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2001b)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
22 degrees C (IARC, 1986) 20 to 22 degrees C; 68 to 72 degrees F; 293 to 295 K ((CHRIS, 2001)) 68 to 72 degrees F ((CHRIS, 2001)) 71 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001) Pure 2,4-TDI (Japan): 21.0 degrees C (IARC, 1986) Pure 2,4-TDI: 24 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) 80:20 isomer mixture (Japan): 11.8-13.4 degrees C (IARC, 1986) 80:20 isomer mixture: 11.5 degrees C (at 13.5 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991) Mixed isomers: 9-14 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) Mixed isomers: 11.3-13.5 degrees (HSDB, 2001b)
19-22 degrees C (Sittig, 1991) 19.5-21.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997)Lewis, 2000a) 19.5-21 degrees C; 67-70 degrees F (Kohler & Meyer, 1993) 20.5 degrees C (ILO, 1998) 20-22 degrees C, 67-71 degrees F (NFPA, 1997) Isomer mixture: 11-14 degrees C (ILO, 1998) Isomer mixture: 19.5 degrees C ((OHM/TADS, 2001))
BOILING POINT
- 251 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989; IARC, 1986; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991)
- 251 degrees C; 484 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
- 120 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)
- 126 degrees C (at 11 mmHg) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)
- 250 degrees C; 482 degrees F; 523 K (at 1 atm) ((CHRIS, 2001))
- 124-126 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (Lewis, 2000a)
- 124-126 degrees C (at 18 mmHg) (IARC, 1986)
- Isomer mixture: 251 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991) HSDB, 2001b; (ILO, 1998; (OHM/TADS, 2001))
FLASH POINT
- 127 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)
- 127 degrees C, 270 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
- 132 degrees C (IARC, 1986:ITI, 1995)
- 132 degrees C (closed cup) (ILO, 1998)
- 132 degrees C, 270 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 2000; (CHRIS, 2001); Lewis, 1997) Lewis, 2000a)
- 260 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)
- 80:20 isomer mixture: 132 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991) HSDB, 2001b)
- 80:20 somer mixture: 270 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB, 2001b)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- Greater than 300 degrees F ((CHRIS, 2001))
- 620 degrees C (HSDB, 2001a; (ILO, 1998)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
0.9% in air ((CHRIS, 2001); ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a; (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)
9.5% in air ((CHRIS, 2001); ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a; (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)
SOLUBILITY
Reacts with water (ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995) Decomposes in water (NFPA, 1997) Insoluble (NIOSH , 2001) 80:20 isomer mixture: Insoluble in water but highly reactive with water (Harbison, 1998)
Soluble in diethyl ether and acetone (IARC, 1986). Budavari states that 2,4-TDI is miscible, rather than soluble, with ether and acetone (Budavari, 2000). Miscible with diglycol monomethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chlorobenzene and kerosene (Budavari, 2000; IARC, 1986; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a). Miscible with alcohol (leading to decomposition) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a). 80:20 isomer mixture: soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, and other organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991).
Soluble in olive oil (Budavari, 2000; IARC, 1986; ITI, 1995) Lewis, 2000a)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
148 (prism) (Sadtler Research Laboratories) (IARC, 1986) 29893 (grating ) (Sadtler Research Laboratories) (IARC, 1986)
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