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TETRYL

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Colorless to yellow, odorless crystalline combustible solid.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C7-H5-N5-O8

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) Tetryl is used as an explosive, as a detonating agent for less sensitive high explosives, and as a chemical indicator (it is colorless at pH 10.8 and dull red or reddish-brown at pH 13.0) (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1993; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    2) It is also used as a booster charge for military devices and for secondary blasting cap charges (ACGIH, 1991; Meyer, 1987; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Tetryl is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and may cause severe upper respiratory tract irritation with coughing and epistaxis. The substance stains the skin and hair yellow. There is also evidence that heavy airborne exposures to tetryl may cause liver damage.
    B) The irritant effects on the upper respiratory tract are variously localized from the nostrils to the bronchi, with burning, itching, sneezing, and coryza in addition to coughing and epistaxis.
    1) Symptoms may begin on the first day of exposure or as late as the third month.
    2) Upon removal from exposure, symptoms regress over 2 to 4 weeks.
    C) Tetryl causes contact and sensitization dermatitis, the chief effect of exposure.
    1) Dermatitis in workers appears as early as the first week of exposure to the dust with itching of, and around, the eyes. There is a progression to erythema and edema, occurring most often on the nasal folds, cheeks, and neck. Papules and vesicles may develop. The remainder of the body rarely is affected.
    a) In the most sever forms, there is massive generalized edema with partial obstruction of the trachea due to swelling of the tongue, requiring hospitalization. Exfoliation usually occurs after edema subsides.
    b) The majority of these effects occur between the 10th and 20th days of exposure. Upon cessation of exposure, there is rapid abatement of mild symptoms and after 3 to 10 days, disappearance of physical signs.
    D) Other effects reported in tetryl workers are irritability, fatigue, malaise, headache, lassitude, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting.
    E) Conjunctivitis may occur, followed by iridocyclitis. Keratitis can occur. Sensitization may be involved. Gastrointestinal effects and anemia have also been reported.
    F) In addition to being an irritant and sensitizer, tetryl is also an allergen.
    G) Experimental mutation data have been reported for tetryl.
    H) Populations at Special Risk: Persons with a history of asthma, allergies, or known sensitization to tetryl may be at increased risk from exposure.
    I) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA - While NOT reported in patients exposed to tetryl, induction of methemoglobinemia would be predicted from its chemical structure. IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED in a patient exposed to tetryl, REFER to the METHEMOGLOBINEMIA MEDITEXT(TM) Medical Management for MORE INFORMATION.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Tetryl can cause conjunctivitis and sensitization-type dermatitis on the eyelids.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Tetryl is a strong respiratory irritant.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Symptoms of CNS depression from tetryl exposure include weakness, malaise, headache, lassitude and narcosis.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Nausea and vomiting have been reported with occupational exposure.
    0.2.9) HEPATIC
    A) Heavy exposure may cause liver damage, but this is controversial.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Tetryl may cause kidney damage, but this is controversial.
    0.2.13) HEMATOLOGIC
    A) Tetryl can cause bone marrow depression. Methemoglobinemia has not been reported in exposed humans, but might be predicted from the structure of tetryl.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Tetryl is a strong skin and mucous membrane irritant.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.22) OTHER
    A) Tetryl can cause systemic effects by the dermal, inhalation, oral, or ocular routes.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED, monitor methemoglobin levels, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma free hemoglobin. Urinalysis positive for blood with few or no RBC's is an early indication of hemolysis.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Because of the potential for significant esophageal or digestive tract irritation or burns, do NOT induce emesis.
    B) Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
    C) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    D) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    E) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    3) Allergic dermatitis can be alleviated with systemic or topical hydrocortisone or antihistamines. Patients should be carefully monitored for possible development of systemic sensitization reactions.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Tetryl is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and may cause severe upper respiratory tract irritation with coughing and epistaxis. The substance stains the skin and hair yellow. There is also evidence that heavy airborne exposures to tetryl may cause liver damage.
    B) The irritant effects on the upper respiratory tract are variously localized from the nostrils to the bronchi, with burning, itching, sneezing, and coryza in addition to coughing and epistaxis.
    1) Symptoms may begin on the first day of exposure or as late as the third month.
    2) Upon removal from exposure, symptoms regress over 2 to 4 weeks.
    C) Tetryl causes contact and sensitization dermatitis, the chief effect of exposure.
    1) Dermatitis in workers appears as early as the first week of exposure to the dust with itching of, and around, the eyes. There is a progression to erythema and edema, occurring most often on the nasal folds, cheeks, and neck. Papules and vesicles may develop. The remainder of the body rarely is affected.
    a) In the most sever forms, there is massive generalized edema with partial obstruction of the trachea due to swelling of the tongue, requiring hospitalization. Exfoliation usually occurs after edema subsides.
    b) The majority of these effects occur between the 10th and 20th days of exposure. Upon cessation of exposure, there is rapid abatement of mild symptoms and after 3 to 10 days, disappearance of physical signs.
    D) Other effects reported in tetryl workers are irritability, fatigue, malaise, headache, lassitude, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting.
    E) Conjunctivitis may occur, followed by iridocyclitis. Keratitis can occur. Sensitization may be involved. Gastrointestinal effects and anemia have also been reported.
    F) In addition to being an irritant and sensitizer, tetryl is also an allergen.
    G) Experimental mutation data have been reported for tetryl.
    H) Populations at Special Risk: Persons with a history of asthma, allergies, or known sensitization to tetryl may be at increased risk from exposure.
    I) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA - While NOT reported in patients exposed to tetryl, induction of methemoglobinemia would be predicted from its chemical structure. IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED in a patient exposed to tetryl, REFER to the METHEMOGLOBINEMIA MEDITEXT(TM) Medical Management for MORE INFORMATION.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Tetryl can cause conjunctivitis and sensitization-type dermatitis on the eyelids.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS - Tetryl is a strong irritant of the eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Conjunctivitis, keratitis, and iridocyclitis may occur (Lewis, 1992; Grant, 1986).
    B) DERMATITIS - Sensitization-type dermatitis may involve the eyelids (Grant, 1986).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) EPISTAXIS - Periodic nosebleeds have been reported after 3 to 4 days of exposure to tetryl dust (ILO, 1983).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) EDEMA - Sensitization may involve partial obstruction of the trachea from swelling of the tongue in severe cases (Sittig, 1985).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Tetryl is a strong respiratory irritant.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Tetryl is a strong irritant of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The irritant effects on the upper respiratory tract are variously localized from the nostrils to the bronchi, with burning, itching, sneezing, and coryza in addition to coughing and epistaxis (Sittig, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Symptoms of CNS depression from tetryl exposure include weakness, malaise, headache, lassitude and narcosis.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT
    1) Signs typical of CNS depression including headache, weakness, malaise, lassitude, and narcosis have been reported with tetryl exposure (Witkowski et al, 1942; ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Nausea and vomiting have been reported with occupational exposure.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA AND VOMITING
    1) Nausea and vomiting have occurred with occupational exposure (Sittig, 1985; Hathaway et al, 1991).

Hepatic

    3.9.1) SUMMARY
    A) Heavy exposure may cause liver damage, but this is controversial.
    3.9.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) LIVER DAMAGE
    1) Heavy exposure may cause liver damage (Finkel, 1983; ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    2) Jaundice has attributed to, but not proven to be caused by, tetryl exposure (Troup, 1946). Whether or not tetryl can cause liver damage in humans is controversial (ACGIH, 1991).
    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Necrosis of central lobules and fatty degeneration were seen in livers of some dogs exposed to tetryl (Wells et al, 1920).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Tetryl may cause kidney damage, but this is controversial.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) KIDNEY FINDING
    1) LACK OF INFORMATION
    a) Whether or not tetryl can cause kidney damage in humans is controversial (ACGIH, 1991).
    3.10.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Kidney damage was invariably seen in rabbits and dogs exposed to fatal doses of tetryl (Wells et al, 1920).

Hematologic

    3.13.1) SUMMARY
    A) Tetryl can cause bone marrow depression. Methemoglobinemia has not been reported in exposed humans, but might be predicted from the structure of tetryl.
    3.13.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) MYELOSUPPRESSION
    1) Bone marrow depression has been reported with tetryl exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) Methemoglobinemia has not been reported in any cases of human exposure, but might be predicted from the structure of tetryl. IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED in a patient exposed to tetryl, REFER to the METHEMOGLOBINEMIA MEDITEXT(TM) Medical Management for MORE INFORMATION.

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Tetryl is a strong skin and mucous membrane irritant.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Tetryl is a strong skin and mucous membrane irritant (Finkel, 1983).
    B) DISCOLORATION OF SKIN
    1) Tetryl stains the skin and hair yellow (Finkel, 1983; ACGIH, 1991).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS479-45-8 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.

Genotoxicity

    A) Tetryl is mutagenic in microorganisms without metabolic activation.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED, monitor methemoglobin levels, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma free hemoglobin. Urinalysis positive for blood with few or no RBC's is an early indication of hemolysis.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Tetryl itself has not been measured in human blood or serum.
    2) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED, monitor methemoglobin levels, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma free hemoglobin.
    2) PREPLACEMENT EXAMINATION may include complete blood count and hemoglobin and methemoglobin levels. Followup may include periodic blood counts and hematocrits (Sittig, 1985; Proctor & Hughes, 1978).
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring urinalysis is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    2) Urinalysis that is positive for blood but which has few or no RBC's can be an early sign of hemolysis.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Monitoring

    A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    C) IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED, monitor methemoglobin levels, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma free hemoglobin. Urinalysis positive for blood with few or no RBC's is an early indication of hemolysis.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Because of the potential for significant esophageal or digestive tract irritation or burns, do NOT induce emesis.
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
    2) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    3) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    4) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    5) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    6) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/CATHARTIC
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    1) IF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IS SUSPECTED - in a patient exposed to tetryl, REFER to the METHEMOGLOBINEMIA MEDITEXT(TM) Medical Management for MORE INFORMATION.
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) DERMATITIS - Patients who develop allergic contact dermatitis should be removed from further exposure to prevent worsening of the condition.
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    3) Patients who develop allergic dermatitis should be monitored carefully for possible development of systemic sensitization reactions.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) The lowest fatal reported dose of tetryl for a dog was 0.5 g/kg of recrystallized material given subcutaneously in olive oil as five daily doses of 0.1 g/kg/day (ACGIH, 1991).
    2) Rabbits given 1 g/kg by stomach tube in milk died after one to three doses (ACGIH, 1991).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    2) No cases of systemic toxicity have been reported from exposures below 1.5 mg/m(3) (Hathaway et al, 1991). Sensitization might occur in some individuals exposed to a TWA of 1.5 mg/m(3) or greater (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) The largest nonfatal dose of tetryl for a dog was 2.5 g/kg given subcutaneously as a single dose in olive oil (ACGIH, 1991).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS479-45-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Tetryl
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 1.5 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr
    d) Molecular Weight: 287.15
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS479-45-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Tetryl
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 1.5 mg/m(3)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: [skin]
    1) Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 750 mg/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS479-45-8 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tetryl
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tetryl
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline
    a) Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS479-45-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine)
    2) Table Z-1 for Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine):
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 1.5
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: Yes
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 1994 ACGIH, 1991

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) ODOR: Tetryl is odorless, but causes a sharp burning sensation in the nasal mucosa (ACGIH, 1991).
    B) TASTE: Bitter (HSDB , 1994)
    C) COLOR
    1) Yellow, monoclinic crystals (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)
    2) Tetryl consists of colorless crystals when freshly prepared, but it rapidly acquires a yellow color when exposed to light (ACGIH, 1991).
    3) Tetryl is colorless at pH 10.8 and dull red or reddish-brown at pH 13.0 (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1993).

Ph

    A) Tetryl is colorless at pH 10.8 and dull red or reddish-brown at pH 13.0 (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1993).

Molecular Weight

    A) 287.17 (Lewis, 1992)

References

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