TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE ANKILOSTIN ANTISAL 1 ANTISOL 1 CARBON BICHLORIDE CARBON DICHLORIDE CZTEROCHLOROETYLEN (Polish) DEE-SOLVE DIDAKENE DILATIN PT DOWCLEEN EC DOWPER DOW-PER ETHENE, TETRACHLORO- ETHYLENE, TETRACHLORO- ETHYLENE TETRACHLORIDE FEDAL-UN NEMA PCE PER PERAWIN PERC PERCHLOORETHYLEEN, PER (Dutch) PERCHLOR PERCHLORAETHYLEN, PER (German) PERCHLORETHYLENE PERCHLORETHYLENE, PER (French) PERCHLOROETHYLENE PERCLENE PERCLENE D PERCLOROETILENE (Italian) PERCOSOLV PERCOSOLVE PERK PERKLONE PERSEC TETLEN TETRA TETRACAP TETRACHLOORETHEEN (Dutch) TETRACHLORAETHEN (German) TETRACHLORETHYLENE TETRACHLOROETHENE 1,1,2,2,-TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 1,1,2,2,-TETRACHLOROETHANE (French) TETRACLOROETENE (Italian) TETRAGUER TETRALENO TETRALEX TETRAVEC TETROCHLOROETHANE TETROGUER TETROPIL ETHYLENE, TETRACHLOR0-
IDENTIFIERS
1897-Tetrachloroethylene 1897-Perchloroethylene
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (CHRIS , 2001; Hayes & Laws, 1991; Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; RTECS , 2001)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Tetrachloroethylene is a solvent used extensively in dry cleaning and textile industries (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; (HSIA, 1999); Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998). US demand in 1998 was estimated to be 344 million pounds ((HSIA, 1999)). Tetrachloroethylene was introduced as a dry cleaning agent in the late 1930's ((HSIA, 1999)). It has been used as a dry cleaning solvent since then due to its nonflammability and low toxicity ((HSIA, 1999)). It is used in chemical manufacturing (of fluorocarbons), as a drying agent for metals and some other solids, as a fumigant, as a heat transfer medium, and as a degreasing solvent (AAR, 2000; (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991). Perchloroethylene is a basic raw material in the manufacture of HFC 134a, an alternative to chloroflurocarbon refrigerants ((HSIA, 1999)). It is used for cold cleaning and vapor degreasing of metals and as a drying agent for metals and other solids (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 1998). It is used as automotive aerosol solvent, and an intermediate in the production of particular fluorinated compounds ((HSIA, 1999)). Tetrachloroethylene is used as an insulating fluid and cooling gas in electrical transformers (HSDB , 2002). Tetrachloroethylene is a general solvent for rubber coatings, printing ink, glues, sealants, polishes, lubricants, and silicones. It is used in the manufacturing of fluorocarbons 113, 114, 115, and 116, in soot removal, as a heat exchange medium, and as a component of typewriter correction fluid (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002) IARC, 1979). Tetrachloroethylene has been used as an anthelmintic (vermifuge) medication for hookworms and flukes in humans, small animals and ruminants, but more current treatments use drugs that are less toxic and easier to use (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 1998). Tetrachloroethylene is an effective anthelmintic medication for hookworms and flukes (JEF Reynolds , 1989; Sittig, 1991). It is ineffective against liver flukes and roundworms (JEF Reynolds , 1989).
In the past, tetrachloroethylene was used in grain protectant mixtures and liquid grain fumigants, but it is no longer approved for these uses (HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 1998). Consumer products which contain tetrachloroethylene include water repellents, silicone lubricants, fabric finishers, spot removers, adhesives and wood cleaners ((ATSDR, 1997)). Tetrachloroethylene is used in some tire inflation kits in pressurized cans (Isenschmid et al, 1998). Inhalant abuse of this substance has been reported, with death as a result (Isenschmid et al, 1998). "Tetrachloroethylene Draught" is a pharmacological mixture of tetrachlorethylene, acacia, peppermint emulsion and chloroform water (HSDB , 2002).
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, clear, heavy, non-flammable, volatile liquid with a sweet ethereal or chloroform-like odor (noticeable on the breath of poisoning victims) (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001; Gaillard et al, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; NIOSH , 1999; Sittig, 1991). Tetrachloroethylene is available in dry cleaning and industrial grades of 95+ percent purity (CHRIS , 2001). Available grades are purified, technical, and USP (as tetrachloroethylene, spectrophotometric) (Lewis, 1997). In the USA, tetrachloroethylene is available in the following grades: purified, technical, USP, spectrophotometric, and dry cleaning. Both the technical and dry cleaning grades meet the technical grade specifications, and differ only in the amounts of stabilizers, such as amines, thymol or mixtures of epoxides and esters. USP grade contains between 99 percent and 99.5 percent tetrachloroethylene, the remainder consisting of ethanol (HSDB , 2002) IARC, 1979). It is also available in food grade (HSDB , 2002). Tetrachloroethylene for veterinary medicinal use is available in the USA in 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 milliliter size capsules (NemaWorm(R), Parke-Davis)(HSDB , 2002). In Japan, the technical form of tetrachloroethylene has the following specifications: Max. 0.002% maximum amount of non-volatile matter; 0.0001% maximum amount of acidity (as HCl); pH 6.8 (OHM/TADS , 2001). Tetrachloroethylene, available as DOWCLENE EC, contains 75% methyl chloroform and 25% tetrachloroethylene (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Tetrachloroethylene can be manufactured via (Lewis, 1997): Chlorination of hydrocarbons, followed by pyrolysis of the generated carbon tetrachloride; Reaction between acetylene and chlorine (with trichloroethylene as intermediate).
It can also be manufactured through (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2002): Catalytic oxidation of 1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethane; Catalytic oxidation of acetylene; Direct chlorination of ethylene (Huels method; yielding 70% tetrachloroethylene, 20% carbon tetrachloride, 10% other products); Simultaneous chlorination and pyrolyzation of hydrocarbons (such as methane, ethane, propane) (yielding over 95% tetrachloroethylene, plus carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid); Oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as 1,2-dichloro- ethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane).
Other manufacturing processes are (Ashford, 1994):
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene, is a halogenated alkene solvent used extensively in dry cleaning and textile industries. It is a colorless, heavy, non-inflammable and volatile liquid with an ether-like odor (noticeable on the breath of poisoned victims).
- TOXICOLOGY: Tetrachloroethylene is an anesthetic agent that causes acute CNS and respiratory depression; hypoxic death may occur if exposure is severe and prolonged. It may also decrease the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic action of injected catecholamines.
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE: The main route of occupational exposure is by inhalation and it is readily absorbed through the lungs.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure can occur and is usually associated with occupational exposure.
ADVERSE EFFECTS: In general, tetrachloroethylene affects the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. It can cause hepatic failure leading to hepatorenal syndrome and occasionally nephrotoxic renal failure. The liver is a target organ in humans for tetrachloroethylene toxicity. ACUTE EFFECTS: Tetrachloroethylene is irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include CNS depression, malaise, dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, disorientation, seizures, respiratory tract irritation, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Eye contact may cause pain, lacrimation and burning. Dermal exposure can cause dermatitis, erythema, burns and vesiculation. Long-term exposure may cause liver, kidney and heart damage. Sudden death has occurred following high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene. CHRONIC EFFECTS: Chronic exposure may affect the liver and kidneys. It can also produce confusion, disorientation, muscle cramps, fatigue, agitation, cardiac dysrhythmias, reduced color perception, impaired vision, contact dermatitis and defatting dermatitis, impaired memory, numbness of the extremities, and peripheral neuropathy.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Toxic by ingestion. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The main route of occupational exposure to PCE is by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1996). With acute exposure, PCE is an eye, skin and respiratory tract irritant, and a CNS depressant (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002).
- PCE produces CNS depression and anesthesia. There have been fatalities from industrial PCE exposure. One death and 25 other cases of acute PCE poisoning have been attributed to improper use of coin-operated dry-cleaning machines (Garnier et al, 1996).
- Acute exposure to PCE has resulted in CNS depression, neuropathy, abnormal EEG, headache and optic neuritis (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; Hayes & Laws, 1991) (Onofrj et al, 1998)(Seeber, 1989). Psychosis, hallucinations and distorted perceptions have been reported in humans exposed to PCE (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000). When inhaled, PCE can cause anesthesia that ranges from slight inebriation to death (Bingham et al, 2001).
- The dose-response relationships for acute exposure have been well described in humans. The odor threshold is in the range of 5 to 50 ppm (ACGIH, 1996). Inhalation exposure to an airborne concentration of 100 ppm for 7.5 hours produced detectable changes in EEG activity (Hake & Stewart, 1977). Mild irritation to eyes, nose and throat was reported after a 7-hour exposure to 100 ppm PCE (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- At an airborne concentration of 200 ppm there is a definitely perceptible odor, eye irritation and light-headedness (Bingham et al, 2001). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 400 ppm for 2 hours produced incoordination and slight nasal irritation, whereas exposure to 600 ppm for 10 minutes caused dizziness (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- An increase in concentration to 1,000 ppm for 2 minutes produced intense odor, pronounced eye and respiratory tract irritation and more severe dizziness. At 1,500 ppm, irritation was intolerable and induced gagging, followed by unconsciousness within 30 minutes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Human volunteers exposed to an airborne concentration of 500 ppm of PCE for 5 days experienced no ill effects (Rowe, 1963). In other studies, mild acute effects (eye irritation, dizziness, incoordination) were seen at concentrations of 200 to 400 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001).
- In humans, high-level acute exposure can produce arrhythmias and pulmonary edema (HSDB , 2002; Ravens, 1974). It may produce a decrease in the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine, which has been confirmed in rabbits but not in dogs (Carlson, 1983; Reinhardt et al, 1973). Another source has stated it is unlikely to cause such cardiac effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea and bloody stool may occur after PCE exposure (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991). Proteinuria and hematuria may occur after massive acute exposure with unconsciousness. Other genitourinary effects after lesser exposures include renal failure, renal tubular disorder and menstrual disorder (ACGIH, 1986) (HSDB , 2002; Goldfrank, 1998) (Zielhius et al, 1989).
- Dermatitis, epidermal necrolysis, dermal burns, blistering and scleroderma may result from skin contact with or ingestion of PCE (Baselt, 2000; Czirjak et al, 1994; Harbison, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lewis, 2000) (Potter, 1960).
- PCE is readily absorbed through the lungs. It is metabolized only slowly in humans, with a few percent of the total dose excreted as the metabolites TRICHLOROACETIC ACID and TRICHLOROETHANOL (HSDB , 2002; Doull et al, 1980). A smaller amount is excreted through the skin or in the feces (after ingestion) (Arena & Drew, 1986).
- At exposure levels exceeding current occupational standards, about 1.5% of inhaled PCE may be metabolized. At exposure levels approximating ambient air levels (0.001 ppm), the metabolized fraction of the absorbed dose may be as high as 36 percent (Bois et al, 1996).
- PCE is only mildly toxic to laboratory animals exposed by inhalation or the oral route, with oral LD50 values generally being greater than 2000 mg/kg (RTECS , 2002). With acute inhalation exposure, PCE reduced the resistance of mice to pulmonary infection (Aranyi, 1986).
- The nasal histopathology of mice inhaling PCE at an airborne concentration of 300 ppm demonstrates injury within 24 hours and olfactory nerve atrophy after 4 to 7 days of exposure (Aoki et al, 1994).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic exposure has been reported to affect the liver, kidneys and spleen, and has produced irregular heartbeat, asthma, reduced color perception, coldness in the extremities, hepatitis, confusion, muscle cramps and gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects, which may be permanent (Abedin et al, 1980; Alieva, 1985; Baselt, 2000; Cavalleri et al, 1994; Franke & Eggeling, 1969; Gold, 1969; Hathaway et al, 1996; Kuzelova, 1982; Meckler & Phelps, 1966) (Mutti, 1992) (Palecek, 1970; Sittig, 1991; Sparrow, 1977).
- Impaired memory, numbness of extremities, peripheral neuropathy and impaired vision have been reported (Hathaway et al, 1996). Chronic low-level tetrachloroethylene exposure may lead to measurable deficits in some central nervous system functions. Persons exposed for an average of 10.6 years to median indoor air PCE levels of 1.36 mg/m(3) performed less well than control subjects on tests of vigilance, reaction time, and visual memory (Altman et al, 1995).
- Abnormal EEG recordings were found in 25% (4 of 16) of individuals who had been industrially exposed to PCE concentration of 60 ppm to 450 ppm for 2 to more than 20 years (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- Chronic exposure to PCE may cause ventricular arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy (Abedin et al, 1980; Trense & Zimmerman, 1969). An increased prevalence of heart disease was reported in one chronic exposure study, but cardiovascular problems were not more frequent in another (Gobbato & Bobbio, 1968; Wilcosky & Tyroler, 1983).
- Some occupational fatalities from overexposure to PCE may have involved a component of deliberate inhalation abuse of the solvent (McCarthy & Jones, 1983).
- Repeated or chronic direct skin contact can produce defatting dermatitis (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002). Morphea-like scleroderma developed in a painter who had been exposed to 10 to 25 ppm perchloroethylene for 1 year. Although systemic sclerosis has been frequently linked with solvent exposure, this is only the third known case of morphea-like (localized superficial) scleroderma (Hinnen et al, 1995).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. The myocardium threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine may be lowered. Epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic agents should be used only when clearly indicated and at the lowest efficacious doses. Monitor the ECG and treat arrhythmias as is appropriate.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue). Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years). Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
ADULT: A 27-year-old woman, with a history of borderline personality disorder, was found dead by her family following acute-on-chronic abuse of tetrachloroethylene. The patient had 2 prior hospitalizations secondary to inhalation of volatile substances. The patient was found with 2 cotton swabs dipped with tetrachloroethylene (confirmed by laboratory analysis) in each nostril. The concentration in cardiac blood was 145 mg/L and 4915 mg/kg in adipose tissue. Toxicology screening for drugs of abuse or medications were negative (Amadasi et al, 2015). INFANT: A 2-year-old boy died following a 1.5 hour inhalation exposure to tetrachloroethylene (TCE) from a pair of curtains that were very recently dry-cleaned and left in the child's room with no ventilation. An investigation (repeat dry-cleaning of curtains with a coin-operated machine) showed that 3 pairs of curtains retained 6 kg of TCE when dry cleaned using the same process (Garnier et al, 1996).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Rabbits exposed to 2,790 ppm, 4 hours daily, 5 days per week for 45 days developed fairly significant liver damage and increases in hepatic enzyme levels, particularly after the 15th day (Mazza, 1972). Rats and rabbits exposed to 2,280 ppm, 4 hours daily, 6 days per week for 45 days developed significant reductions in glomerular filtration, renal plasma flow and maximum tubular excretion (Brancaccio et al, 1971). Rabbits exposed to 15 mg/L, one hour daily for 15 days, developed gradual increases in the plasma and urine concentrations of corticosteroids, epinephrine, norepinephrine and 3-methyl-1-hydroxymandelic acid (Brancaccio et al, 1971). These effects lasted for 30 days after exposure ended. Mice exposed up to 1072 mg/kg, 5 days a week for 78 weeks, showed an increase in liver tumors in both sexes ((HSIA, 1999)). Rats exposure to 0, 300, and 600 ppm, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 52 weeks, showed no significant carcinogenic effects/differences between the control group and the exposed group ((HSIA, 1999)). Rats and mice exposed to 300 ppm during gestation had mild fetotoxicity in the presence of maternal toxicity. Additional studies in rats and rabbits showed no teratogenic effect at doses of 100 and 500 ppm ((HSIA, 1999)).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS127-18-4 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene 2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): R ; Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 1x10(-2) mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Drinking Water:
(ACGIH, 1996; ATSDR, 1997 Bingham et al, 2001 Hayes & Laws, 1991 IRIS, 2001 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001 LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: 4000 ppm for 4H (ACGIH, 1996) 34,200 mg/m(3) for 8H 5040 ppm (34.2 mg/L) for 8H (Bingham et al, 2001)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD- (ORAL)MOUSE: 386 mg/kg for 78W, 5D per week -- 386 mg/kg -- reduced survival, nephropathy, hepatocellular carcinomas (ATSDR, 1997) 536 mg/kg for 78W, 5D per week -- 386 mg/kg -- reduced survival, nephropathy, hepatocellular carcinomas (ATSDR, 1997)
LD- (SKIN)RABBIT: LD- (ORAL)RAT: 471 mg/kg for 78W, 5D per week -- decreased survival, nephropathy (ATSDR, 1997) 441 mg/kg for 78W, 5D per week -- decreased survival, nephropathy (ATSDR, 1997)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG: LD50- (ORAL)DOG: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: 4600-5700 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) 4643-5672 mg/kg (Hayes & Laws, 1991)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: 8.85 g/kg (Budavari, 1996) 0.109 -- undiluted (Hayes, 1991) 8100 mg/kg -- General anesthetic 8139 mg/kg (ATSDR, 1997) 8850 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001) 8800-10,800 mg/kg for 24H (ACGIH, 1996)
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: 65 g/kg -- Behavioral effects (sleep, ataxia) Male, 390 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 2629 mg/kg 2600 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) Male, 3835 mg/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) Female, 3005 mg/kg (ATSDR, 1997; Bingham et al, 2001) 13,000 mg/kg for 24H (ACGIH, 1991) 5000 mg/kg (ATSDR, 1997) 3835 mg/kg (ATSDR, 1997)
LDLo- (ORAL)CAT: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)DOG: LDLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT: LDLo- (ORAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)GERBIL: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: 96 ppm for 7H -- Local anesthetic; conjunctive irritation; hallucinations and distorted perceptions 230 ppm -- Systemic effects (ITI, 1995) Male, 600 ppm for 10M -- Conjunctive irritation; general anesthetic
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: Male, 500 ppm for 7H at 5D prior to mating -- Affected spermatogenesis Female, 300 ppm for 7H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity; developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system and homeostasis 100 ppm for 6H/2Y intermittent -- Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria; Liver tumors 200 ppm for 4H/8W intermittent -- Fatty liver degeneration 1750 ppm for 6H/14D intermittent -- Fatty liver degeneration 1600 ppm for 6H/13W intermittent -- Changes in kidney tubules and other changes in kidney, ureter, and bladder; death
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 200 ppm for 6H/2Y-Intermittent -- Carcinogenic effect (Lewis, 2000) 900 ppm for 7H at 7-13D of pregnancy -- Reproductive effects (Lewis, 2000) Female, 1000 ppm for 24H at 14D pre/1-22D of pregnancy -- Developmental abnormalities in musculoskeletal system Female, 1000 ppm for 24H at 1-22D of pregnancy -- Fetotoxicity Female, multigeneration, 1000 ppm for 6H -- Affected live birth index, viability index on post-natal day 4, and growth statistics Female, 900 ppm for 7H at 7-13D of pregnancy -- Affected live birth index; resulted in biochemical, metabolic and behavioral changes Female, 300 ppm for 7H at 6-15D of pregnancy -- Post-implantation mortality 200 ppm for 6H/2Y intermittent -- Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria; Testicular tumors; Leukemia 19,300 mg/m(3) for 24H/94D continuous -- Affected recordings from specific areas of CNS; true cholinesterase 7000 ppm for 8H/50D intermittent -- Diffuse hepatocellular necrosis; changes in blood vessels or in circulation of kidney; changes in spleen 1750 ppm for 6H/14D intermittent -- Death 200 ppm for 4W continuous -- Affected hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase and other oxidoreductases and transaminases
TD- (ORAL)MOUSE: TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: Child, 545 mg/kg -- Coma Male, 116 mg/kg -- amnesia, dizziness, hallucinations (ATSDR, 1997) 108 mg/kg -- loss of consciousness (ATSDR, 1997)
TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: 195 g/kg for 50W intermittent -- Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria; liver tumors 23,215 mg/kg for 8W intermittent -- Autoimmune response 1000 mg/kg, once daily for 10D -- increased liver weight; perioxisomal proliferation (ATSDR, 1997) 100 mg/kg for 11D -- hepatocellular swelling (ATSDR, 1997) 195 g/kg for 50W-Intermittent -- Carcinogenic effect (Lewis, 2000) 100 mg/kg for 6W, 5D per week -- increased liver weight and liver triglycerides (ATSDR, 1997) 200 mg/kg for 6W, 5D per week -- hepatic necrosis (ATSDR, 1997) 562 mg/kg, for 6W, 5D per week -- decrease in body weight gain (30% lower than controls) (ATSDR, 1997)
TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: 49,750 mcg/kg for 3D intermittent -- Changes in serum composition (e.g., TP, bilirubin, cholesterol); other changes in liver
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 1500 mg/kg for 14D -- increased liver weight; increased alanine aminotransferase; hepatocellular hypertrophy (ATSDR, 1997) 1000 mg/kg, once daily for 10D -- increased liver weight (ATSDR, 1997) 1000 mg/kg for 5D -- significantly increased liver weight; induction of CYP2B P450 enzymes and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (ATSDR, 2001) 2000 mg/kg for 5D -- reduced body weight (16% lower than control group) (ATSDR, 1997) 900 mg/kg at 6-19D of pregnancy -- decrease in body weight gain (25% lower than controls), ataxia, increased in post-natal deaths, increased micro/anophthalmia (ATSDR, 1997) 1000 mg/kg for 11D -- decrease in body weight gain (22% lower than controls) (ATSDR, 1997) 14 g/kg for 4W intermittent -- Changes in urine composition 36 g/kg for 90D continuous -- Weight loss or decreased weight gain; changes in phosphatases 3 g/kg for 6W intermittent -- Changes in liver function and liver weight; affected lipids (including transport) 1500 mg/kg -- lacrimation and gait score significantly increased; motor activity significantly decreased (ATSDR, 1997) 1400 mg/kg for 90D -- increased liver weight, decrease in body weight gain (ATSDR, 1997) 400 mg/kg for 90D -- increased kidney weight (ATSDR, 1997) 400 mg/kg -- decreased body weight gain (18% lower than controls) (ATSDR, 1997) 995 mg/kg for 7W, 5D per week -- increased liver weight, increased Type II GGT and foci with or without an initiator (ATSDR, 1997)
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 mg/L = 147.4 ppm 1 ppm = 6.78 mg/m(3)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS127-18-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS127-18-4 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS127-18-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
Listed as: Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) Table Z-1 for Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene): 8-hour TWA: ppm: mg/m3: Ceiling Value: Skin Designation: No Notation(s): Not Listed
Table Z-2 for Tetrachloroethylene (Z37.22-1967):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Perchloroethylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing; all spent solvent mixtures/blends used in degreasing containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F002, F004, and F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures. Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: The following spent halogenated solvents; all spent solvent mixtures/ blends containing, before use, a total of ten percent or more (by volume) of one or more of the halogenated solvents listed below or those solvents listed in F001, F004, or F005; and still bottoms from the recovery of these spent solvents and spent solvent mixtures. Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene (D039) Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Ethene, tetrachloro- Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Ethene, tetrachloro- P or U series number: U210 Footnote: Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene P or U series number: U210 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS127-18-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS127-18-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
Listed as Perchloroethylene Severe Marine Pollutant: No Listed as Tetrachloroethylene Severe Marine Pollutant: No
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS127-18-4 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1897 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1897 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS127-18-4 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
HANDLING
- Tetrachloroethylene may be handled up to 140 degrees C with any common construction materials, whether air, water, or light are present or not (Lewis, 2000).
- At temperatures above 126 degrees C (258 degrees F), this compound becomes unstable and poisonous fumes are released (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
STORAGE
Tetrachloroethylene is normally shipped in glass, plastic, earthenware, or metal bottles, cans, or drums, as well as tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001). It may be stored in mild steel tanks with breathing vents and chemical driers. Green or amber glass containers may be used to safely store small quantities (HSDB , 2001).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Closed containers of tetrachloroethylene should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location out of direct sunlight. It should not be stored in locations with poor ventilation such as cellars and hollows because of its high vapor density (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997). Store at ambient room temperature (CHRIS , 2001). STABILITY AND SHELF LIFE Tetrachloroethylene is highly stable and resists hydrolysis (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998). In the absence of catalysts, moisture, and oxygen, it will remain stable up to 500 degrees C. However, it rapidly deteriorates in warm climates (HSDB , 2001). When moisture is present, pure tetrachloroethylene will be gradually decomposed by various metals (HSDB , 2001). The stability of tetrachloroethylene emulsions may be increased by diluting with arachis oil before emulsification, but emulsions will become more toxic because the absorption is increased (HSDB , 2001).
Tetrachloroethylene should be isolated from active metals such as lithium, beryllium, and barium, open flames, and combustible materials (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001). Other incompatibilities include strong oxidizers, caustic soda, sodium hydroxide, and potash (NIOSH , 2001).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when responding to an emergency involving tetrachloroethylene (NFPA, 1997).
- In areas with high vapor concentrations, an approved canister or air supplied respirator, goggles or a face shield, and plastic protective gloves should be worn (CHRIS , 2001).
- Stay upwind and do not touch spilled material or attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without proper protective clothing, including appropriate chemical protective goggles, gloves, and boots. Copious amounts of water or soap and water should be used to flush away any tetrachloroethylene which contacts the body (AAR, 2000).
- For normal handling, appropriate protective clothing should be worn to prevent repeated or prolonged dermal contact, and eye protection should be worn to prevent any reasonable possibility of eye contact (Sittig, 1991).
The skin should be promptly washed if it becomes wet or contaminated (Sittig, 1991). Work clothing should be changed every day if it is possible that it may have become wet or contaminated with this material. Clothing that is not impervious should be immediately removed if it becomes wet or contaminated with this material (Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Normal handling procedures should not rely on respirators to control inhalation exposure. Use of respirators is only appropriate under the following conditions (Sittig, 1985):
While engineering controls or work practice controls are being implemented. In conditions where work practice controls or engineering controls are not technically feasible. As a supplement to work practice controls or engineering controls when these fail to control the airborne concentrations adequately. When operations require entry into tanks or other enclosed spaces. In emergency operations.
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 127-18-4.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.
Tetrachloroethylene is noncombustible, but toxic gases such as chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may be emitted if it is heated to decomposition (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997). Personnel should approach fire involving tetrachloroethylene from upwind to avoid toxic vapors. Fire should be extinguished using an agent suitable for the surrounding fire, and flooding quantities of water should be used to cool exposed containers (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS127-18-4 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS127-18-4 (NFPA, 2002):
- Tetrachloroethylene is noncombustible. A fire control medium suitable for fires in surrounding flammable materials should be chosen (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1994).
Toxic gases such as chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may be emitted if tetrachloroethylene is heated to decomposition (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Dichloroacetylene was generated when 0.5 percent trichloroethylene was present in tetrachloroethylene as an impurity and the mixture was dried without heat over solid sodium hydroxide. Explosion occurred in the volatile fore-run after subsequent fractional distillation (Urben, 1999).
- Tetrachloroethylene reacts violently with concentrated nitric acid, yielding carbon dioxide (Sittig, 1991).
- A violent reaction occured between tetrachloroethylene and aluminum in vapor degreasers (HSDB , 2001; Urben, 1999).
- Explosion may occur when tetrachloroethylene is brought in contact with granular barium or other chemically-active metals or strong oxidizers (HSDB , 2001).
- When new galvanized steel equipment is used for the distillation of tetrachloroethylene, traces of dichloroacetylene may be generated. The latter is toxic, and it may cause an explosion if it accumulates (Urben, 1999).
- Bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)disulfide was chlorinated in wet tetrachloroethylene to produce dinitro- benzenesulfonyl chloride. When the solvent was removed by evaporation, the residue exploded (Urben, 1999).
- Heating potassium with tetrachloroethylene may result in an explosion at 97-99 degrees C. This can be prevented if the usual oxide film is removed from the potassium (Urben, 1999).
- Mixtures of lithium shavings and tetrachloroethylene are impact-sensitive and may explode violently (Urben, 1999).
- Mixtures of dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) and tetrachloroethylene are explosive when subjected to a shock equivalent to or less than 25g TNT (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Tetrachloroethylene fumes are toxic and carcinogenic (Lewis, 1998).
- Toxic gases such as chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may be emitted if tetrachloroethylene is heated to decomposition (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
- Tetrachloroethylene vapors may cause slight temporary irritation of the eyes or throat if present in high enough concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Tetrachloroethylene reacts violently under certain conditions with barium, beryllium, lithium, dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), metals and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (Lewis, 2000).
- Tetrachloroethylene should be isolated from active metals such as lithium, beryllium and barium, open flames and combustible materials (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).
Other incompatibilities include strong oxidizers (such as sulfuric and nitric acids and sulfur trioxides), caustic soda, sodium hydroxide and potash (NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).
- Tetrachloroethylene does not react with water or common materials at temperatures up to 140 degrees C, and is stable during transport (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000).
- Tetrachloroethylene may decompose, forming hexachloroethane and hexachlorobenzene, when in contact with activated charcoal at 700 degrees C (HSDB , 2001).
- Tetrachloroethylene is decomposed slowly by light and by various metals in the presence of moisture (JEF Reynolds , 1995).
- In the presence of nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (N02), tetrachloroethylene will react with long-wavelength light to form free radicals (OHM/TADS , 2001).
- Tetrachloroethylene is completely decomposed to hydrogen chloride and carbon when reacting with excess hydrogen in the presence of a reduced nickel catalyst (OHM/TADS , 2001).
- When combined with a mixture of formaldehyde and sulfuric acid, 1-hydroxy 2,2-dichloropropenoic acid (HOCH2CCl2COOH) is generated (OHM/TADS , 2001).
- This compound is synergistic with toluene (OHM/TADS , 2001).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS127-18-4 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Perchloroethylene ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 100 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 200 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1000 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS127-18-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 25 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 35 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 230 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1200 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS127-18-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Proposed Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 50 ppm mg/m3: 340 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 50 ppm mg/m3: 340 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 35 ppm mg/m3: 240 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 18 ppm mg/m3: 120 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 12 ppm mg/m3: 81 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Proposed Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 330 ppm mg/m3: 2200 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 330 ppm mg/m3: 2200 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 230 ppm mg/m3: 1600 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 120 ppm mg/m3: 810 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 81 ppm mg/m3: 550 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Tetrachloroethylene Proposed Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 690 ppm mg/m3: 4700 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 690 ppm mg/m3: 4700 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 490 ppm mg/m3: 3300 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 240 ppm mg/m3: 1600 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 170 ppm mg/m3: 1200 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS127-18-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Personnel should approach the spill from upwind and attempt to stop leaks of tetrachloroethylene if it can be done without undue hazard. Dikes should be constructed to contain the flow and prevent spilled material from entering water sources or sewers (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997). The area around a tetrachloroethylene spill should be ventilated, and spilled material should be collected for reclamation or absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or other absorbent (HSDB , 2001). Carbon or peat may also be applied to the dissolved portion of the spill (OHM/TADS , 2001).
SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Small amounts of spilled tetrachloroethylene can be absorbed on paper and evaporated on a glass dish in a hood, followed by incineration of the paper (ITI, 1995).
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 160 (ERG, 2004) Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
For land spills, a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area should be constructed to contain the spill. Surface flow should be diked by soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Bulk liquid should then be absorbed with fly ash or cement powder (AAR, 2000). For water spills involving a 10 ppm or greater concentration, activated carbon should be applied at ten times the spilled amount. Trapped material may be removed with suction hoses (AAR, 2000). For tetrachloroethylene released to air, a water spray should be used to knock down vapors and the resulting corrosive and toxic runoff water should be diked for containment (AAR, 2000).
Spilled material can be returned to the supplier or purified by distillation (ITI, 1995). Tetrachloroethylene may also be reused after recovery from waste gases (Sittig, 1991). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
A treatment known as the Perox-Pure(TM) technology was evaluated using contaminated groundwater at a Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation site in Tracy, California. The technology uses ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize dissolved tetrachloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds in groundwater. The maximum removal efficiency for tetrachloroethylene was greater than 98.7% with effluent levels below detection limits (Topudurti et al, 1994). Greater than 95 percent of the tetrachloroethylene in groundwater may be mineralized by adding ozone to the water and irradiating it with an electron beam. In this process, hydroxyl radicals are formed which oxidize the tetrachloroethylene, and only negligible amounts of chlorine-containing byproducts are formed (Gehringer et al, 1992). One study evaluated the removal of tetrachloroethylene from dry cleaning wastewater by Fenton's reaction using reticulated iron. Organic substances such as dirt and oxidized materials reduced the effectiveness of the reticulated iron. However, a combination of closed circulation treatment with reticulated iron followed by aeration-agitation effectively decomposed up to 96% of the tetrachloroethylene in the wastewater (Takemura et al, 1994). Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contaminated silica sand was effectively treated with Fenton's reagent. Sand contaminated with 1000 mg PCE/kg was mineralized in 3 hours with an initial concentration of 2.1 moles of hydrogen peroxide and 5 millimoles of FeSO4. The resulting gas chromatographic analysis revealed that dichloroacetic acid was the sole significant intermediate species generated. The experiments also showed that total dechlorination was achieved before decarboxylation occurred in the mineralization process. The first order kinetic constants for PCE and H2O2 were 1.65/H and 0.206/H, respectively (Leung et al, 1992). Environmental regulatory agencies should be consulted for recent guidance prior to land disposal of waste residue or sludge (HSDB , 2001).
Tetrachloroethylene may be biodegraded slowly, but the growth of organisms is normally supported by another source of carbon (Freeman, 1989). Several techniques are being developed to improve current bioremediation processes for tetrachloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds. Horizontal well drilling provides more efficient nutrient delivery to biorganisms and results in improved contaminant destruction. Selective vegetation planting encourages the growth of bacteria and fungi on the roots which will degrade tetrachloroethylene in the soil. Methanotrophic bioreactors provide a method for passing contaminated groundwater through a fermentor containing bacteria which use methane as the principal source of carbon and energy for effectively degrading tetrachloroethylene (DOE, 1994). A fixed-bed reactor filled with a 3:1 mixture of anaerobic sediment and anaerobic granular sludge was used to reductively dechlorinate tetrachloroethylene (PCE). The process used lactate as an electron donor and dechlorinated 9 mcM PCE to ethene. The ethene was further reduced to ethane. The mass balance on the process showed conversions of between 95 percent and 98 percent with no chlorinated compounds remaining (deBruin et al, 1992). Tetrachloroethylene was subject to reductive dechlorination in anaerobic enrichment cultures for a period of 14 to 40 days. Hydrogen served as an electron donor in transforming PCE to vinyl chloride and ethene. The results suggested that hydrogen is the electron donor used directly in the dechlorination reaction. For bioremediation of high levels of tetrachloroethylene, electron donors that generate a large hydrogen pool should be selected (Distefano et al, 1992). Complete mineralization of tetrachloroethylene to carbon dioxide may be possible in soil and aquifer systems and biological treatment processes (HSDB, 2005). Sequence of in vitro reductive dechlorination, using the transition-metal coenzymes vitamin B12 and coenzyme F430 found in anaerobic bacteria and titanium(III)citrate as reductant: CCl2CCl2 (PCE) ->CHClCCl2 (trichloroethylene) ->CHClCHCl (cis-dichloroethylene) ->CH2CHCl (vinyl chloride) ->CH2CH2 (ethylene)(Verschueren, 2001).
A cost-effective way to remove volatile organics such as tetrachloroethylene from drinking water is tower aeration (HSDB , 2001). Air stripping is effective for removal of tetrachloroethylene from water or aqueous waste streams. It has been shown to be useful in the remediation of solvent-contaminated aquifers and pretreatment of industrial wastewaters (Freeman, 1989). Although packed towers are most commonly used for air-stripping, hydraulic jets have been shown to effectively increase the air-water surface area per volume of water to be treated by forming a high pressure spray. Tetrachloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds are released to the gas phase by the turbulent conditions within the jets and can be removed by adsorption on activated carbon or other methods (Dempsey et al, 1993). In situ air stripping techniques are being developed which may replace traditional pump-and-treat or excavation remedial techniques. In situ air stripping uses two subparallel horizontal wells. Air is injected into the lower well, bubbles through the saturated layer above collecting tetrachloroethylene and other contaminants, and then air and volatilized contaminants are collected in the upper horizontal well for extraction (DOE, 1994).
A suggested method of disposal is incineration after mixing with a combustible fuel. Complete combustion must be assured to prevent phosgene formation. An acid scrubber is needed to remove halo acids formed by the process (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991). Tetrachloroethylene is a candidate for liquid injection incineration in the temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds (HSDB , 2001). Rotary kiln incineration may also be effective at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids (HSDB , 2001). Fluidized bed incineration may also be a possibility for disposing of tetrachloroethylene. A temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and longer for solids should be used (HSDB , 2001).
In situ heating technologies are showing promise as possible remediation techniques for the removal of tetrachloroethylene and other volatile organics. These techniques include radio frequency and electrical resistance (alternating current) heating of contaminated soils. Other specialized techniques are also being developed which will help reduce atmospheric emissions and ensure more complete destruction of volatile organic compounds (DOE, 1994). Ninety-nine percent of this compound is destroyed at 890 degrees C incineration temperature, using a residence time of 2 seconds and low oxygen (Verschueren, 2001). PCE can photodegrade to dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in the presence of UV radiation and titanium dioxide, a photocatalytic semiconductor. Degradation occurs when tetrachloroethylene is treated in a recirculating reactor at pH 8, under a blanket of air (Glaze et al, 1993).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
Tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene (PCE) is not a naturally-occurring substance. Fugitive air emissions are the most likely way for PCE to enter the environment. The primary sources are vapor losses from dry cleaning establishments and metal degreasing facilities, and wastewaters from metal and chemical manufacturing industries. PCE has been detected in rain (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990). PCE releases to surface water are minor compared to atmospheric emissions, although it has been detected in many US groundwater sources. In drinking water wells, the highest levels were measured near areas of significant pollution. PCE was found in 38% of 9,232 surface water sampling sites throughout the United States ((ATSDR, 1997)). Water pollution may result from discharge of PCE-containing waste water or from leaching from vinyl liners in water pipelines. Small amounts of PCE may form during chlorination treatment of drinking water (HSDB, 2005). Soil contamination can occur by leaching when tetrachloroethylene-containing sludge is placed in landfills ((ATSDR, 1997)). PCE has been detected in samples of water, fish, aquatic mammals, birds, marine algae, fruit-containing products, fats, oils and grain. The organism concentration depends on the geographic origin of the samples, but is typically in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range (HSDB, 2005).
Most PCE exposures occur in occupational settings, with the heaviest PCE usage found in the textile and dry cleaning industries (69%), metal cleaning and degreasing (16%), and in chemical manufacturing where PCE is used as an intermediate (12%) (Sittig, 1991a). Following heavy exposure, a portion of PCE is stored in body fat, where it is slowly released into the bloodstream and sometimes detectable in the breath for weeks following exposure ((ATSDR, 1997)).
- GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE
The general population's exposure to PCE is primarily through inhalation; although exposure varies widely depending on a person's proximity to point source emissions ((ATSDR, 1997)). During an assessment made under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, the general Canadian population was found to be exposed to tetrachloroethylene primarily from indoor air. Overall mean concentrations from indoor air levels were approximately 5.1 mcg/m(3), with an estimated intake of 1.2 to 1.9 mcg/kg body weight/day. Estimated intakes of PCE from outdoor ambient air, drinking water, and food were much lower (Liteplo & Meek, 1994).
PCE levels were significantly higher in homes of persons working in dry cleaning establishments than in control homes, suggesting possible non-occupational exposure for family members of these workers (Aggazzotti et al, 1994). Residual PCE may be present on dry-cleaned clothing. Increased ambient PCE concentrations have been measured in a room where dry-cleaned clothing was stored (7.4 mcg/m(3) compared with 1.6 mcg/m(3) outdoors) (Kawauchi & Nishiyama, 1989). Individuals residing near dry cleaning facilities using PCE have been found to have appreciable amounts of PCE in their exhaled breath. These breath levels decreased with increasing distance from the exposure source (Finkel, 1983).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Tetrachloroethylene exists predominantly as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere, due to its vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C (HSDB, 2005). Photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can degrade vapor-phase PCE. Reported half-lives for this reaction include: 47 days (Verschueren, 2001);119 to 251 days ((ATSDR, 1997)); and 96 days (given a rate constant of 1.67 x 10(-13)cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 deg C) (HSDB, 2005). The estimated half-life for complete PCE degradation by photooxidation is 2 months; complete degradation may also take only 1 hour (Howard, 1990). Direct photolysis is not an important environmental fate process, as PCE's atmospheric rate loss is dependent on radiation in the 280-330 nm wavelength range. Its rate loss is not affected by the presence of nitrogen oxide (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990). PCE's atmospheric half-life for reaction with ozone is 4,700 days. The main degradation products of this reaction are phosgene and trichloroacetyl chloride (OHM/TADS, 2005; Verschueren, 2001). When exposed to sunlight, some photodegradation occurs in air-saturated water (Howard, 1990).
SURFACE WATER Volatilization is the principal removal process for PCE released to surface water. The volatilization process can be relatively rapid, given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997); Howard, 1990). Volatilization is the major process during all seasons, although measured half-lives show seasonal fluctuations. Actual volatilization rates depend on temperature, water movement and depth, air movement, and other factors, but appear to be independent of concentration ((ATSDR, 1997); Howard et al, 1991). Volatilization half-lives for PCE measured over 1 year were 25 days for spring; 11 days for winter, and 14 days for summer (Howard, 1990). Other reported volatilization half-lives include: 5 to 12 days (ponds); 3 hours to 7 days (rivers); and 3.6 to 14 days (lakes) (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990)1 to 4.2 hours from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity 3 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997))5 days from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity 0.5 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997))24 minutes in water (OHM/TADS, 2005)3.2 minutes in distilled water (HSDB, 2005) 5 to 12 days (ponds); 3 hours to 7 days (rivers); and 3.6 to 14 days (lakes) (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990) 1 to 4.2 hours from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity 3 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997)) 5 days from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity 0.5 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997)) 24 minutes in water (OHM/TADS, 2005) 3.2 minutes in distilled water (HSDB, 2005)
5 to 12 days (ponds); 3 hours to 7 days (rivers); and 3.6 to 14 days (lakes) (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990) 1 to 4.2 hours from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity 3 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997)) 5 days from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity 0.5 m/sec) (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997)) 24 minutes in water (OHM/TADS, 2005) 3.2 minutes in distilled water (HSDB, 2005)
In a natural pond, 25 ppm PCE disappeared (undetectable) after 5 days, and 250 ppm disappeared after 36 days (Howard, 1990).
At 25 degrees C, 90% of PCE (1 mg/L solution) reportedly volatilized from water surfaces in 72-90 minutes, and 50% evaporated in 24-28 minutes (Verschueren, 2001).
Photolysis and hydrolysis are not expected to be significant removal processes for PCE in water, although the presence of oxygen can accelerate hydrolysis (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005). Hydrolysis generally occurs only at elevated temperatures and high pH levels (9.2) ((ATSDR, 1997)). PCE has an estimated hydrolytic half-life of 10(9) years at 25 degrees C and pH 7 (Verschueren, 2001). In the absence of air, the hydrolysis rate is 0.1 mg/L/day (OHM/TADS, 2005).
In water, PCE decomposes slowly to trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. In the presence of ozone it degrades to phosgene and trichloroacetyl chloride. Its hydrolytic half-life is 9 months in light (OHM/TADS, 2005). PCE's potential for adsorption to suspended solids and sediments is low, given estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values of 200-237. Increases in sediment organic matter content can increase adsorption (HSDB, 2005).
GROUND WATER Based on calculated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values from 238 to 1685, PCE can slowly leach to groundwater (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990). Although PCE can leach rapidly through soil to groundwater, leaching may be retarded in soils with high organic carbon content ((ATSDR, 1997)).
TERRESTRIAL Volatilization is considered a potentially important fate process for PCE released to soil, given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-m(3)/mole. Volatilization may also occur from dry soil surfaces given a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2005). PCE's half-lives in soil can be relatively long, given reported volatilization rates that range up to 100-fold slower in soil versus water ((ATSDR, 1997)). Reported volatilization half-life ranges in soil include 1.2-5.4 hours in sandy loam and 1.9-5.2 hours in organic topsoil (HSDB, 2005).
PCE's potential mobility in soil is rated medium to high, based on experimentally determined organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values of 177 to 534. ((ATSDR, 1997)). Based on calculated Koc values from 238 to 1685, PCE's potential mobility in soils is rated slow to medium (HSDB, 2005; Howard, 1990).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Tetrachloroethylene likely exists solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere, given a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C. PCE degradation by biological or chemical processes is typically slow; hence, PCE can persist in the atmosphere and undergo long-range transport. Monitoring data have shown PCE's presence far distant from emission sources. Wet deposition may be a significant removal process based on PCE's solubility in water and its detection in rainwater samples. Dry deposition is not expected to be a significant fate process. Photodegradation occurs rapidly in the stratosphere. Hydrolysis and direct photolysis are not important environmental fate processes in the atmosphere. Phosgene is the principal abiotic atmospheric degradation product; other by-products include carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetyl chloride, and trichloroacetyl chloride (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997); Howard et al, 1991; Howard, 1990).
- Volatilization is the primary removal process for PCE released to surface water. This process can occur relatively rapidly, although seasonal fluctuations can occur. Reported half-lives range from 5 to 12 days (in ponds); and 3 hours to 7 days (in rivers); and 3.6 to 14 days (in lakes). Actual volatilization rates depend on temperature, water movement and depth, air movement, and other factors, and appear to be independent of concentration. Volatilization rates for soil are much slower than those for water. Hydrolysis is not an important removal process for PCE in soil (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997); Howard, 1990).
BIODEGRADATION
- Biodegradation of PCE may be the most important transformation process in natural waters ((ATSDR, 1997)).
- No evidence of PCE biodegradation was found in several experiments using aerobic conditions, whereas slow biodegradation was seen under anaerobic conditions, using acclimated microorganisms. Biodegradation removal rates depend on specific column conditions, acclimatization status of the cultures and detention times (Howard, 1990).
- PCE biodegradation is possible with appropriate inocula and microbial adaptations and is most likely due to reductive dehalogenation by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions (HSDB, 2005; (ATSDR, 1997)).
A Pseudomonas sp. bacterium was found to biodegrade PCE, which it uses as its sole source of metabolic carbon under aerobic conditions (Deckard et al, 1994). Growth of the microorganisms is normally supported by another source of carbon to keep the degradation process going (Freeman, 1989).
BIOACCUMULATION
In humans, PCE primarily accumulates in fatty tissue (100-fold) and to a lesser degree in fleshy tissue (10-fold) (OHM/TADS, 2005). One study reported a BCF of 30.6 for Americans with a diet containing contaminated fresh and saltwater organisms (OHM/TADS, 2005).
Tetrachloroethylene bioconcentration potential in fish and aquatic organisms is considered low to moderate, given a bioconcentration factor(BCF) range of 26-77 (HSDB, 2005). Other reported BCFs for PCE in fish range from 1 to 100 ((ATSDR, 1997)).
BLUE MUSSEL: 25.7 (BCF) ((ATSDR, 1997)) BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 49 (BCF) (HSDB, 2005; Verschueren, 2001) CARP: 26-77 (BCF) at 0.1 mg/L and 28-76 (BCF) at 0.01 mg/L tetrachloroethylene for 8 weeks (HSDB, 2005) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 39 - 115 (BCF) (HSDB, 2005) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 62 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001) KILLIFISH: 13.4 (BCF) ((ATSDR, 1997)) RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 39 (BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
The effect of low PCE concentrations on aquatic life is not fully known, but the material may be harmful if it enters water intakes (CHRIS, 2005). PCE may smother benthic plant life (OHM/TADS, 2005).
FRESHWATER: LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 18 ppm for 7D -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 18.4 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 21.4 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 15.7 ppm for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (OHM/TADS, 2005) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 0.84 ppm -- embryo-larval stage, conditions of bioassay not specified (OHM/TADS, 2005) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 18 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 21 mg/L for 96H; static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 46 mg/L for 24H -- 21 to 23 degrees C (95% confidence limit, 11 to 15 mg/L), conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 13 mg/L for 96H -- 21 to 23 degrees C (95% confidence limit 11 to 15 mg/L), conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 12,900 mcg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005) LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 23 mg/L for 24H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 18 mg/L for 96H -- static bioassay (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 18 mg/L for 48H -- 22 degrees C, static bioassay, 173 ppm as CaCO3 (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 5 mg/L for 96H -- 12 degrees C, static bioassay (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - DAB (Limanda limanda): 5 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - MIDGE (Tanytarsus dissimilis): 30,840 mcg/L for 48H -- static bioassay (HSDB, 2005) LC50 - INLAND SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 10 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001) MATC - INLAND SILVERSIDE (Menidia beryllina): 0.45 mg/L (Verschueren, 2001)
SALTWATER: LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP: 10.2 ppm for 96H -- static, unmeasured (OHM/TADS, 2005) LC50 - MYSID SHRIMP: 0.45 ppm for entire life cycle (OHM/TADS, 2005) LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 29.4 to 52.2 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2005)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, clear, noncombustible, volatile liquid with a sweet ethereal or chloroform-like odor (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1996; (CHRIS , 2001; NIOSH , 2001).
- Tetrachloroethylene sinks in water and produces an irritating vapor (CHRIS , 2001).
- When discharged into water, this compound will accumulate at the bottom (OHM/TADS , 2001).
- Tetrachloroethylene is an extremely stable liquid (Lewis, 1997).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 14 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 15.8 mmHg (at 22 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
- 18.49 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
- 20 mmHg (at 26.3 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)
- 1.9 kPa (at 20 degrees C)(Bingham et al, 2001)
- 13 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)
- 24 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 45 mmHg (at 40 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.6311 (at 15 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000) 1.6230 (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) 1.625 (at 20 degrees/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997) 1.6226 (at 20 degrees/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
1.6311 g/mL (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000) 1.6230 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) 1.625 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001) 1.6226 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-22.4 degrees C; -8.3 degrees F; 250.8 K (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2001) -22.35 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
-22 degrees C; -8 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997) -23.35 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000) -19 degrees C (Howard, 1990) -23 degrees (Verschueren, 2001) -22.4 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
BOILING POINT
- 121 degrees C; 250 degrees F; 394K (Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)
FLASH POINT
- Not applicable (NIOSH , 2001)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
Tetrachloroethylene is not soluble in water (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997). 0.015 g/100 mL water (water temperature 20 degrees C) (IARC, 1979; (Bingham et al, 2001). 150 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990; Verschueren, 2001) It is soluble in about 10,000 volumes of water, or 0.02% by weight (Budavari, 1996; NIOSH , 2001).
Tetrachloroethylene is soluble in benzene, chloroform, ethanol, and ethyl ether (Bingham et al, 2001). It is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, hexane and most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1996; (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- Log Kow = 2.88 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
- Log Kow=3.40 (Howard, 1990)
- Log Poct=2.53 (Verschueren, 2001)
- Log Poct=2.6 (Verschueren, 2001)
- Log Poct=2.88 (Verschueren, 2001)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 1.1 X 10(3) atm (at 20 degrees C) (Corbitt, 1990)
- 2.87 X 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)
- 1.77 X 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
- 1.49 X 10(-2) atm-m(3)/mole (Howard, 1990)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
-REFERENCES
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- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
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