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TEREPHTHALIC ACID

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Terephthalic acid is prepared by the oxidation of para-methylacetophenone (Budavari, 1989). It forms polyesters with glycol compounds which are made into plastic films and sheets (Budavari, 1989). It is combustible (Sax & Lewis, 1987; HSDB , 1993).
    1) It is also used in analytical chemistry (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1993).
    2) Terephthalic acid is used in the production of linear polyester fibers, films, and crystalline polyester resins, in combination with glycols (Sax & Lewis, 1987; HSDB , 1993).
    3) It is a reagent for alkalis in wool, and an additive in poultry feeds (Sax & Lewis, 1987; HSDB , 1993).
    4) It has been used in attempts to increase the effectiveness of certain antibiotics (HSDB , 1993).

Specific Substances

    1) TEREPHTHALIC ACID
    2) ACIDE TEREPHTALIQUE (French)
    3) p-BENZENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
    4) 1,4-BENZENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
    5) KYSELINA TEREFTALOVA (Czech)
    6) TA 12
    7) TA-33MP
    8) MOLECULAR FORMULA: C8-H6-O4
    9) WISWESSER NOTATION: QVR DVQ
    10) NIOSH/RTECS WZ 0875000
    11) CAS 100-21-0
    12) References: RTECS, 1993
    13) ACIDE TEREPHTHALIQUE (FRENCH)
    14) TPA (TEREPHTHALIC ACID)
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C8-H6-O4

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Terephthalic acid appears as white crystals or powder (Lewis, 1992; Budavari, 1989).
    2) GRADES (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1993)
    a) Commercial
    b) Fiber
    c) Technical (Maximum Moisture Content, 0.5 wt%; 98.5 wt%, minimum)
    d) Polymer (Ash, 15 ppm Maximum; Maximum Moisture Content, 0.5 wt%; greater than 98.5 wt%)
    B) USES
    1) It is used in analytical chemistry, as a reagent for alkali in wool, and as an additive to poultry feeds. It forms polyesters with glycols which are made into plastic films and sheets (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1987).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Terephthalic Acid is a mild respiratory tract and eye irritant. In experimental animals, it is mildly toxic by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
    1) In general, phthalate compounds are of a low order of toxicity among chemicals used in industrial settings. They are not appreciably absorbed by the dermal or inhalation routes.
    B) Terephthalic acid causes aciduria, elevated calcium and magnesium excretion, and slightly elevated serum magnesium and calcium levels in rats.
    1) Terephthalic acid induced urinary bladder calculi and urinary system transitional cell hyperplasia in experimental animals.
    2) In dogs, sublethal terephthalic acid injection caused a decrease in aortic blood pressure.
    3) In rats chronically exposed to terephthalic acid, a decreased uptake of norepinephrine by grey matter snyaptosomes and activation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase and monoamine oxidase in the cerebral hemispheres has been noted.
    C) When heated to decomposition, terephthalic acid may release irritating fumes and acrid smoke which might cause respiratory tract irritation if inhaled.
    0.2.3) VITAL SIGNS
    A) Decreased blood pressure has been reported in dogs.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye and upper respiratory tract irritation may occur.
    0.2.5) CARDIOVASCULAR
    A) Human data are lacking. In dogs, terephthalic acid caused a decline in aortic blood pressure.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Terephthalic Acid is a mild respiratory tract irritant.
    B) Human data are lacking. When injected into dogs, a sublethal dose of terephthalic acid increased pulmonary resistance, decreased pulmonary compliance, and stimulated respiration.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Human data are lacking. Neuroendocrine changes have been noted in exposed rats.
    0.2.10) GENITOURINARY
    A) Human data are lacking.
    B) Experimental animals have developed bladder calculi, aciduria, elevated urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, slightly elevated serum calcium and magnesium levels, and transitional cell hyperplasia.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Human data are lacking.
    B) Rats exposed to aerosols by inhalation did not develop significant toxic effects in the dams or fetuses, and no teratogenic effects were observed.
    1) Terephthalic acid was transported across the placenta; however, the concentrations in fetal tissues were LOW compared to those in maternal tissues.
    C) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) No data are available to assess the carcinogenic potential of terephthalic acid in humans.
    B) In chronic feeding studies in experimental animals, terephthalic acid caused urinary bladder stones -- and as a consequence -- chronic bladder injury resulting in BLADDER TUMORS.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Monitor serum electrolytes, including magnesium and calcium levels, in patients with significant exposure.
    B) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    C) Monitor urine pH in patients with significant exposure.
    D) Monitor the chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Because of the generally LOW order of toxicity following terephthalic acid ingestion, GI decontamination is generally not necessary.
    B) Administering activated charcoal might decrease systemic absorption following a large, recent ingestion.
    1) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) MONITORING PARAMETERS
    1) Although not reported in humans, terephthalic acid may cause derangements of serum magnesium and calcium levels, aciduria, and bladder calculi.
    a) Monitor serum electrolytes, including calcium and magnesium. Correct as indicated. Monitor urine pH.
    b) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
    C) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    D) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Terephthalic Acid is a mild respiratory tract and eye irritant. In experimental animals, it is mildly toxic by the intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
    1) In general, phthalate compounds are of a low order of toxicity among chemicals used in industrial settings. They are not appreciably absorbed by the dermal or inhalation routes.
    B) Terephthalic acid causes aciduria, elevated calcium and magnesium excretion, and slightly elevated serum magnesium and calcium levels in rats.
    1) Terephthalic acid induced urinary bladder calculi and urinary system transitional cell hyperplasia in experimental animals.
    2) In dogs, sublethal terephthalic acid injection caused a decrease in aortic blood pressure.
    3) In rats chronically exposed to terephthalic acid, a decreased uptake of norepinephrine by grey matter snyaptosomes and activation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase and monoamine oxidase in the cerebral hemispheres has been noted.
    C) When heated to decomposition, terephthalic acid may release irritating fumes and acrid smoke which might cause respiratory tract irritation if inhaled.

Vital Signs

    3.3.1) SUMMARY
    A) Decreased blood pressure has been reported in dogs.
    3.3.4) BLOOD PRESSURE
    A) In dogs, sublethal terephthalic acid injection caused a decrease in aortic blood pressure (HSDB , 1993).

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye and upper respiratory tract irritation may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Eye irritation may occur (RTECS , 1993; Lewis, 1992).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) Terephthalic acid is a mild respiratory tract irritant (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992; RTECS , 1993; HSDB , 1993; Anon, 1988).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) Terephthalic acid is a mild respiratory tract irritant (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992; RTECS , 1993; HSDB , 1993; Anon, 1988).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human data are lacking. In dogs, terephthalic acid caused a decline in aortic blood pressure.
    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE
    1) Human data are lacking. In dogs, terephthalic acid caused a decline in aortic blood pressure (Grigas et al, 1971).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Terephthalic Acid is a mild respiratory tract irritant.
    B) Human data are lacking. When injected into dogs, a sublethal dose of terephthalic acid increased pulmonary resistance, decreased pulmonary compliance, and stimulated respiration.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Terephthalic acid is a mild respiratory tract irritant (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992; RTECS , 1993; HSDB , 1993; Anon, 1988).
    B) RHINITIS
    1) RAT - In rats, only a dose-related rhinorrhea was noted. There were no adverse effects on pulmonary histopathology, pulmonary function, or bronchiolar lavage findings (p 3).
    C) RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    1) DOG - When injected into dogs, a sublethal dose of terephthalic acid increased pulmonary resistance, decreased pulmonary compliance, and stimulated respiration (Grigas et al, 1971).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human data are lacking. Neuroendocrine changes have been noted in exposed rats.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FINDING
    1) Human data are lacking. Neuroendocrine changes have been noted in exposed rats.
    B) DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
    1) In rats chronically exposed to terephthalic acid, a decreased uptake of norepinephrine by grey matter synaptosomes and activation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase and monoamine oxidase in the cerebral hemispheres has been reported (HSDB , 1993; Davidenko et al, 1984).

Genitourinary

    3.10.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human data are lacking.
    B) Experimental animals have developed bladder calculi, aciduria, elevated urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, slightly elevated serum calcium and magnesium levels, and transitional cell hyperplasia.
    3.10.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CRYSTALLURIA
    1) Human data are lacking. Experimental animals have developed bladder calculi, aciduria, elevated urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, slightly elevated serum calcium and magnesium levels, and transitional cell hyperplasia.
    B) HYPERCALCEMIA
    1) Feeding 4.0% terephthalic acid in the diet of experimental animals for two weeks caused ACIDURIA, ELEVATED CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM EXCRETION, and slightly elevated SERUM MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM LEVELS (HSDB , 1993; Wolkowski-Tyl & Chin, 1983).
    C) URINARY BLADDER STONE
    1) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) Terephthalic acid induced urinary bladder calculi in experimental animals (HSDB , 1993; Wolkowski-Tyl & Chin, 1983; Heck, 1981; Heck et al, 1985).
    1) Weaning rats are more susceptible to these effects than mature rats (Heck et al, 1985).
    2) HUMANS
    a) Calculations indicate that humans would have to systemically absorb more than 2.0 grams of terephthalic acid daily to be at risk for developing urinary bladder stones (Heck et al, 1985).
    1) Exposure to such large quantities is rare (Heck et al, 1985).
    D) NEOPLASM OF KIDNEY
    1) Terephthalic acid induced transitional cell hyperplasia in the urinary systems of experimental animals (HSDB , 1993).
    E) ABNORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
    1) When administered directly into the renal portal circulation of chickens, terephthalic acid was both actively secreted and reabsorbed (Tremaine & Quebbemann, 1985).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Human data are lacking.
    B) Rats exposed to aerosols by inhalation did not develop significant toxic effects in the dams or fetuses, and no teratogenic effects were observed.
    1) Terephthalic acid was transported across the placenta; however, the concentrations in fetal tissues were LOW compared to those in maternal tissues.
    C) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) HUMANS
    a) Human data are lacking.
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) In rats administered 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/m(3) of terephthalic acid in particulate aerosols by inhalation on gestational days 6 through 15 for 6 hours/day, there were no significant toxic effects to the dams or fetuses, and no teratogenic effects to the fetuses (Ryan et al, 1990).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) HUMANS
    a) Human data are lacking.
    B) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Terephthalic acid was transported across the placenta in rats (HSDB , 1993). However, the concentrations in fetal tissues were LOW compared to those in maternal tissues (HSDB , 1993). Rat pups developed renal calculi only after birth when they began self-feeding with a diet containing terephthalic acid (HSDB , 1993).
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS100-21-0 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) No data are available to assess the carcinogenic potential of terephthalic acid in humans.
    B) In chronic feeding studies in experimental animals, terephthalic acid caused urinary bladder stones -- and as a consequence -- chronic bladder injury resulting in BLADDER TUMORS.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) HUMANS
    a) No data are available to assess the carcinogenic potential of terephthalic acid in humans.
    B) BLADDER CARCINOMA
    1) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) In chronic feeding studies in experimental animal studies, terephthalic acid may cause urinary bladder stones -- and as a consequence -- chronic bladder injury resulting in BLADDER TUMORS (Heck et al, 1985).

Genotoxicity

    A) Terephthalic acid was NOT mutagenic in CHO cells when tested as a mixture in Disperse Red 11 Colored Smoke Munitions.
    B) EPA GENETOX PROGRAM (1988) - Negative; Cell transform.-SA7/SHE

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Monitor serum electrolytes, including magnesium and calcium levels, in patients with significant exposure.
    B) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    C) Monitor urine pH in patients with significant exposure.
    D) Monitor the chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor serum electrolytes, including magnesium and calcium levels, in patients with significant exposure.
    2) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) Monitor urine pH in patients with significant exposure.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) Monitor the chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.

Methods

    A) CHROMATOGRAPHY
    1) A procedure that can isolate terephthalic acid along with phthalate esters has been described.
    a) It involves hydrolysis to free phthalate esters and metabolites to free phthalic acid, recovery and esterification of the acid, and quantification with gas chromatography, with a limit of detection of 0.5 nmol of total phthalate/mL of urine (HSDB , 1993).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) Monitor serum electrolytes, including magnesium and calcium levels, in patients with significant exposure.
    B) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    C) Monitor urine pH in patients with significant exposure.
    D) Monitor the chest x-ray in patients with significant exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    1) Exposure to airborne terephthalic acid may cause respiratory tract and eye irritation.
    2) Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.
    B) ORAL EXPOSURE
    1) Because of the generally low order of toxicity following terephthalic acid ingestion, GI decontamination is generally not necessary.
    2) Administering activated charcoal might decrease systemic absorption following a large, recent ingestion.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Because of the generally low order of toxicity following terephthalic acid ingestion, GI decontamination is generally not necessary .
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) Administering activated charcoal might decrease systemic absorption following large, recent ingestions.
    2) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Although not reported in humans, terephthalic acid may cause derangements of serum magnesium and calcium levels, aciduria, and bladder calculi.
    a) Monitor serum electrolytes, including calcium and magnesium. Correct as indicated. Monitor urine pH.
    b) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
    2) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    3) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
    B) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Although not reported in humans, terephthalic acid may cause derangements of serum magnesium and calcium levels, aciduria, and bladder calculi.
    a) Monitor serum electrolytes, including calcium and magnesium. Correct as indicated. Monitor urine pH.
    b) This agent may cause nephrotoxicity. Monitor renal function tests and urinalysis in patients with significant exposure.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) TOXICITY UNLIKELY - Systemic toxicity is unlikely following dermal exposure.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS100-21-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Terephthalic acid
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 10 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
    d) Molecular Weight: 166.13
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:
    b) Under Study
    1) Terephthalic acid
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA:
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
    d) Molecular Weight:
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS100-21-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS100-21-0 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Terephthalic acid
    2) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Terephthalic acid
    3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    4) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    5) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    6) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    7) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS100-21-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1993
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1430 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 18,800 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Terephthalic acid is a direct irritant of the eyes and mucous membranes (HSDB , 1993).
    B) Terephthalic acid forms bladder calculi in experimental animals (HSDB , 1993). These calculi are composed of calcium terephthalate (HSDB , 1993).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Terephthalic Acid is a crystalline, needle, or powder solid (Budavari, 1989; Sax & Lewis, 1987; Lewis, 1992; HSDB , 1993).
    1) It is white or colorless in water (HSDB , 1993).
    2) It has a slightly acidic odor (HSDB , 1993).
    3) Hazardous polymerization will not occur (HSDB , 1993).

Ph

    1) No information found at the time of this review.

Molecular Weight

    A) 166.13 (Budavari, 1989)

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
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