TETRAETHYL LEAD

Tetraethyl lead had been used as a petrol octane booster to prevent "knocking" in motors since 1923. Its concentration is no more than 0.15% in automotive fuel and no more than 0.22 % in aviation fuel (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 1996).

A gradual ban of tetraethyl lead as a fuel additive in the US was placed in 1978 (ILO, 1998). Tetraethyl lead has been replaced, as an anti-knock compound in automotive fuel, largely by methyl-tert-butyl ether (MBTE) (HSDB , 2001). By the end of 1995, the Clean Air Act completely prohibited the use of lead in all motor vehicle fuels, thus reducing highway fuels to a negligible source of lead (EPA, 2000). Tetraethyl lead is imported to the US for use in aviation fuel (HSDB , 2001).
"A typical motor mix for automotive gasolines consists of about 62 percent tetraethyl lead, 18 percent ethylene dibromide, 18 percent ethylene dichloride, and 2 percent of other ingredients, such as dye, petroleum solvent, and stability improver. A typical aviation mix includes about 61 to 62 percent tetraethyl lead, 35 to 36 percent ethylene dibromide, and 3 percent of dye, solvent, inhibitor, etc" (HSDB , 2001).

It can be used to make other metal alkyls (such as ethylmercury compounds), mixed alkyl leads for gasoline additives, and organomercury fungicides (HSDB , 2001).

FORMS

Only one grade is available - of about 98% pure (Lewis, 1997a).

SOURCES

It is produced by alloy formation / dechlorination reaction of ethyl chloride, lead, and sodium (Ashford, 1994b). It is no longer produced in the US (HSDB , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Tetraethyl lead is moderately to highly toxic. Acute or chronic EXPOSURE ROUTES include inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. Exposure to tetraethyl lead often occurs through deliberate inhalation of leaded gasoline (substance abuse). Recent accidental exposure case reports have come from developing countries, such as China.

The central nervous system is the main target organ affected. The effects of tetraethyl lead may be mixed with the effects of the solvent. The exposure-onset interval varies inversely with the dose; symptoms can begin within hours to days (usually within 1 to 5 days, up to as long as 14 days after exposure). Symptoms that begin within 24 hours usually indicate serious exposure or reflect intoxication due to the hydrocarbon (gasoline).

Early exposure effects are generally those of hydrocarbon abuse. These include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, delirium, nervous irritability, headache, restlessness, pallor, tremor, euphoria, lethargy, insomnia, slurred speech and blurred vision.
After the initial effects of asthenia, weakness, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia and insomnia, the "tetraethyl lead triad" of central nervous system involvement (including ataxia, tremor and hypotonia), bradycardia and decreased body temperature may be noted.

Mild exposure results in anxiety, lassitude, irritability, insomnia, excitement, confusion, lurid (violent or frightening) dreams, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, pallor, mild diarrhea, dizziness, tremulousness, lack of coordination and truncal ataxia.

Moderate exposure can produce disorientation, hyperexcitability, tremors, twitching, chorea, increased reflexes, spasticity, fatigue, muscle pain, bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, limited upward gaze and rotary or horizontal nystagmus.

Severe exposure leads to delusions, hallucinations, mania, psychotic behavior, seizures (maniacal, violent convulsions), intense hyperactivity, facial contortions, cerebral edema, coma and death. ENCEPHALOPATHY and vomiting result from severe intoxication; the effects of tetraethyl lead differ from those of inorganic lead poisoning in that metallic taste and hematologic abnormalities are unusual and encephalopathy predominates.

Absorption of as little as 1 gm can be fatal within 3 to 30 days (as the compound slowly degrades to triethyl lead); acute intoxication can have a mortality rate as high as 20 percent.

Effects unrelated to the central nervous system include irritation of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Dermal contact can result in dermatitis and burns. Eye exposure produces pain, burns, blurred vision and conjunctivitis. A metallic taste, sneezing, bronchitis and pneumonia have also been noted.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The major routes of occupational exposure to tetraethyl lead are ingestion, inhalation, and through the skin (Hathaway et al, 1991). TEL can be absorbed in fatal amounts from a single exposure. The liquid can be fatal when absorbed through intact skin (Grandjean, 1984), but it is absorbed less well when diluted in gasoline. It is also readily absorbed following inhalation, which is not affected by the presence of gasoline (Grandjean, 1984). It is generally assumed to be well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, although there are little data specifically for TEL.

Little distinction has been made in the toxicologic literature between effects of acute and chronic exposure to tetraethyl lead. Most reports are probably from chronic exposure of gasoline abusers. The initial symptoms of tetraethyl lead poisoning include asthenia, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and anorexia (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Reported effects of acute exposure include the CNS symptoms described above and cerebral edema (HSDB). Pneumonia or pulmonary edema have been reported in chronic "gasoline sniffers," most likely secondary to CNS effects and aspiration. Pneumonitis and pulmonary edema can occur following ingestion and aspiration of TEL-containing gasoline.

TEL is a special hazard in acute exposure because the liquid is absorbed readily through intact skin, and because of its high volatility. These factors make it likely that toxic levels may be present in the air unless specific control measures are taken. CONTAMINATED CLOTHING SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY REMOVED. LIQUID ON THE SKIN SHOULD BE WASHED OFF IMMEDIATELY.

Recovery from TEL poisoning may take weeks or months, and it is not clear if complete recovery occurs. Psychological relapses during recovery are common (Hathaway et al, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

In a group of 58 organolead workers, the only symptoms attributable to organic lead were neurobehavioral abnormalities in approximately half, and sensorimotor polyneuropathies in approximately one-third of the workers (Mitchell et al, 1996).

Chronic lead poisoning can occur from gasoline abuse. The primary TEL metabolite is TRIETHYL LEAD, which is thought to be the toxic species (Grandjean, 1984). Triethyl lead readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in the brain with repeated exposures. It is eliminated very slowly from the brain, with a half-life estimated to be approximately 500 days in humans (Grandjean, 1984).

Urinary lead levels have returned to normal within six months after termination of TEL exposure (Grandjean, 1984). Men working with TEL had decreased levels of ALA-dehydrase, an enzyme involved in heme metabolism which is also inhibited by inorganic lead (Millar, 1972).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Prehospital use of activated charcoal or emesis is not recommended following ingestion of leaded gasoline or other products containing organolead compounds because of the potential for CNS depression, seizures, and aspiration of the hydrocarbon vehicle.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys and eyes (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007) OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Chelation has been generally discouraged in textbooks; however, experience has demonstrated increased lead excretion with chelation. Chelation therapy with Succimer/DMSA(dimercaptosuccinic acid), BAL, calcium EDTA and/or D-penicillamine should be considered in patients with blood lead levels greater than 45 micrograms/deciliter or if signs and symptoms of lead encephalopathy are noted.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, CNS depression, or seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

IN HUMANS - Absorption of only 1 gram of tetraethyl lead may be sufficient to cause death within 3 to 30 days. This is due to the slow degradation of tetraethyl lead to triethyl lead (Baselt, 2000).
Industrial exposure has come primarily to workers cleaning tanks used in the storage of leaded gasoline. From 1923 to 1924, a number of severe cases of TEL poisoning occurred among the men engaged in its manufacture but this has been remarkably low and will drop as manufacturing of this compound declines. More than 100 cases of acute poisoning with 11 deaths were reported (Hamilton & Hardy, 1974).
A case-control study of former workers in a plant manufacturing tetraethyl lead found a strong association to rectal cancer and cancers of the sigmoid colon (Bingham et al, 2001).
IARC included tetraethyl with "LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS" in group 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Bingham et al, 2001).

CASE REPORTS

GASOLINE SNIFFING - Lead intoxication secondary to gasoline "sniffing" in 23 Navajo adolescents has been reported (Coulehan et al, 1983). Sixty-five percent of the patients first presented with toxic encephalopathy. One death occurred.

ANIMAL DATA

ACUTE

Tetraethyl lead dissolved in tricaprylin was injected subcutaneously into Swiss mice on one to four occasions between birth and 21 days. After a single injection of 2 mg on the first day of life, all of 69 mice died before weaning (IARC, 1973).

CHRONIC

Dogs were exposed to tetraethyl lead at the following concentrations: 42 mg/m(3) (one dog), 22 mg/m(3) (one dog), and 12 mg/m(3) (two dogs). These animals died after 7, 30, 24, and 29 seven-hour exposures, respectively (ACGIH, 1991).
Repeated exposures to sublethal doses were found to cause, in time, symptomatology similar to that seen after a single lethal exposure (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ACUTE

Chronic intoxication has not been observed and gradual onset of symptoms is felt to represent the onset of subacute poisoning.
IN HUMANS -

Exposure to tetraethyl lead at a concentration of 100 mg/m(3) as lead for 1 hour results in acute intoxication (ACGIH, 1991).
In some adolescents with blood lead levels of 1200 to 1400 microgram per liter, renal and hepatic damage can result (HSDB , 2001).
Tetraethyl lead is approximately 3 times more toxic than tetramethyl lead (HSDB , 2001).

CHRONIC

IN HUMANS - Tetraethyl lead causes a separate toxicologic symptom sign complex that overlaps with the initial acute toxic syndrome. The differences include symptomatology, effects on hemoglobin synthesis, and response to chelation therapy (HSDB , 2001).
ANIMAL DATA -

Tetraethyl lead was administered orally to rats over a period of 21 weeks at concentrations of 0.17 mg and at 0.0017 mg/kg five times per week for a total of 100 doses (ACGIH, 1991).
All of the animals survived both exposures, and they showed no change in body weight.
Histologic changes was observed in the liver, pancreas, renal, endocrine, and nervous systems.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-00-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Tetraethyl lead, as Pb

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Tetraethyl lead
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Tetraethyllead

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10-7 mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: CHRIS, 2001 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD- (SKIN)DOG:
- LD- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)DOG:
- LDLo- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (SKIN)DOG:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-00-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Tetraethyl lead, as Pb

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 323.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-00-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-00-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)
REL:

TWA: 0.075 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: [skin]

Indicates the potential for dermal absorption; skin exposure should be prevented as necessary through the use of good work practices and gloves, coveralls, goggles, and other appropriate equipment.

Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 40 mg Pb/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)
Table Z-1 for Tetraethyl lead (as Pb):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.075

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: Yes
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Plumbane, tetraethyl-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Tetraethyl lead
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Plumbane, tetraethyl-
P or U series number: P110
Footnote:
Listed as: Tetraethyl lead
P or U series number: P110
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Tetraethyllead
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-00-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-00-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Lead tetraethyl
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Tetraethyl lead, liquid
Severe Marine Pollutant: Yes
Listed as Ethyl fluid
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-00-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Plumbane, tetraethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1649 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures

Symbol(s): I

I: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1649
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1, 3

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).
3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: 14, 151, B9, B90, T14, TP2, TP13

14: Motor fuel antiknock mixtures are: a. Mixtures of one or more organic lead mixtures (such as tetraethyl lead, triethylmethyl lead, diethyldimethyl lead, ethyltrimethyl lead, and tetramethyl lead) with one or more halogen compounds (such as ethylene dibromide and ethylene dichloride), hydrocarbon solvents or other equally efficient stabilizers; or b. tetraethyl lead.
151: If this material meets the definition of a flammable liquid in Sec. 173.120 of this subchapter, a FLAMMABLE LIQUID label is also required and the basic description on the shipping paper must indicate the Class 3 subsidiary hazard.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B90: Steel tanks conforming or equivalent to ASME specifications which contain solid or semisolid residual motor fuel antiknock mixture (including rust, scale, or other contaminants) may be shipped by rail freight or highway. The tank must have been designed and constructed to be capable of withstanding full vacuum. All openings must be closed with gasketed blank flanges or vapor tight threaded closures.
T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 25, 40

25: Shade from radiant heat.
40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1649 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Motor fuel anti-knock mixture
UN Number: 1649

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-00-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Tetraethyl Lead
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: W

W: Water Reactive. Denotes materials that are water reactive. These compounds undergo rapid energy releases on contact with water.

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Protect against physical damage (HSDB , 1992).
Store in cool, isolated, well-ventilated area (HSDB , 1992).
Keep away from fire, heat and strong oxidizing agents (HSDB , 1992).
Tanks should be stored in areas equipped with sprinklers (HSDB , 1992).
Stability during transport: Tetraethyl lead is stable below 230 degrees F (at higher temperatures, it may detonate or explode when confined) (CHRIS , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Tetraethyl lead and its vapor are accumulative poisons and highly toxic by all routes of entry. They may be absorbed via skin (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001). Effects of tetraethyl lead exposure may be delayed (AAR, 2000). Full protective clothing should be worn, and these protective outfits should not have exposed rubber gaskets (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Such protective clothing should be white or light colored, should include neoprene-coated, liquid-proof gloves and protective goggles or face shield (CHRIS , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Tetraethyl lead will burn eyes, and its vapor is irritating to the eyes. (CHRIS , 2001). At low concentration, tetraethyl lead does not cause unpleasant sensations to the skin (Hathaway et al, 1996). However, tetraethyl lead can burn the skin. It can be absorbed readily through skin. Protective goggles or face shield should be worn (CHRIS , 2001). In case of contact, flush eyes and face with running water for at least 15 minutes. The speed in removing tetraethyl lead is extremely important (AAR, 2000).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

At low concentration, tetraethyl lead does not cause unpleasant sensations when inhaled (Hathaway et al, 1996). However, tetraethyl lead can irritate mucous membranes and its vapor is poisonous. Self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991). Organic vapor type canister face mask should be worn for short periods of exposure, and air line type for longer periods (CHRIS , 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-00-2.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.07
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.07
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.07
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.07
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

"Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area" (HSDB , 2001).

"General ventilation should dilute uncaptured vapors to negligible proportions and remove them from operating areas" (HSDB , 2001).

"In providing for operating routines and emergencies, a system for distributing fresh, clean air under positive pressure to appropriate sites from the immediate use of hose masks must be installed" (HSDB , 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Tetraethyl lead is flammable if exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers (Lewis, 2000).
Tetraethyl burns with an orange flame with a green margin (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996a; Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-00-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Tetraethyl Lead
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-00-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Tetraethyl Lead
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of tetraethyl lead can be stopped. Do not attempt to stop a leak unless it can be done without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to protect personnel stopping a leak (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

For small fires, water, carbon dioxide, foam chemical, or dry chemical may be used. For large fires, water should be used from behind barrier or protected location as far of a distance as possible (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Flooding quantities of water should also be used as fog, as a way to knock-down vapors, and as an agent to cool containers of tetraethyl lead (AAR, 2000).

Runoff from fire control may cause pollution (Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

One of its decomposed products, triethyl lead, is also a poisonous compound (Lewis, 2000).
When heated to decomposition, tetraethyl lead emits toxic fumes of lead (Lewis, 2000).
"Combustion products are carbon dioxide, water, and lead" (HSDB , 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Air: Vapors of tetraethyl lead form explosive mixtures in air (ITI, 1995).

Air: Exposure of tetraethyl lead to air for several days may cause explosive decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Heat: "Tetraethyl lead can violently explode at temperature greater than 80 degrees C (176 degrees F) (HSDB , 2001).

Heat: At temperatures higher than 110 degrees C (230 degrees F), it "may detonate or explode when confined" (CHRIS , 2001).

Heat: It may explode violently "when heated to more than 170 degrees C" (ITI, 1995).

Confined Space: Vapors from tetraethyl lead may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 2001).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

One of its decomposition products, triethyl lead, is also a poisonous compound (Lewis, 2000).

When heated to decomposition, tetraethyl lead emits toxic fumes of lead (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001).

Vapor of tetraethyl lead is heavier than air (ILO , 1998) and forms explosive mixtures in air (ITI, 1995).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Tetraethyl lead decomposes in bright sunlight, yielding needlelike crystals of tri-, di-, and monoethyl lead compounds, which exhibit a garlic odor (Sittig, 1991).

Tetraethyl lead decomposes when exposed to sunlight or allowed to evaporate (Lewis, 2000).

Tetraethyl lead decomposes slowly at room temperature and rapidly at elevated temperatures such as 125 to 150 degrees C (ITI, 1995).

Tetraethyl lead is flammable when exposed to heat, flame or oxidizers (Lewis, 2000).

Tetraethyl lead is incompatible and may react vigorously with concentrated acids, strong oxidizers, sulfuryl chloride, rust, and potassium permanganate (NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Exposure to air for several days may cause explosive decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Some plastics, rubber, and coatings are attacked by tetraethyl lead (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131(ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

"If material is leaking, not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions" (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-00-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-00-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Tetraethyl lead
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.117
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.468
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 62.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-00-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-00-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 40 mg Pb/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Evacuate spill area. Establish good ventilation. Remove any sources of heat or ignition (Sittig, 1991).
Do not attempt to stop a leak unless it can be done without undue personnel hazard (AAR, 2000). Use water spray to protect personnel stopping a leak (Sittig, 1991).
"Generators of waste containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P110 or D008, must conform with US EPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste" (HSDB , 2001).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
Tetraethyl lead may be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (AAR, 2000).
Tetraethyl lead spill can first be absorbed with a paper towel or similar absorbent material. Following evaporation (in a hood), the towel can be burned (ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 131 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Water Spill: Tetraethyl lead sinks rapidly to the bottom and dissolves slowly. Use pump or vacuum to remove undissolved tetraethyl lead. Apply activated carbon to remove dissolved tetraethyl lead (at the amount of 10 times the spilled tetraethyl lead); and then use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of precipitates (AAR, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Land Spill: Build dikes (using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete) or dig holding areas to contain flow as necessary. Absorb with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Use water spray to knock down vapors if necessary (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

"Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides which may be recycled. It is also possible to recover alkyl lead compounds from wastewaters as an alternative to disposal" (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Pour tetraethyl lead onto vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate, or a sand-soda (90-10) ash mixture. Dispose into in paper boxes and mix. Place in incinerator and cover with scrap wood and paper. Ignite with excelsior train (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Dissolve in flammable solvent and spray in incinerator firebox equipped with afterburner and alkali scrubber (OHM/TADS , 2001).
It may be charged directly into smelting furnaces or mixed with other charge materials (ILO , 1998).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

There is no idication that there is a natural source, on a large scale, of tetraethyl lead (HSDB , 2001).

Historically, the main source of tetraethyl lead released to the environment was through automobile exhaust from engines using leaded gasoline. This comprised approximately 88% of the total atmospheric emissions of tetraethyl lead (HSDB , 2001).

Tetraethyl lead compounds are no longer produced in the United States. It is still produced in Canada and Europe, and imported to the United States, where it is used in the production of aviation fuel (HSDB , 2001).

Sludge accumulating in the bottom of gasoline storage tanks is an important source of tetraethyl lead in the environment (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Tetraethyl lead released to the atmosphere will exist primarily in the gas phase, although a small percentage may be adsorbed onto atmospheric particulates. It is also likely to be carried considerable distances by air movements before eventual deposit (HSDB , 2001).
Gas phase tetraethyl lead is degraded rapidly by direct photolysis, reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals, and ozone molecules (HSDB , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- If released to a stream of water, tetraethyl lead can spread along the stream bottom (HSDB , 2001).
- It is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediiment in water. Degradation in water forms trialkyl and dialkyl lead compounds which may be more persistent (HSDB , 2001).
- "Copper and iron ions have been found to catalyze the decomposition of tetraethyl lead in water" (HSDB , 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If released to soil, it is expected to have slight mobility in soil depending on moisture levels and organic matters (HSDB , 2001):
- "During spills of leaded gasoline onto soils, the nonpolar nature of gasoline serves as a mobile solvent capable of transporting lead alkyl compounds through the soil" (HSDB , 2001).

OTHER

OTHER
- AIR
- WATER
- SOIL

BIODEGRADATION

The unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life of tetraethyl lead is between 168 to 672 hours (1 to 4 weeks), based on scientific judgement (Howard et al, 1991).

The unacclimated anaerobic aqueous biodegradation half-life of tetraethyl lead is between 672 to 2688 hours (4 to 19 weeks), judged from unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

"Laboratory studies have shown that tetraethyl lead has moderate to high potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Exposure of shrimp, mussel, and plaice to LC50 concentrations of tetraethyl lead for 96 hours resulted in BCF values of 650, 120, and 130, respectively" (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values:

LD50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos), Male, 3 to 4 months: 107 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001)
LD50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica), Male, 3 to 4 months (may have been in breeding condition): 24.6 mg/kg (HSDB, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 2.0 mg/L for 24 hours -- tested in Philadelphia tap water (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL SUNFISH: 1.4 mg/L for 48 hours -- tested in Philadelphia tap water (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 0.2 ppm for 96 hours (OHM/TADS, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 0.20 mg/L for 96 hours (HSDB, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

323.47

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Tetraethyl lead is a oily colorless liquid with a characteristic slight musty, fruity, or pleasant odor (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991). It releases a poisonous and flammable vapor (CHRIS , 2001).

The commercial product may be dyed red, orange, or blue (Sittig, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.2 mmHg (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)

0.26 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

0.47 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

2.5 mmHg (at 55 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

19 mmHg (at 91 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.65 (at 20 degrees C) (ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.653 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-137 degrees C ; -215 degrees F; 136 K (CHRIS , 2001)
-130 degrees C; -202 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-136 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; ITI, 1995)
125 degrees C; 257 degrees F (OHM/TADS , 2001)
133.59 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)
136.8 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

BOILING POINT

75 - 85 degrees C (at 13-14 mmHg) (Lewis, 1997)

100 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

108.8 degrees C; 228 degrees F (decomposes) (NIOSH , 2001)

110 degrees C; 230 degrees F (decomposes) (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997)

152 degrees C (at 39 kPa) (Ashford, 1994)

198 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

199 degrees C (Baselt, 2000)

200 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

198 - 202 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

FLASH POINT

93.3 degrees C; 200 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2001) Lewis, 1996; (NFPA, 1997)

85 degrees C; 185 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.8% (NIOSH , 2001)

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Tetraethyl lead sinks rapidly and dissolves slowly (practically insoluble) in water (NIOSH , 2001; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001):

0.29 mg/L (at 25 degrees C)
0.00002%
30 ppm (at 25 degrees C)

Tetraethyl lead is insoluble in water (HSDB , 2001).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

SOLUBILITY IN LIQUID HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

It is slightly soluble in alcohol (Budavari, 1996a).
Tetraethyl lead is soluble in all organic solvents, benzene, diethyl ether, gasoline, and petroleum ether (Budavari, 1996a; HSDB , 2001).

OTHER

Tetraethyl lead is a solvent for fatty materials and has some solvent action on some plastics, rubber, and coatings (Lewis, 1996; (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Tetraethyl lead is insoluble in dilute acids or alkalies (HSDB , 2001).
Tetraethyl lead is lipid soluble (HSDB , 2001).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 4.15 (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.681 atm-m(3)/mol (at 24 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

MASS

Intense mass spectral peaks: (Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants, CRC Press Inc.) (HSDB , 2001)
- 237 m/z (100%)
- 295 m/z (73%)
- 208 m/z (61%)
- 235 m/z (46%)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Data not available (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

655 K (HSDB , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-7870 Btu/lb; -4380 cal/g; -183X10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.5198 (at 20 degrees C/d) (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.10 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

40 dynes/cm; 0.04 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)

VISCOSITY

2.2899X10(-2) at 225 K-Pa-s (HSDB , 2001)

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TETRAETHYL LEAD

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents