THALLOUS MALONATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C3-H2-O4.2Tl

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1990)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Little information was found on the specific toxic effects of thallous malonate. Of its two components, thallium and malonic acid, thallium is most likely to cause toxicity. Malonic acid is a naturally-occurring metabolite. With an acute oral LD50 of 1.3 g/kg in rats (RTECS , 1995), the malonic acid component should not be toxic at doses which do not produce thallium toxicity.
This review is based on the toxicity of THALLIUM and its salts. Effects attributed specifically to thallous malonate are identified.
As one of the water-soluble salts of thallium, thallous malonate is predicted to be more toxic than the less soluble forms (Saddique & Peterson, 1983).

FORMS

Thallous malonate is the malonic acid salt of thallium. At the time of this review, no information was found on its chemical-physical properties or commercial uses.

SOURCES

The manufacture of thallium compounds has been banned in the United States since 1984 (ATSDR, 1992). Thallium occurs naturally in the environment and is present in soil at levels up to 0.7 ppm (ATSDR, 1992).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Little was found on the specific toxic effects of thallous malonate. Thallium is a very toxic element. Symptoms are usually delayed 12 to 24 hours in acute poisoning; the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system most often show the first signs of poisoning.

Central and peripheral neurological effects include headache, paresthesias, delirium, convulsions, dementia and psychosis. Hemolysis and renal damage occur, and alopecia appears in one to three weeks.

Chronic poisoning symptoms may be nonspecific, and thallium intoxication may not be suspected until alopecia or kidney damage occurs. Thallium has cumulative toxicity.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on effects of acute exposure to thallous malonate in humans. Thallous malonate may be absorbed in toxic amounts by the oral or dermal routes in experimental animals (Sax & Lewis, 1989; RTECS , 1995).

Thallium and its salts are very toxic, with an estimated lethal human dose of 1 gram of absorbed thallium (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Fatalities have occurred after ingestion of soluble thallium compounds. Industrial exposures have rarely resulted in poisoning, and generally have not been fatal (US DHHS, 1981). Thallium is a general cellular poison and substitutes for POTASSIUM in some, but not all, situations. It also inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and some enzymes (HSDB , 1995).

A fatal case of ingestion of 10 grams of thallous malonate (equivalent to 8 grams of thallium) has been reported (Aoyama et al, 1986). The signs and symptoms in this case were typical of acute thallium poisoning; death was from heart failure.

Symptoms of acute thallium poisoning are often delayed for 12 to 24 hours after exposure. The gastrointestinal tract and nervous system often show the first signs. Early gastrointestinal signs and symptoms include constipation, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea (Saddique & Peterson, 1983; Moeschlin, 1980; Wainwright et al, 1988).

Neurological effects include headache, drooping of the eyelids, muscle weakness, paresthesias (numbness or tingling in the extremities), delirium, convulsions, dementia and psychosis (Moeschlin & Condrau, 1950; Smith & Doherty, 1964; Rambar, 1932; Munch, 1934; Grunfeld & Hinostroza, 1964) US DHHS, 1981).

Acute thallium poisoning has produced hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells) and kidney damage (Saddique & Peterson, 1983; Moeschlin, 1980). Other effects of thallium poisoning include fever, excessive thirst, myalgia (muscle pain), muscle weakness, hypertension (increased blood pressure), damage to the myocardium, EKG changes, tachycardia (rapid heart beat), bradycardia (slow heart beat), impaired color vision, decreased visual acuity, optic atrophy, apnea (irregular breathing), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and death from respiratory paralysis, pneumonia, or circulatory disturbances (Wainwright et al, 1988; Saddique & Peterson, 1983; Cavanagh et al, 1974; Roby et al, 1984; Anon, 1978; Grant, 1986; Sittig, 1985; Davis et al, 1981).

Some effects of thallium poisoning are delayed in onset. Black pigmentation of hair roots may be evident within 4 days. Alopecia (hair loss) appears in one to three weeks; it may be reversible, but in severe cases can be permanent (HSDB , 1995). A bluish line in the gums may appear 3 to 4 weeks after ingestion of thallium. Dental caries (cavities) may become evident after several months (Moeschlin, 1980; Saddique & Peterson, 1983). Mee's lines (semilunar strips across fingernails and toenails) occur from impairment of nail growth (HSDB , 1995).

Some features of connective tissue disease, including polyarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, have been reported with thallium poisoning (Alarcon-Segovia et al, 1989).

Persistent neuropsychological effects have been noted in persons surviving thallium poisoning; some may last 30 years (Barnes et al, 1984). These include mental retardation, psychosis, tremor, abnormal reflexes, and ataxia (Reed et al, 1983; Wainwright et al, 1988).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

With an estimated elimination half-life of 1.7 to 30 days, thallium should have CUMULATIVE TOXICITY (Saddique & Peterson, 1983; Anon, 1978; Koshy & Lovejoy, 1981).

The major sign of chronic thallium toxicity is alopecia (hair loss) (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Other effects reported from chronic exposure, while not necessarily distinct from those of acute exposure, include severe bilateral optic neuritis, anemia, and skin sensitization (p 1092; Saddique & Peterson, 1983; HSDB , 1995).

Few occupational studies have been done on persons exposed to thallium. English workers in a magnesium sea water battery plant did not have significantly elevated risk of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal disease. Maximum exposure was 0.22 mg/m(3) (Marcus, 1985).

Cement production workers employed for a mean of 22.9 years experienced peripheral neuropathy (paresthesia, numbness of toes and fingers, "burning feet") and muscle cramps. There were confounding diseases, which may have contributed to many of these findings (Ludolph et al, 1986). Exposure to other substances undoubtedly also occurred.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Monitor patient's cardiac, renal and hepatic functions.
Hypocalcemia - May occur and calcium levels should be monitored during the acute phase.
Shock related to hemorrhage via the gastrointestinal tract may require volume and whole blood replacement.
Prussian Blue - Although the therapy of choice in Europe, Prussian blue is not commercially available in the U.S.and has not been approved by the FDA. Activated charcoal may be as or more effective.
Contraindications - Therapy with diethylthiocarbamate has been reported as resulting in dangerous redistribution of thallium to the CNS and is contraindicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

The reported adult minimum lethal dose (MLD) is approximately 1 gram of absorbed thallium (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
The minimum lethal dose is 8 mg/kg of body weight based on animal data (ACGIH, 1991).
Thallium is a cumulative poison (Sittig, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The more water-soluble forms (sulfate, acetate, malonate, and carbonate) are more toxic than the less water-soluble forms (sulfide and iodide) (Saddique & Peterson, 1983).

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

Six adults who survived the accidental or intentional ingestion of thallium sulfate, were observed to have blood concentrations of 0.08 to 1.0 milligrams per milliliter within 1 to 30 days after hospital admission (Baselt, 1988).
Ingestion of 650 milligrams of thallium sulfate by four adults has been associated with survival (Grunfeld & Hinostroza, 1964), as has 2 grams of thallium sulfate (Pedersen et al, 1978), 1.3 grams of thallium sulfate (Grunfeld & Hinostroza, 1964), 1 gram of thallium sulfate (15 milligrams/kilogram of thallium) (Richelmi et al, 1980), and 20 grams of thallium iodide (12 grams thallium) (Koshy & Lovejoy, 1981).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS2757-18-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: RTECS, 1999
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS2757-18-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS2757-18-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS2757-18-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Thallous Malonate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.
d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS2757-18-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS2757-18-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS2757-18-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propanedioic acid, dithallium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS2757-18-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear full protective clothing when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1987).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Wear a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus when working in the vicinity of spills or leaks or when fighting fires (AAR, 1987).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 2757-18-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
When heated to decomposition, thallous malonate releases highly toxic fumes and acrid smoke (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS2757-18-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS2757-18-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Choose an extinguishing agent suitable for fires in surrounding material (AAR, 1987).

Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, thallous malonate releases highly toxic fumes and acrid smoke (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, thallous malonate releases highly toxic fumes and acrid smoke (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, thallous malonate releases highly toxic fumes and acrid smoke (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Downwind evacuation should be considered if this material is involved in a fire or if a large discharge has occurred (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS2757-18-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS2757-18-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Thallous malonate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.025
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.075
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 18.7
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS2757-18-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS2757-18-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Dilute thallium solutions may be disposed of in chemical waste landfills (Sittig, 1985).
When possible, thallium should be recovered and returned to suppliers (Sittig, 1985).
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (AAR, 1987).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and an approved respirator. Get fire-fighting equipment ready. Contain any liquid spill around the edge and absorb with Zorb-All (R), soil, sweeping compound, sawdust, dry sand or similar material. Dispose of absorbed or dry material in disposable containers (Ford, 1989; EPA, 1975b).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Isolate and ventilate the area. Keep sources of fire away. Wear rubber or neoprene gloves and overshoes and approved personal protection equipment. Get fire-fighting equipment ready (Ford, 1989).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No data were available at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION IN WATER:

To protect freshwater aquatic life - 1,400 micrograms per liter on an acute toxicity basis and 40 micrograms per liter on a chronic basis (Sittig, 1985).
To protect saltwater aquatic life - 2,130 micrograms per liter on an acute toxicity basis (Sittig, 1985).
For the protection of human health from the toxic properties of thallium ingested through water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water criterion is 13.0 micrograms per liter (Sittig, 1985).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

510.79 (Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

No information was found at the time of this review.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents