TELLURIUM AND COMPOUNDS

It is used as a coloring agent in chinaware, porcelains, enamels, and glass; reagent in producing black finish on silverware; in the manufacture of special alloys of marked electrical resistance; and in semiconductor research (Budavari, 1996).
It is also used as a secondary rubber vulcanizing agent; in the manufacture of iron and stainless-steel castings; in thermoelectric devices; as a catalyst; and used with lithium in storage batteries for spacecraft (Lewis, 1993).
INDUSTRIAL USES (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Blackadder & Manderson, 1975):

VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER: Tellurium increases heat, abrasion, and aging resistance.
COLORING AGENT: Tellurium is used in the glass and ceramics industry as a coloring agent.
CATALYST: Tellurium is a catalyst in the chemical industry.
LAMPS: Tellurium vapor is used in daylight lamps.
Elemental tellurium is used as an additive to copper and iron, as a coloring agent in ceramics, in thermoelectric devices, in vulcanizing rubber, and in storage batteries.
METAL ALLOYS: Tellurium is alloyed with iron, steel, and copper to improve machinability and improve surface resistance to wear and corrosion.

MEDICINAL USES (Blackadder & Manderson, 1975):

NO LONGER RECOMMENDED: Tellurium compounds have been used as a sedative and as a treatment for night sweats in phthisis and to treat syphilis.
INVESTIGATIONAL: Selected tellurium compounds have been studied as immunomodulators (Sredni et al, 1987; Nyska et al, 1989) and as anti-sickling agents (Kurantsin-Mills et al, 1988).
BACTERIOLOGY: Tellurium is used in diagnostic tests for diphtheria.

FORMS

Elemental tellurium has a bright luster, is brittle, readily powders, and burns slowly in air. It exists in 2 allotropic forms, as a powder and in the hexagonal crystalline form (isomorphous) with gray selenium (Bingham et al, 2001).

SOURCES

Tellurium is contained in the earth's crust at a concentration of about 0.002 ppm. During the refining of blister copper, tellurium is recovered from anode muds. It is also found in various sulfide ores along with selenium; it is produced as a by-product of metal refineries (Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

There have been no reports of workers dying or having serious poisoning from exposure to tellurium or its compounds. However, accidental deaths have occurred. Two of three patients accidentally injected with sodium tellurite in place of sodium iodide died. Tellurium is considered to be less toxic than selenium, but tellurides appear to be more toxic than selenurites.

ACUTE EXPOSURE effects may include acute respiratory irritation followed by the development of garlicky odor of the breath and sweat. The skin may develop a blue-black discoloration. Systemic effects may consist of fatigue, somnolence, dizziness, alopecia, headache, and gastritis.

CHRONIC EXPOSURE effects may include garlic breath, metallic taste, decreased sweating, dry mouth, fatigue, lassitude, anorexia and nausea.

A garlicky odor of the breath and sweat is an effect seen with tellurium and its compounds, and is considered a good indicator of tellurium absorption. It is thought to be due to the generation of dimethyl telluride. This odor is also found in urine, feces, and internal organs of sacrificed animals. Ingestion of as little as 40 mcg of soluble tellurium may cause the unusual breath odor.

ANIMALS - Tellurium hexafluoride is considered seriously toxic by inhalation and may produce respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, cardiovascular collapse and death in experimental animals. Tellurium hexafluoride is five times as potent as selenium hexafluoride at the same concentrations. Adverse neurologic and reproductive effects have been seen in experimental animals, but not in humans.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

No information on the extent of tellurium absorption from the lungs or following ingestion was found at th time of this review. A garlic breath odor in persons with dermal exposure is evidence of uptake and metabolism (Friberg et al, 1986). Some tellurium compounds can cause skin burns and rashes.

Inhalation of the VAPOR, which would contain some tellurium dioxide, has caused cough, shivering, pallor, general weakness, fever, and elevated white blood cell counts, similar to the symptoms of metal fume fever (Friberg et al, 1986). Amnesia and black-green discoloration of the tongue and nasopharynx have also occurred following exposure to the vapor (Friberg et al, 1986).

Acute exposure to tellurium and its compounds in experimental animals has caused bleeding and damage in the liver, kidneys, nervous system, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract (Friberg et al, 1986; Smialek et al, 1994). Peripheral neuropathy (segmental demyelination) with paralysis of the hind limbs, anemia, and damage to the heart have occurred in exposed experimental animals (Wagner et al, 1995).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Exposure to tellurium dust causes a characteristic garlic odor of the breath. Tellurium appears to be more potent than selenium for producing this effect. Other symptoms of chronic occupational exposure include loss of appetite, nausea, reduced sweating, metallic taste, somnolence, and dryness of the mouth (Friberg et al, 1986).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Elemental tellurium is poorly absorbed, but its more soluble compounds may undergo some oral absorption.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

There are no studies on the use of activated charcoal in tellurium overdoses. However, due to the low toxicity of activated charcoal, it should be tried if significant amounts of tellurium compounds have been ingested.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

CASE REPORTS

The following information is for TELLURIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS -

Two fatalities occurred after unintentional treatment with 2 grams of sodium tellurite by ureteral catheter. The patients died 6 hours post-treatment after experiencing emesis, dyspnea, cyanosis, loss of consciousness, stupor, and renal pain. Autopsy revealed acute fatty degeneration and edema of the liver (ACGIH, 1991).

ANIMAL DATA

RATS - Intratracheal instillation of 100 mg doses of tellurium caused fatalities in rats (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

The following information is for TELLURIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS -

Tellurites and tellurates in concentrations of 25 to 50 ppm placed in the diets of animals proved toxic (ACGIH, 1991).
One study determined that the oxide (TeO2) was more toxic to rats than elemental tellurium after intratracheal instillation, but particle size appeared to be the critical factor. Deaths followed intratracheal instillation of 40 mg of finely divided tellurium oxide (TeO2), while the animals survived after 50 mg of coarse material. In addition, 100 mg of tellurium, as well as of the less finely divided TeO2 also caused fatalities (ACGIH, 1991; Geary et al, 1978).
As little as 0.5 mcg produced the garlicky odor for 30 hours. Fifteen mg produced an effect for 279 days (Blackadder & Manderson, 1975; Steinberg et al, 1942).

OCCUPATIONAL

Iron foundry workers exposed to concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/m(3) complained of a garlic odor of the breath and sweat, dryness of the mouth and a metallic taste, somnolence, anorexia, and occasional nausea. Urinary concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.06 mg/L (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Elemental tellurium had only a slight effect on the growth of rats after feeding at concentrations up to 1500 ppm (ACGIH, 1991).
Dietary administration of 500 to 3000 ppm tellurium to pregnant rats resulted in an increased incidence of fetal encephalopathy (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13494-80-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tellurium and compounds (NOS), as Te, excluding hydrogen telluride
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tellurium and compounds (NOS), as Te, excluding hydrogen telluride
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Tellurium and compounds (as Te)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRATRACHEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13494-80-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Tellurium and compounds (NOS), as Te, excluding hydrogen telluride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Halitosis
Molecular Weight: 127.6

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Tellurium and compounds (NOS), as Te, excluding hydrogen telluride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Halitosis
Molecular Weight: 127.6

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS13494-80-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13494-80-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Tellurium and compounds (as Te)
REL:

TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL and PEL also applies to other tellurium compounds (as Te) except Tellurium hexafluoride and Bismuth telluride.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 25 mg Te/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Tellurium and compounds (as Te)
Table Z-1 for Tellurium and compounds (as Te):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.1

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS13494-80-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS13494-80-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS13494-80-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Tellurium

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3284 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Tellurium compound, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3284
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB7, IP1, T6, TP33

IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Tellurium compound, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3284
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T6, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Tellurium compound, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3284
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3284 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Tellurium compound, n.o.s.
UN Number: 3284

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS13494-80-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Tellurium tarnishes slightly in air (HSDB , 1994).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 13494-80-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
The fire hazard of tellurium is moderate in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents (HSDB , 1994).
Reactions with zinc, chlorine, fluorine, and solid sodium are vigorous and have a potential to cause fires (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
Tellurium burns slowly in air with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide (Budavari, 1989; (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS13494-80-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS13494-80-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of tellurium (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

A finely divided suspension of elemental tellurium in air can be exploded (HSDB , 1994).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of tellurium (Lewis, 1992).

The fire hazard of tellurium is moderate in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents (HSDB , 1994).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

The fire hazard of tellurium is moderate in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents (HSDB, 1998).

Reactions with zinc, chlorine, fluorine, and solid sodium are vigorous and have a potential to cause fires (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of tellurium (Lewis, 1992).

A finely divided suspension of elemental tellurium in air can be exploded (HSDB, 1998).

Tellurium is not attacked by hydrochloric acid. It reacts with nitric acid; with concentrated or fuming sulfuric acids, forming a red solution; and in the presence of air, it dissolves in potassium hydroxide with formation of a deep-red solution. Tellurium combines with the halogens. It does not react with sulfur or selenium (Budavari, 1996).

Lithium silicide attacks tellurium with incandescence. Incandescence also occurs when tellurium and potassium are warmed in an atmosphere of hydrogen (NFPA, 1997).

Tellurium forms a vigorous reaction with silver bromate in the presence of moisture (NFPA, 1997).

Elemental Tellurium: Reacts with nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. It has valences of 2, 4, and 6. Tellurium in water forms tellurous acid which may be absorbed in the intestines (Barlow & Sullivan, 1982).

Elemental Tellurium: Tellurium burns slowly in air with a blue-green flame (ITI, 1985).

Tellurium Hexafluoride: Water will hydrolyze this compound to telluric acid, this process is more rapid if potassium hydroxide is mixed in the water (ACGIH, 1980).

Hydrogen Telluride: Is highly unstable and because of this is less likely to cause toxicity (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS13494-80-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS13494-80-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Tellurium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 25
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS13494-80-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS13494-80-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 25 mg Te/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1994)

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Water: A tellurium-containing catalyst from an industrial plant in the Netherlands caused a serious odor problem during biologic treatment of waste water from about 35 plants producing organic and inorganic chemicals. Odor problems, not noticeable during the first years of waste water plant operation, developed on the skin of the operators and at a distance of 0.5 to 1 kilometer from the plant. It was determined that the odor-producing organic tellurium compound was produced under anoxic conditions in the denitrification step. Faint odor was detected with the addition of as little at 0.01 mg/L of tellurium tetrachloride. Strong odor was produced under anoxic conditions after 20 hours at concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/L (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Tellurium is found as a trace element in aquatic systems from coal conversion effluents (HSDB , 1994).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of tellurium was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information on the environmental toxicity of tellurium was found in available references at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

TELLURIUM (ELEMENTAL): 127.6 (atomic weight) (Budavari, 1996)

TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE: 241.61 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

DESCRIPTION

Tellurium is a grayish- or silvery-white, lustrous, brittle, solid. It has 2 allotropic forms: a hexagonal, rhombohedral crystalline structure, or a dark-gray to brown, amorphous powder with metal characteristics (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Budavari, 1996). Tellurium is a nonmetallic element with many properties similar to those of selenium and sulfur (Lewis, 1996).
Tellurium burns slowly in air with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
Tellurium is diatomic (Te2) in the vapor state (Budavari, 1996).
There are eight stable isotopes: 120, 122 to 126, 128, and 130. The artificial radioactive isotopes are 114 to 119, 121, 127, 129, and 131 to 134 (Budavari, 1996).
The concentration of tellurium in the earth's crust is 0.002 ppm (Budavari, 1996).
Tellurium occurs as tellurides in combination with metals in the minerals tetradymite, altaite, and coloradolite; is found as the dioxide, tellurite; and is found also native, associated with silver and gold (Budavari, 1996).
The major compounds of tellurium are tellurides, including the unstable gas hydrogen telluride (H2Te), halides, oxides, sulfides, and tellurites and tellurates. In these compounds, the valence of tellurium may be 2, 4, or 6 (ACGIH, 1991).
Tellurium is recovered from anode muds during the refining of blister copper. It is also found in various sulfide ores along with selenium and is produced as a byproduct of metal refineries. The USA, Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest producers (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE is a colorless, non-combustible gas with an unpleasant odor.

ODOR: Tellurium is odorless (HSDB , 2001). However, after ingestion, tellurium causes a garlic-like odor on the breath (Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 2001).

TASTE: No information on the taste of tellurium was found in available references at the time of this review.

COLOR: Tellurium is a grayish-white solid or a dark-gray to brown powder (Budavari, 1996).

No information found at the time of this review.

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

6.00 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (amorphous) (ACGIH, 1991)
6.25 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (crystalline) (ACGIH, 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

TELLURIUM, ELEMENTAL: 449.8 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE: -37.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

TELLURIUM, ELEMENTAL

990 degrees C (amorphous) (ACGIH, 1991)
1390 degrees C (crystalline) (ACGIH, 1991)

TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE: 35.5 degrees C

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Tellurium is insoluble in water.
Tellurium hexafluoride is slowly absorbed by water with hydrolysis to produce telluric acid.

OTHER

Lewis (1996) states that tellurium is SOLUBLE in sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cyanide solutions.
Tellurium is soluble in oxidizing acids and alkalies (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Tellurium is insoluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, and hydrochloric acid (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2001).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

4.27 kcal/mol (Budavari, 1996)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.0025 (HSDB , 2001)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.014 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents