THIONYL CHLORIDE

Thionyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of acyl chlorides, as a catalyst, as a chlorinating agent (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1988), and as an electrolyte in lithium batteries (Ducatman et al, 1988). It is used as a solvent in high energy lithium batteries and as a reagent in the preparation of organic compounds (ACGIH, 1980).
Thionyl chloride and lithium aluminum chloride mixture serve as the cathodic reactant for one type of lithium battery (Ducatman et al, 1988). Watch and camera lithium batteries are NOT of this type.
Thionyl chloride is a common chlorating agent in laboratory and chemical industry use. It has many uses as a chemical intermediate or catalyst in industries including pharmaceutical, plastics, and pesticide manufacturing. A primary reaction uses thionyl chloride to remove OH or SH groups for replacement with chlorines on organic molecules (HSDB , 2001; Dunkel et al, 1999).
It also has also been used in the production of a precursor for the nerve gas Sarin, methylphosphonic dichloride (HSDB , 2001).

FORMS

Thionyl chloride is a pale yellow to reddish, fuming liquid with a suffocating odor similar to sulfur dioxide (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001). Fumes form when exposed to moist air.

SOURCES

Thionyl chloride is commercially available in grades of 97.5 and 93% (HSDB , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL - This compound is strongly irritating or caustic to eyes, lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. It decomposes into hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, both of which are irritating gases. Specific toxicologic studies are not available.

INHALATION EXPOSURE - This compound is a strong respiratory irritant; it is moderately toxic. Acute exposures may result in pulmonary edema, inflammation, pneumonia, bronchospasm, and death.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Thionyl chloride is a strong dermal irritant, causing burns and dermatitis.

EYES AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE EXPOSURE - This compound may burn exposed areas, causing conjunctivitis and rhinitis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY -

This substance may cause corrosive injury. Emesis and activated charcoal are NOT recommended.

DILUTION -

If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans.
DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993).
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004).
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).

INHALATION -

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

DERMAL -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE -

EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
If severe eye irritation or burns are present, prolonged initial flushing and early ophthalmologic consultation are advisable.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE -

Do not induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL

Thionyl chloride is toxic and corrosive, especially in moist air. Fatalities can occur with high concentration exposures. Its toxicity is similar to hydrogen chloride, and more severe than sulfur dioxide. Both long-term, low level exposures and short-term, higher exposures will lead to adverse health effects (AAR, 1987; HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1991; Lewis, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

One source states that a concentration of 17.5 ppm was lethal to cats in 20 minutes (HSDB , 2001; ACGIH, 1980).

OCCUPATIONAL

One of three workers boxing lithium thionyl chloride batteries died secondary to toxic inhalation resulting from an explosion of a single cell in a five-cell prototype battery. The atmosphere following the explosion was estimated to contain up to 17,000 parts per million of sulfur dioxide (Ducatman et al, 1988).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7719-09-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Thionyl chloride
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Thionyl chloride
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7719-09-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Thionyl chloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 0.2 ppm

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr
Molecular Weight: 118.98

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7719-09-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7719-09-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Thionyl chloride
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 1 ppm (5 mg/m(3))
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:250

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7719-09-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7719-09-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7719-09-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Thionyl chloride

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1836 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Thionyl chloride

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 8

8: Corrosive material. See 49 CFR section 173.136 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1836
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8

8: Corrosive.

Special Provisions: B6, B10, N34, T10, TP2, TP12, TP13

B6: Packagings shall be made of steel.
B10: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks, and DOT 57 portable tanks are not authorized.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T10: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1836 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Thionyl chloride
UN Number: 1836

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7719-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Broken packages cannot be handled unless wearing the appropriate chemical protective clothing and respirator (AAR, 1987).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Use containers constructed of carboys, nickel drums or nickel tank cars (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1991).
Secure containers to prevent physical damage (HSDB , 1998; NFPA, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a well-ventilated, dry, cool place (NFPA, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from acids, alkalies, alcohols, amines, metals, and water (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7719-09-7.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 243
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 45
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 243
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2500
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 35
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2500
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): immediate
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 101
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 63.6
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 90
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 63.6
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Nitrile+Neoprene+Natural Rubber

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

TRIonic 521

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5125
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

TRIonic 522

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <15
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 5125
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.)
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Thionyl chloride is not flammable (NFPA, 1991).
It reacts violently with water releasing sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride (NFPA, 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Closed containers may explode in fire (NFPA, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7719-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

When material is not involved in fire: do not use water on material itself.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with water fog. If insufficient water supply: knock down vapors only.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not get water inside containers.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7719-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide; DO NOT USE WATER ON THIONYL CHLORIDE. Select extinguishing agent based on type of surrounding fire; thionyl chloride is not flammable (AAR, 1987; NFPA, 1991).

Fight fire from as far a distance as possible (NFPA, 1991).
Cool fire-exposed containers with water spray if large quantities of combustibles are involved (HSDB , 1992).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Thionyl chloride will decompose in a fire to chlorine, hydrogen chloride, oxides of sulfur and other irritants (NFPA, 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- On contact with fire-fighting water hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide will be released from hydrolysis of thionyl chloride (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- Decomposition begins at 140 degrees C (284 degrees F) (Budavari, 1989; NFPA, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Do not store near acids, alkalies, alcohols, amines, metals and water (NFPA, 1991).

Thionyl chloride in the presence of several chemicals will explode violently; examples include (HSDB , 1992; NFPA, 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989):

Azidoacetyl acid
Chloryl perchlorate
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide and acyl halides
Hexafluoropropylideneaminolithium
Linseed oil + quinoline
o-Nitrobenzoylacetic acid
p-Nitrobenzoyl and cold ammonia solution
o-Nitrophenylacetic acid
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfur dioxide
Toluene + ethanol + water
Water

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Thionyl chloride vapor is a respiratory irritant and it fumes on exposure to moist air (AAR, 1987; Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1992).

Avoid breathing vapors: Keep upwind of release (AAR, 1987; NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Thionyl chloride vapor fumes on exposure to moist air (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1992).

It is unstable (HSDB , 1992).

Thionyl chloride decomposes in acids, alcohol, and alkalies (HSDB , 1992).

It is corrosive to metals (AAR, 1987).

Do not store near amines, metals and water (NFPA, 1991).

It reacts with Grignard reagents to form the corresponding sulfoxides (Budavari, 1989).

Thionyl chloride in the presence of several chemicals will explode violently; examples include (HSDB , 1992; NFPA, 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989):

Azidoacetyl acid
Chloryl perchlorate
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide and acyl halides
Hexafluoropropylideneaminolithium
Linseed oil + quinoline
o-Nitrobenzoylacetic acid
p-Nitrobenzoyl and cold ammonia solution
o-Nitrophenylacetic acid
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfur dioxide
Toluene + ethanol + water
Water

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1836 - Thionyl chloride

when spilled on land
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1 kilometers (0.6 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 2.2 kilometers (1.4 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen chloride; Sulfur dioxide

DOT ID No. 1836 - Thionyl chloride

when spilled in water
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 60 meters (200 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.4 kilometers (0.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 450 meters (1500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.5 kilometers (6.5 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen chloride; Sulfur dioxide

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7719-09-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Thionyl Chloride
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.2
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 2
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 10
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7719-09-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Thionyl chloride
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.06
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.2
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 2.4
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 14
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7719-09-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Thionyl chloride
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended due to insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Thionyl chloride
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4.3 ppm
mg/m3: 21 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 3 ppm
mg/m3: 15 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 2.4 ppm
mg/m3: 12 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.59 ppm
mg/m3: 2.9 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.3 ppm
mg/m3: 1.5 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Thionyl chloride
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 25 ppm
mg/m3: 120 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3: 83 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 14 ppm
mg/m3: 68 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 3.4 ppm
mg/m3: 17 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 1.7 ppm
mg/m3: 8.3 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7719-09-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container.
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stop leak if possible to do without personal risk; wear appropriate protective equipment (NFPA, 1991).
Thionyl chloride reacts violently with water; keep release away from water (NFPA, 1991).
Construct dikes, berms, pits or ponds to contain liquid thionyl chloride (AAR, 1987).
Wastewater must not enter sewers or water sources (AAR, 1987).
Absorb in non-combustible material for disposal (NFPA, 1991).
Treatment: Neutralize with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime (AAR, 1987).
Hazardous Waste Disposal: Consult with appropriate environmental regulatory agencies (HSDB , 1992).
Treatment: Neutralizing thionyl chloride using the following method. Spray a thick layer of a (1:1) mixture of dry sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide using appropriate personal protection. Using great precaution, spray mixture with an atomizer. Slowly add into a large volume of water to dilute (HSDB , 1992; ITI, 1988).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
Neutralize with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime (HSDB , 1992; AAR, 1987).
Absorb in non-combustible material for disposal (NFPA, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Construct dikes, berms, pits or ponds to contain liquid thionyl chloride (AAR, 1987).
Wastewater must not enter sewers or water sources (AAR, 1987).
Neutralize with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime (AAR, 1987).
Water spray will knock-down vapors; do not use water on thionyl chloride itself (AAR, 1987).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Thionyl chloride will react on contact with moist air and water releasing hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- At the time of this review, there was no information on the environmental kinetics of this compound in the available references.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

At the time of this review, there was no information on the environmental toxicity of this compound in the available references.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

118.98 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Thionyl chloride is a colorless, pale yellow, or reddish, fuming, reactive liquid with a suffocating pungent odor, similar to sulfur dioxide (HSDB , 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

110 mmHg (HSDB , 2001)

100 mmHg (at 70 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1980)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.64 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.676 g/mL (at 0 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.655 g/mL (at 10 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
1.638 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.74 g/L (ACGIH, 1980)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-104.5 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

76 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

FLASH POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NFPA, 1991)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NFPA, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Thionyl chloride is soluble in benzene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.517 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

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THIONYL CHLORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents