TIN

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

170-METALS (POWDERS, DUSTS, SHAVINGS, BORINGS, TURNINGS, OR CUTTINGS, ETC.)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Tin is used in pewter; tin plate; terneplate; organ pipes; conductive, corrosion-resistant, and hot-dipped coatings; gunmetal; Babbitt metal; collapsible tubes; dental amalgams; tin alloys (phosphor bronze, light brass, gun metal, high tensile brass, manganese bronze, die-casting alloys, bearing metals, type metal, and pewter); and diecasting. It is used as a cast iron additive, bronze ingredient, and a reagent. Tin is also used in the manufacture of tinned wire, tin salts, and chemicals. Copper cooking utensils and lead sheet are coated with block tin which is also used to line lead pipe for distilled water and certain beverages and chemicals (Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 1996a; Lewis, 1997a; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991a).

FORMS

Available forms include powder, bars, sheet, pipe, wire, shot, tape, ingot, and single crystals (Ashford, 1994a; Lewis, 1997a). The available grades range from 99.00-99.98% purity, with metal of commerce being approximately 99.8% pure (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996a; HSDB , 2001).
Lewis (1997) reports that spectrographic grade tin is 99.9999% pure. Pure tin is commonly called block tin.
Tin occurs naturally as ten different isotopes; it also takes the form of several artificial, radioactive isotopes (Budavari, 1996a).

SOURCES

Tin comprises about 0.0006-0.001% of the earth's crust; chief ore deposits are located in Bolivia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Zaire. It is found in cassiterite, stannite, and teallite ores; the primary commercial source is cassiterite (Budavari, 1996a; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997a) Sittig, 1991).
Tin is obtained from ore by various methods of smelting and refining (Ashford, 1994a; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997a).
Tin concentration in soil ranges from 2 to 200 mg/kg. Tin concentration in the air from rural areas is less than 10 ng/m(3) (Zenz, 1994).
In groundwater, natural concentrations for tin range from <1.0 to 150 ppb (Dragun, 1988).
"Tin is present up to 3 ppm in the earth's crust and up to 3 ppb in seawater" (HSDB , 2001).

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Tin forms both organic and inorganic compounds; however, this review covers only metallic tin, unless otherwise noted.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Exposure to metallic tin dusts or powders may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Ingestion of tin-contaminated foods from tin cans results in gastrointestinal irritation, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A mild pneumoconiosis may occur following inhalation exposure to tin dusts or powders.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.
Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Elemental tin is not a particularly toxic substance, as its widespread use in coating cans for food and in tinfoil attests. It is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract, and its toxicity following inhalation and ingestion is low (Friberg et al, 1986). When taken orally, especially with acid foods, it can cause gastrointestinal disturbances which may be from irritant or astringent action on the stomach (Friberg et al, 1986). The dust is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract due to mechanical action.

The toxicity of inorganic tin compounds is complicated by their hydrolysis in the body to produce unphysiologic pH values (ACGIH, 1992). Inorganic tin compounds are eye and skin irritants because of acidic or alkaline reactions with water (Hathaway et al, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

Tin salts can be quite toxic when introduced into the bloodstream (ACGIH, 1992). High doses of soluble tin salts can induce paralysis and other neurologic disturbances in experimental animals (Hathaway et al, 1991).

In experimental animal studies, stannous chloride caused diarrhea, paralysis, anemia, and death when injected (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Injection of metallic tin into Lewis rats caused enlargement of regional draining lymph nodes, characterized by epithelioid cell granulomas and intense hyperplasia. In August rats the response was granulomas in the absence of hyperplasia, and other strains had minimal response of both types. Positive response to injected tin was present in F1 hybrids of Lewis rats crossed with other strains; thus the lymph node response to tin is genetically determined in rats (Levine & Saltzman, 1996).

Tin appears to interfere with the uptake of calcium, zinc, and iron (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Friberg et al, 1986; Hathaway et al, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic nonoccupational exposure to tin occurs mainly from canned foods, with an estimated daily intake of approximately 4 mg (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Chronic inhalation of the dust or fume (tin oxide) can cause a benign pneumoconiosis called STANNOSIS, in which no major loss of pulmonary function occurs (ACGIH, 1986; (Hathaway et al, 1991). Intake of greater than 150 mg/day for 24 days had no effect in human volunteers (Friberg et al, 1986), and it has been estimated that humans can tolerate as much as 1000 mg per day (ILO, 1983).

Longer feeding studies in experimental animals produced anemia, but no paralysis (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Intake of greater than 150 mg/day for 24 days had no effect in human volunteers (Friberg et al, 1986), and it has been estimated that humans can tolerate as much as 1000 mg/day (ILO , 1998).

Harbison (1998) suggests that metallic tin in doses of 100 mg may result in acute gastrointestinal effects, like those of food poisoning.

"Tin is an occupational poison, affecting steel workers, miners, welders, refinery workers, smelters, solderers, and welders. Mild irritation to skin and mucous membranes are early and sometimes the only symptoms, but prolonged exposure to the fumes or dust may produce a pneumoconiosis" (Lewis, 1998).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-31-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tin, as Sn, oxide and inorganic compounds, except tin hydride
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Tin, as Sn, organic compounds

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tin, as Sn, metal
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tin and inorganic compounds (as Sn)
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tin (organic compounds, as Sn)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-31-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Tin, as Sn, oxide and inorganic compounds, except tin hydride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Pneumoconiosis; eye and URT irr; headache; nausea
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Tin, as Sn, organic compounds

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Tin, as Sn, metal

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight: 118.69

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-31-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-31-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Tin and inorganic compounds (as Sn)
REL:

TWA: 2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL also applies to other inorganic tin compounds (as Sn) except tin oxides.],

Listed as: Tin (organic compounds, as Sn)
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s): [*Note: The REL applies to all organic tin compounds except Cyhexatin.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 mg Sn/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

IDLH:

IDLH: 25 mg Sn/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn)
Table Z-1 for Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 2

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Listed as: Tin, organic compounds (as Sn)
Table Z-1 for Tin, organic compounds (as Sn):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-31-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-31-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-31-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Tin

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-31-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Tin should be stored away from sources of ignition and several compounds including (but not limited to) bromine, chlorine, copper nitrate, iodine bromide, potassium dioxide, sulfur, and turpentine (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000). Store powdered tin in a dry area as oxidation is increased in the presence of moisture (Budavari, 1996).

HANDLING

Smoking and other sources of ignition such as open flames should not be permitted where tin is used, handled, or stored (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Powdered tin should be stored in a dry area as moisture will increase oxidation of the tin (Budavari, 1996).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Store tin away from the following compounds (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000):
- acids
- alkalis
- bromine
- bromine trifluoride
- chlorine
- chlorine monofluoride
- chlorine trifluoride
- copper nitrate
- disulfur dichloride
- iodine bromide
- potassium dioxide
- strong oxidizers
- sulfur
- turpentine
Store tin away from the following compounds (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000): acidsalkalisbrominebromine trifluoridechlorinechlorine monofluoridechlorine trifluoridecopper nitratedisulfur dichlorideiodine bromidepotassium dioxidestrong oxidizerssulfurturpentine
- acids
- alkalis
- bromine
- bromine trifluoride
- chlorine
- chlorine monofluoride
- chlorine trifluoride
- copper nitrate
- disulfur dichloride
- iodine bromide
- potassium dioxide
- strong oxidizers
- sulfur
- turpentine
- Please Refer to the "Reactivity Hazard" section for more comprehensive incompatibility/reactivity information.

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

NIOSH (2001) gives no recommendations concerning personal protection for this compound.

Sittig (1991) recommends wearing protective clothing to prevent skin contact and wearing a dust mask in all areas of tin dust concentration. A canister mask or supplied-air respirator should be worn when exposure to fumes is possible.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

The use of contact lenses is not recommended when working with tin (HSDB , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-31-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- May react violently or explosively on contact with water.
- Some are transported in flammable liquids.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.
- Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Tin is noncombustible except when in a powdered form (NIOSH , 2001). Only dry chemicals should be used to extinguish fires. Violent reactions may result when tin comes in contact with several compounds including bromine, bromine trifluoride, chlorine, chlorine monofluoride, copper nitrate, iodine bromide; potassium dioxide, sulfur, and turpentine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000).
HSDB (2001) recommends using a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode when fighting fires involving tin.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-31-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.).
Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride based extinguishers, G-1® or Met-L-X® powder.
Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-31-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Appropriate dry chemicals should be used to extinguish metal fires. Water should not be used (Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Tin powder is combustible (ILO , 1998).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Explosions and fires may result when metallic tin comes in contact with turpentine (HSDB , 2001).

Molten tin may explode on contact with water (Urben, 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Tin dust is combustible when exposed to heat; it may ignite, producing toxic metal fumes (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

Tin dust is also combustible by a spontaneous reaction with the following compounds (Lewis, 2000):

bromine
bromine trifluoide
chlorine
chlorine trifluoride
copper nitrate
potassium dioxide
sulfur

Tin powder may oxidize in air, especially if it is in the presence of moisture (Budavari, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Tin mixed with chlorine (at -34 degrees C), nitrosyl fluoride, iodine heptafluoride (with heat), or sulfur (upon heating) will ignite and incandesce (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Tin foil may spark or ignite when in contact with a copper(II) nitrate solution (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Violent reactions occur when tin comes in contact with the following compounds (HSDB , 2001; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000):

ammonium nitrate
bromine
bromine trifluoride
carbon tetrachloride + water
chlorine monofluoride
chlorine trifluoride
copper nitrate
disulfur dichloride
fluorine (burns at 100 degrees C)
iodine bromide
lithium
nitric acid
potassium dioxide
selenium (with powdered tin)
sodium peroxide + moist air or water
tellurium
turpentine
water (with molten tin)

Tin is oxidized by potassium peroxide, potassium dioxide, and sodium peroxide, producing incandescence (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Tin reacts with oxidants, powdered sulfur, strong acids and bases (rate of reaction increases with temperature and concentration or the acid/alkali), aqua regia, and extinguishing agents such as carbon dioxide and bicarbonate powder (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 1996; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001; ILO , 1998).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-31-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-31-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Tin
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 100
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 100
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-31-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-31-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 mg Sn/m3
Note(s): Not Listed
IDLH: 25 mg Sn/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Those individuals not wearing protective equipment should be restricted from the spill area until clean-up has been completed (Sittig, 1991).
After ventilating the area of a spill, powdered material should be collected in a safe manner and sealed in containers (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Particulates recovered from an electrostatic precipitator may be recycled. Inert and insoluble waste slag may be buried in an approved landfill. The maximum allowable concentration of tin discharge to waterways is 2.0 ppm. Local regulations should be followed (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Chemical precipitation may be used to reduce tin concentrations in wastewater (HSDB , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

INTRODUCTION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT

A naturally-occurring element, tin is found in both inorganic and organic compounds and can be released to the environment from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Tin production and use, as well as the burning of fossil fuels, contribute to the most significant releases of tin (ATSDR, 1992).

Average air concentrations can range up to 0.8 mcg/m(3), particularly near industrial facilities. Typical levels are <0.1 mcg/m(3) (Howe, 2005).

Natural waters contain tin in trace amounts. Higher levels of tin have been detected in the groundwater and surface water at hazardous waste sites. Refining, smelting, or otherwise using tin may result in the release of tin to aquatic environmental media (ATSDR, 1992).

Inorganic tin concentrations from sites near pollution sources can range up to 37 mcg/L in surface water and 0.8 mcg/L in coastal waters. Typical freshwater levels are <1 mcg/L and 0.001-0.01 mcg/L in coastal waters (Howe, 2005). General concentrations for coastal sediments are <8 mg/kg (dw) and <15.5 mg/kg for freshwater sediments (Howe, 2005).

Using organotin pesticides or landfilling with tin-containing wastes -- including used cans or plastics containing organotins -- may result in the release of tin to the soil (ATSDR, 1992).
Soil concentrations generally range between <1 to 200 mg/kg. Soil levels >1000 mg/kg can occur near natural tin deposits .

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

Diet is the principal exposure source forinorganic tin to the general population (Howe, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

"Tin may be transported in the atmosphere by the release of particulate matter derived from the combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes. The vapor pressure of elemental tin is negligible. Tin in aerosol samples that existed in particulate-carbon masses was removed from the atmosphere predominantly by gravitational settling. The half-life of airborne particles is usually on the order of days, depending on the size of the particle and atmospheric. Removal by washout mechanisms is thought to be unimportant" (ATSDR, 1992).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

118.71 (atomic weight)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Tin is a gray to silver-white, crystalline, soft, malleable, and ductile metallic element of atomic number 50, comprising 6x10(-4) percent of the earth's crust. It has valences of 2 and 4 and has 10 naturally occurring isotopes (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH , 2001).

At 200 degrees C, tin is brittle. It will crumble to a gray amorphous powder at -40 degrees C (referred to as 'gray tin') and will change back slowly to white tin at 18-20 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1997).

Bingham et al (2001) reports that "below 13.2 degrees C, [white tin] is converted into cubic gray tin, lacking the density and metallic properties of white tin."

The usual form of the element, white (beta) tin, is tetragonal in structure; gray (alpha) tin, is cubic in structure; and tin brittle is rhomboidal (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (approximate) (NIOSH , 2001)

1 mmHg (at 1492 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

7.28 (at 68/39.2 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2001)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

7.31 for tin (ACGIH, 1991)
7.28 (white) (HSDB , 2001)
5.75 (gray) (HSDB , 2001)
5.75 (white) (Bingham et al, 2001)
6.52-6.56 (tin brittle) (HSDB , 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

7.29 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

7.31 kg/L (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

449 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

231.88 degrees C (ATSDR, 1992)
232 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997; Zenz, 1994)
231.9 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000)
321.97 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

BOILING POINT

4545 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

2507 degrees C; 2780 degrees K (ACGIH, 1991; (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996)

2625 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

2260 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

2270 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

2700 degrees C (Zenz, 1994)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

630 degrees C (cloud) (HSDB , 2001)

430 degrees C (layer) (HSDB , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

insoluble (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

OTHER

Tin is soluble in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric and dilute nitric acids (slightly soluble), alkali, aqua regia, and hot potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

odorless (HSDB , 2001)

SURFACE TENSION

544 mN/m (at 231.9 deg C) (HSDB , 2001)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.64 watts/cm degrees C (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (HSDB , 2001)
65 W/m K (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

2.12 (at 240 degrees C) (liquid) (HSDB , 2001)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents