SULFURIC ACID
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
ACIDE SULFURIQUE (French) ACIDO SOLFORICO (Italian) ACIDO SULFURICO (Spanish) BATTERY ACID BOV CHAMBER ACID DIHYDROGEN SULFATE DIPPING ACID ELECTROLYTE ACID FERTILIZER ACID HYDROGEN SULFATE HYDROOT MATTING ACID MATTLING ACID NORDHAUSEN ACID OIL OF VITRIOL SPENT SULFURIC ACID SPIRIT OF SULFUR SULFUR ACID SULFURIC ACID SULFURIC ACID, SPENT SULPHURIC ACID SCHWEFELSAEURELOESUNGEN (German) VITRIOL BROWN OIL VITRIOL, OIL OF ZWAVELZUUROPLOSSINGEN (Dutch) ACID BATTERY FLUID ACIDIC BATTERY FLUID BATTERY FLUID, ACID DISULFURIC ACID FUMING SULPHURIC ACID OLEUM, WITH LESS THAN 30% FREE SULFUR TRIOXIDE OLEUM, WITH NOT LESS THAN 30% FREE SULFUR TRIOXIDE PYROSULFURIC ACID SULFURIC ACID, FUMING, WITH LESS THAN 30% FREE SULFUR TRIOXIDE SULFURIC ACID, FUMING, WITH NOT LESS THAN 30% FREE SULFUR TRIOXIDE SULFURIC ACID, WITH MORE THAN 51% SULFURIC ACID, WITH NOT MORE THAN 95% ACID SULPHURIC ACID, SPENT SULPHURIC ACID, WITH MORE THAN 51% ACID
IDENTIFIERS
1830-Sulfuric acid 1832-Sulfuric acid, spent 1830-Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid 2796-Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid 1830-Sulphuric acid 1832-Sulphuric acid, spent 1830-Sulphuric acid, with more than 51% acid 2796-Sulphuric acid, with not more than 51% acid
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA , 1987; HSDB , 2002)IARC, 1997;(Lewis, 2000; RTECS , 2002)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Sulfuric acid is the most widely used industrial chemical worldwide, and has the greatest production of any chemical by volume. Its most important use is in the production of phosphoric acid for use in fertilizer manufacture. Sulfuric acid is used in the manufacture of various other important items, including: explosives dyestuffs, other acids, parchment paper, glue, purification of petroleum, and pickling of metal (Budavari, 2001). There are numerous household products that contain sulfuric acid. It is most commonly found in toilet bowl and drain cleaners, and may leach out to form a residue on car batteries. Other uses include as an battery electrolyte; an aluminum brightening agent; a leaching agent in the processing of uranium and copper ores and in zinc and copper production; as an etchant; as an alkylation catalyst, for pH control in water treatment; as a laboratory reagent; and in electroplating baths. Sulfuric acid is also used for the hydrolysis of cellulose to obtain glucose. In the textile industry, it is used in fur and leather processing and in the carbonization of wool fabrics. It has applications in the refining of mineral and vegetable oil and is a reagent used in petroleum refining (Ashford, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2001; Pohanish, 2002).
Pure sulfuric acid exists as a clear, colorless, oily liquid. When it is impure, it is brownish in color. The pure compound exists as a solid at temperatures below 51 degrees F (HSDB , 2002). Sulfuric acid is available commercially in grades of 78%, 93%, 96%, 98% and 100%. It is also available in diluted forms for battery and reagent use (Ashford, 2001). Grades of purity according to CHRIS, 2002: CP; USP; Technical, at 33% to 98% (50 degrees Be to 66 degrees Be) (CHRIS , 2002). "Spent" sulfuric acid is a black, oily liquid by-product of manufacturing processes (AAR, 2000).
The fertilizer industry uses fatty acids as defoamers to digest phosphate rock into sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid (HSDB , 2002). Sulfuric acid is derived from sulfur, pyrite (ferrous sulfide), hydrogen sulfide, or sulfur-containing smelter gases using the Contact Process with a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. Sulfur dioxide is generated from combustion of elemental sulfur or roasting of pyrite. Catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide yields sulfur trioxide which is circulated with 98-99% sulfuric acid, forming more sulfuric acid with the small amount of excess water that is present. Sulfuric acid can also be made by the "Cat-Ox" process, the Chamber Process or from gypsum (calcium sulfate) (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001). Sulfuric acid can be formed in smog from the photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and subsequent reaction with water. It is a major component of acid rain (HEW, 1970; Likens et al, 1979; Babich et al, 1980). Concentrations of sulfuric acid in London have been 15 mcg/m(3) during the winter and as high as 678 mcg/m(3) in the great smog of 1962 (Lawther, 1963).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- USES: Sulfuric acid is used in manufacturing and industry. It is also used in some household toilet bowel cleaners and is used in batteries.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ingestion exposures are uncommon in the US, but common in other parts of the world. Inadvertent dermal and inhalation exposures rarely result in severe injury. Deliberate ingestion, particularly of high concentration products, may cause severe injury and death.
- TOXICOLOGY: Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that causes tissue injury and coagulation of proteins. The severity of injury is determined by the concentration and duration of contact.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Milder exposures (generally to concentrations less than 10%) may only cause irritation of the skin, upper airway and GI mucosa. SEVERE TOXICITY: SUMMARY: Sulfuric acid is corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, or any tissue with which it comes in contact. INHALATION: Respiratory effects of acute exposure include irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, sneezing, reflex bronchospasm, dyspnea and pulmonary edema. Death may occur from sudden circulatory collapse, glottic edema and airway compromise, or from acute lung injury. INGESTION: Ingestion of sulfuric acid may cause immediate epigastric pain, nausea, hypersalivation and vomiting of mucoid or "coffee ground" hemorrhagic material. Occasionally vomiting of fresh blood has been seen. Ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid may produce esophageal corrosion, necrosis and perforation of the esophagus or stomach especially at the pylorus. Occasionally injury to the small bowel has been reported. Delayed complications may include strictures and fistula formation. Metabolic acidosis may develop following ingestion. DERMAL: Severe dermal burns can occur with necrosis and scarring. These may be fatal if a large enough area of the body surface is affected. OCULAR: The eye is especially sensitive to corrosive injury. Irritation, lacrimation and conjunctivitis can develop even with low concentrations of sulfuric acid. Splash contact with high concentrations causes corneal burns, visual loss and occasionally perforation of the globe.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
USES: Sulfuric acid is used in manufacturing and industry. It is also used in some household toilet bowel cleaners and is used in batteries. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Ingestion exposures are uncommon in the US, but common in other parts of the world. Inadvertent dermal and inhalation exposures rarely result in severe injury. Deliberate ingestion, particularly of high concentration products, may cause severe injury and death. TOXICOLOGY: Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that causes tissue injury and coagulation of proteins. The severity of injury is determined by the concentration and duration of contact. MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Milder exposures (generally to concentrations less than 10%) may only cause irritation of the skin, upper airway and GI mucosa. SEVERE TOXICITY: SUMMARY: Sulfuric acid is corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, or any tissue with which it comes in contact. INHALATION: Respiratory effects of acute exposure include irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, sneezing, reflex bronchospasm, dyspnea and pulmonary edema. Death may occur from sudden circulatory collapse, glottic edema and airway compromise, or from acute lung injury. INGESTION: Ingestion of sulfuric acid may cause immediate epigastric pain, nausea, hypersalivation and vomiting of mucoid or "coffee ground" hemorrhagic material. Occasionally vomiting of fresh blood has been seen. Ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid may produce esophageal corrosion, necrosis and perforation of the esophagus or stomach especially at the pylorus. Occasionally injury to the small bowel has been reported. Delayed complications may include strictures and fistula formation. Metabolic acidosis may develop following ingestion. DERMAL: Severe dermal burns can occur with necrosis and scarring. These may be fatal if a large enough area of the body surface is affected. OCULAR: The eye is especially sensitive to corrosive injury. Irritation, lacrimation and conjunctivitis can develop even with low concentrations of sulfuric acid. Splash contact with high concentrations causes corneal burns, visual loss and occasionally perforation of the globe.
Because it is a strong acid, exposure to sulfuric acid may produce metabolic acidosis, particularly following ingestion (Levine & Surawicz, 1984). Acidosis is as likely due to severe tissue burns and hypovolemic shock than to systemic absorption of the acid (Husain et al, 1989).
Hypotension and shock may develop from large volume fluid-losses, hemorrhage, necrosis, pain, gastrointestinal perforation, sepsis, or the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome if large areas of the skin or gastrointestinal tract have been burned (Finkel, 1983). Shock is often the immediate cause of death (Gosselin et al, 1984).
CORROSION: Sulfuric acid is corrosive to the skin, producing severe burns, charring, ulceration, and scarring (Sittig, 1985; Husain et al, 1989; Bond et al, 1998). Sulfuric acid reacts with water in the tissues causing desiccation, and with proteins and other cellular components to produce coagulation necrosis. Tissue destruction proceeds as long as the tissues are in contact with the acid and the extent of damage is thus dependent on the concentration and volume of the solution and contact duration. Extensive grafting may be required (Bond et al, 1998).
CORROSION: Ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid can cause corrosion and serious burns of mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus with coagulation necrosis and charring of tissue (Gosselin et al, 1984; Proctor & Hughes, 1978; Sittig, 1985). GASTRITIS: Ingestion of sulfuric acid can cause epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting of mucoid or hemorrhagic material (Gosselin et al, 1984). Chronic exposure has been associated with digestive disturbances (Sittig, 1985).
PULMONARY FUNCTION: Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist causes a reflex increase in respiratory rate and diminution of the depth of respiration with a compensatory increase in respiratory rate. It may also cause laryngospasm and bronchoconstriction resulting in increased pulmonary air flow resistance (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985). In 15 subjects exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.35 to 0.5 mg/m(3) (mean diameter 1 micron) for 15 minutes, respiratory rate increased by 30% over controls, maximum inspiratory and expiratory flow rates decreased by approximately 20%, and tidal volume increased by about 28%. At 5 mg/m(3) there was a decrease in minute volume and prolongation of the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (Amdur et al, 1952).
EDEMA INJURY: Asphyxiation from glottic edema is one of the most frequent causes of death from acute exposure to high concentrations of inhaled strong mineral acids (Gosselin et al, 1984). In exposures to high concentrations of inhaled mineral acids when escape is not possible, laryngeal spasm can also occur (Gosselin et al, 1984; Sittig, 1985). Asphyxiation from laryngeal edema is one of the frequent causes of death from acute exposure to concentrated strong mineral acids (Gosselin et al, 1984).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Mucous membranes and the respiratory and digestive tracts are the primary targets for the irritant and corrosive effects of sulfuric acid (Morando, 1956).
- Changes in pulmonary function may occur, together with chronic bronchitis and emphysema in chronic sulfuric acid inhalational exposures (Sittig, 1985). There is a correlation between attacks of asthma and levels of sulfates in the atmosphere (French, 1975). Asthmatics exhibited changes in pulmonary function upon exposure to sulfuric acid and sulfates at concentrations which did not affect healthy individuals (Avol et al, 1979). Elderly asthmatics exposed to 70 mcg/m(3) of sulfuric acid for 40 minutes had increased respiratory resistance, while normal elderly subjects had no differences, as compared with younger subjects (Koenig et al, 1993).
- Erosion of dental enamel has been reported with chronic exposure to concentrations as low as 3 mg/m(3) (El-Sadik et al, 1972; ACGIH, 1992). Conjunctivitis is also a common finding with chronic exposure (ACGIH, 1992).
- Sulfates, particularly bisulfate, are known to be sensitizers in humans. Persons previously sensitized to bisulfate might have some reactivity to sulfuric acid (8). Bisulfates have been used to preserve fresh produce in salad bars, but have been banned for that purpose.
- Sulfuric acid has been reported to produce immunological alterations in occupational exposures (Scheller, 1977). Repeated inhalation of sulfuric acid aerosols reduced the immunocompetence of pulmonary macrophages (Zelikoff et al, 1994).
- These immunological effects of sulfuric acid may be related to its chemical reactivity, and the possible formation of allergenic haptens (Zelikoff et al, 1994).
- In addition to its chemical reactivity, sulfuric acid may be synergistic with other chemicals in producing toxic effects. It has been reported to act synergistically with SULFUR DIOXIDE in altering cholinesterase activity and in producing pathological changes in organs in chronic inhalational exposures in experimental animals (1:63-66B).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004). USE OF DILUENTS IS CONTROVERSIAL: While experimental models have suggested that immediate dilution may lessen caustic injury (Homan et al, 1993; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1995), this has not been adequately studied in humans. DILUENT TYPE: Use any readily available nontoxic, cool liquid. Both milk and water have been shown to be effective in experimental studies of caustic ingestion (Maull et al, 1985a; Rumack & Burrington, 1977; Homan et al, 1995; Homan et al, 1994; Homan et al, 1993). ADVERSE EFFECTS: Potential adverse effects include vomiting and airway compromise (Caravati, 2004). CONTRAINDICATIONS: Do NOT attempt dilution in patients with respiratory distress, altered mental status, severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, or patients who are unable to swallow or protect their airway. Diluents should not be force fed to any patient who refuses to swallow (Rao & Hoffman, 2002).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and teeth (NIOSH , 2002; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
DERMAL EXPOSURE EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because of the potential for esophageal or gastrointestinal tract burns, DO NOT induce emesis. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. Do not give sodium bicarbonate in an attempt to neutralize the acid.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
SUMMARY: Mortality rate was 65% from ingestion of high concentration sulfuric acid; 3.5 to 7 mL was a fatal dose (Wilkinson-Mills & Okoye, 1987). Many case reports of even relatively low volume sulfuric acid ingestion describe life-threatening sequelae including upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, necrosis and stricture necessitating surgical correction (Penner, 1980; Jelenko, 1974; Zamir et al, 1985).
CASE REPORT/TODDLER: A 20-month-old drank a small amount (sip from a cup) of "Liquid Free" drain cleaner (containing "pure sulfuric acid") contained in a mug found on the kitchen table. The mother immediately recognized that the ingestion had occurred and took the child to the hospital by car. Vomiting and respiratory difficulty developed shortly after ingestion. Despite immediate intubation after arrival to the ED, bradycardia developed and resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful. The toddler died one hour after ingestion. Severe gastrointestinal injury (esophageal perforation) was found at autopsy. The home was later found to contain chemicals and equipment used to produce methamphetamine (Burge et al, 2009).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- Concentrations of approximately 5 mg/m(3) were found to be objectionable to humans, leading to respiratory effects such as cough, increased respiration rate, and impaired lung capacity (Hathaway, 1996).
- The odor threshold for sulfuric acid mist has been reported to be near 1 mg/m(3) for some but not all individuals at an exposure duration ranging from 5 to 15 minutes. A level of 3 mg/m(3) was noticed by all subjects; and 5 mg/m(3) was objectionable to some with deep breath producing cough (ACGIH, 2001).
- An airborne concentration of 15 mg/m(3) is considered by NIOSH to be immediately dangerous to life or health (NIOSH , 2002).
- Sim and Pattle (1957) noted during their investigations that sulfuric acid mist in a dry environment (humidity 62%) was better tolerated than sulfuric acid mist when the humidity was 91%.
CARCINOGENICITY IARC Group 1: Ccarcinogenic to humans; strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid (IARC, 1992). ACGIH has designated sulfuric acid contained in strong inorganic mists as an A2, Suspected Human Carcinogen (ACGIH, 2001). NTP lists strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid as known human carcinogens in the Report on Carcinogens (RoC), 9th edition (NTP , 2001). MAK: Category 4 (Substances with carcinogenic potential for which genotoxicity plays no or at most a minor role. No significant contribution to human cancer risk is expected, provided the MAK value is observed) (ACGIH, 2002a).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7664-93-9 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A2 ; Listed as: Sulfuric acid A2 :Suspected Human Carcinogen: Human data are accepted as adequate in quality but are conflicting or insufficient to classify the agent as a confirmed human carcinogen; OR, the agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose(s), by route(s) of exposure, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) considered relevant to worker exposure. The A2 is used primarily when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sulfuric acid MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 4 ; Listed as: Sulfuric acid Category 4 : Substances with carcinogenic potential for which genotoxicity plays no or at most a minor part. No significant contribution to human cancer risk is expected provided the MAK value is observed. The classification is supported especially by evidence that increases in cellular proliferation or changes in cellular differentiation are important in the mode of action. To characterize the cancer risk, the manifold mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis and their characteristic dose-time-response relationships are taken into consideration.
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): K ; Listed as: Strong Inorganic Acid Mists Containing Sulfuric Acid
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
References: HSDB, 2002 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002 LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: 50 mg/m(3) for 8H (OHM/TADS, 2002) 18 mg/m(3) -- lung, thorax, or respiration changes 30 mg/m(3) for 8H -- hemorrhage and transduction (HSDB, 2002)
LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 140 ppm for 210M (ITI, 1995) 165 mg/m(3) (OHM/TADS, 2002) 549 mg/m(3) (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 178 ppm for 7H (ITI, 1995) 500 mg/m(3) (OHM/TADS, 2002)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: 3 mg/m(3) for 24W -- changes in teeth and supporting structures 1 mg/m(3) for 3H -- lung, thorax, or respiration changes 800 mcg/m(3) -- toxic effect on mouth (ITI, 1995) 5 mg/m(3) for 15M -- toxic effect to pulmonary system (ITI, 1995)
TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE: TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7664-93-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7664-93-9 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7664-93-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Sulfuric acid REL: IDLH: IDLH: 15 mg/m3 Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Sulfuric Acid Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1000 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): Not Listed
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7664-93-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
Listed as: Sulfuric acid (acid aerosols including mists, vapors, gas, fog, and other airborne forms of any particle size) Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87 Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7664-93-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7664-93-9 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1830 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1832 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2796 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Battery fluid, acid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2796 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: A3, A7, B2, B15, IB2, N6, N34, T8, TP2, TP12 A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. B15: Packagings must be protected with non-metallic linings impervious to the lading or have a suitable corrosion allowance. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. N6: Battery fluid packaged with electric storage batteries, wet or dry, must conform to the packaging provisions of sxn. 173.159 (g) or (h) of this subchapter. N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sulfuric acid with not more than 51% acid Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN2796 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: A3, A7, B2, B15, IB2, N6, N34, T8, TP2, TP12 A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings. A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion. B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. B15: Packagings must be protected with non-metallic linings impervious to the lading or have a suitable corrosion allowance. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. N6: Battery fluid packaged with electric storage batteries, wet or dry, must conform to the packaging provisions of sxn. 173.159 (g) or (h) of this subchapter. N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material. T8: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited. TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively. TP12: This material is considered highly corrosive to steel.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1830 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1832 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2796 (ICAO, 2002):
Proper Shipping Name: Battery fluid, acid UN Number: 2796 Proper Shipping Name: Sulphuric acid with not more than 51% acid UN Number: 2796
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7664-93-9 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
HANDLING
- All storage containers should be safeguarded against mechanical injuries (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- ALWAYS ADD ACID TO WATER WHEN MAKING DILUTIONS. When working with diluted acid, wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of direct skin contact. Goggles or facepiece should be worn. Emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (CHRIS , 2002).
- Sulfuric acid in concentrated form should not be used in uncontrolled situations. Normal conditions of use should include handling in a well-ventilated acid fume hood, acid-proof protective clothing, rubber gloves, rubber apron, and full facepiece respirator equipped with acid gas canister. Emergency shower and eyewash should be nearby (HSDB , 2002).
STORAGE
Proper storage containers include glass bottles and carboys, metal barrels, or drums with or without linings. Tank trucks, tank cars, and tank barges are also acceptable (NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002). Containers of sulfuric acid should be kept tightly closed (Pohanish, 2002). Mtal containers used for storage of sulfuric acid should be coated with acid resistant material. Contact of sulfuric acid with metal may cause the release of flammable, explosive hydrogen gas (Pohanish, 2002). Containers of sulfuric acid may explode in a fire, causing the container or parts of the container to rocket great distances, in many directions (Pohanish, 2002). All storage tanks should have breather vents. The vents need to be large enough for air to escape during filling. Tanks should have overflow pipes that lead to an adjacent container and located within berms. Berms need to retain the total content of tank in event of leak or spill (HSDB , 2002). Storage containers should be protected against physical damage and kept in a cool, well-ventilated place away from water and separate from metallic powders and other easily oxidized organic materials and reducing agents; keep storage containers closed (ITI, 1995).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Containers of sulfuric acid should be kept in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Containers should be kept away from sunlight. The room should have an acid resistant cement floor (NFPA, 2002a; Pohanish, 2002).
Stored sulfuric acid should be kept isolated from saltpeter, metallic powders, carbides, chromates, nitrates, picrates, fulminates, chlorates, and combustible materials (NFPA, 2002a; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish, 2002). Sulfuric acid is corrosive to most common metals, and will form explosive hydrogen gas (Pohanish, 2002). Sulfuric acid should not come into contact with water, chlorates, chromates, carbides, fulminates, nitrates, picrates, or powdered metals. Violent reactions may occur (Pohanish, 2002). Concentrated sulfuric acid will oxidize, dehydrate, or sulfonate most organic compounds (HSDB , 2002).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- If any contact with this material is anticipated, wear full chemical protective clothing including protective gloves, boots, rubber overclothing, a self-contained breathing apparatus, and goggles (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).
- Spilled material must not be touched without proper protective clothing. Avoid breathing the vapors from this material. If any material comes in contact with the body, it must be immediately washed off (AAR, 2000).
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS for hand protection (CCOHS, 1989):
Select a material and style of glove that adequately protects hands from hazard. Review Chemical Manufacturer's MSDS or Label, glove manufacturer's information, and regulatory/advisory agency sources to determine the protective ability of the glove. Inspect and test gloves for defects before using. Follow manufacturer's instructions for glove care and maintenance. Check gloves for proper fit. Wash off all chemical protective gloves with water before removing them. Evaluate material resistance under conditions of use. Variations between products may affect resistance. Maintain gloves carefully.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- If any contact with this material is anticipated, wear full chemical protective clothing including protective gloves, boots, rubber overclothing, a self-contained breathing apparatus, and goggles (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2002).
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7664-93-9.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material. POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004) EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.) Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is extinguished. Apply water from as far away as possible (AAR, 2000). Sulfuric acid may ignite other combustible materials (CHRIS , 2002).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7664-93-9 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not get water inside containers. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7664-93-9 (NFPA, 2002):
- A fire extinguishing medium should be chosen that is appropriate for fire in surrounding materials, as sulfuric acid either does not burn or will burn only with difficulty (AAR, 2000).
- Water may be used in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 2000).
- Water may be used to extinguish fires in surrounding combustible materials, but care must be taken as water applied directly to sulfuric acid results in heat liberation and splattering of the material. Water spray should be used only to keep containers cool (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002a).
- Apply water from as far away as possible (AAR, 2000).
- Dry chemical or carbon dioxide may be preferable fire fighting mediums (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995).
Sulfuric acid releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of sulfur when heated (NFPA, 2002a). When combusted, sulfuric acid is highly toxic (OHM/TADS , 2002).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- It can react explosively or dangerously with (NFPA, 2002a):
Acetic anhydride Acetone cyanohydrin Acetone + nitric acid Acetone + potassium dichromate Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile + water Alcohols + hydrogen peroxide Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride 2-Aminoethanol Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium triperchromate Aniline Bromates + metals Bromine pentafluoride + nitric acid n-Butyraldehyde Carbides Cesium acetylene carbide Chlorates Chlorates + metals Chlorine trifluoride Chlorosulfonic acid Cuprous nitride Diisobutylene Dimethylbenzylcarbinol + hydrogen peroxide Epichlorohydrin Ethyl alcohol + hydrogen peroxide Ethylene cyanohydrin Ethylene diamine Ethylene glycol Ethylenimine Fulminates Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid + nitric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Iodine heptafluoride Indane + nitric acid Iron Isoprene Lithium silicide Mercuric nitride Mesityl oxide Metals (powdered) Nitric acid + glycerides p-Nitrotoluene Pentasilver trihydroxy-diaminophosphate Perchlorates Perchloric acid Permanganates + benzene 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-propyl alcohol + hydrogen peroxide Phosphorus Phosphorus isocyanate Picrates Potassium tert-butoxide Potassium chlorate Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate + potassium chloride Potassium permanganate + water Propiolactone (beta-) Propylene oxide Pyridine Rubidium acetylene carbide Silver permanganate Sodium Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium hydroxide Steel Styrene monomer Toluene + nitric acid Vinyl acetate Water Zinc chlorate
- Sulfuric acid reacts violently with water or alcohol, liberating large amounts of heat (Windholz et al, 1983; ACGIH, 2001).
- Sulfuric acid is normally stable. However, it will be reactive under extreme conditions and may present an explosion hazard (OHM/TADS , 2002).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Sulfuric acid releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of sulfur when heated (ILO, 1998; (NFPA, 2002a).
- Sulfuric acid reacts with metals, liberating flammable hydrogen gas (NFPA, 2002a).
- Sulfuric acid vapors will collect in low areas, as they are heavier than air. They may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. When exposed to fire, vapors in confined areas may explode (HSDB , 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Concentrated sulfuric acid will oxidize, dehydrate, or sulfonate most organic compounds (HSDB , 2002).
- Sulfuric acid itself is not flammable, but it is highly reactive, and will react violently with water and organic materials. It is capable of igniting finely divided combustible materials on contact. Sulfuric acid will corrode many metals by releasing hydrogen (ITI, 1995).
- Dense crystals of ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate heated with sulfuric acid exploded ( Urben, 2000).
- A mixture of benzyl alcohol and 58% sulfuric acid exploded and decomposed at approximately 180 degrees C (Urben, 2000).
- Acetaldehyde is polymerized violently by concentrated sulfuric acid (Urben, 2000).
- It may ignite other combustible materials (CHRIS , 2002). It can react explosively or dangerously with (NFPA, 2002a; Urben, 2000):
Acetaldehyde Acetic anhydride Acetone cyanohydrin Acetone + nitric acid Acetone + potassium dichromate Acetonitrile Acrolein Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile + water Alcohols + hydrogen peroxide Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride 2-Aminoethanol Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium triperchromate Aniline Bromates + metals Bromine pentafluoride + nitric acid n-Butyraldehyde Carbides Cesium acetylene carbide Chlorates Chlorates + metals Chlorine trifluoride Chlorosulfonic acid Cuprous nitride Diisobutylene Dimethylbenzylcarbinol + hydrogen peroxide Epichlorohydrin Ethyl alcohol + hydrogen peroxide Ethylene cyanohydrin Ethylene diamine Ethylene glycol Ethylenimine Fulminates Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid + nitric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Iodine heptafluoride Indane + nitric acid Iron Isoprene Lithium silicide Mercuric nitride Mesityl oxide Metals (powdered) Nitric acid + glycerides p-Nitrotoluene Pentasilver trihydroxy-diaminophosphate Perchlorates Perchloric acid Permanganates + benzene 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-propyl alcohol + hydrogen peroxide Phosphorus Phosphorus isocyanate Picrates Potassium tert-butoxide Potassium chlorate Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate + potassium chloride Potassium permanganate + water Propiolactone (beta-) Propylene oxide Pyridine Rubidium acetylene carbide Silver permanganate Sodium Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium hydroxide Steel Styrene monomer Toluene + nitric acid Vinyl acetate Water Zinc chlorate
- Sulfuric acid reacts violently with water or alcohol, liberating large amounts of heat (Windholz et al, 1983; ACGIH, 2001).
- Sulfuric acid reacts with metals, liberating flammable hydrogen gas (NFPA, 2002a).
- It will corrode or dissolve metals (ITI, 1995).
- Sulfuric acid can react with other substances to form mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic products such as alkyl sulfates (Hoffmann, 1980).
- Sulfuric acid releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of sulfur when heated (NFPA, 2002a).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7664-93-9 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Sulfuric Acid ERPG-1 (units = mg/m3): 2 ERPG-2 (units = mg/m3): 10 ERPG-3 (units = mg/m3): 30 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS7664-93-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Sulfuric acid TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.2 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.2 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 8.7 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 160 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS7664-93-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7664-93-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 15 mg/m3 Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004) Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Spilled material can be neutralized by adding crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime (AAR, 2000). Spills can be neutralized with hydroxide based anion exchangers or acetic acid (OHM/TADS , 2002). Surface flow should be stopped using dikes made of soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 2000). A pond, pit, lagoon, or holding area should be constructed to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 2000). Water should be kept away from spilled material. The leak should be stopped or controlled. Discharged material should be isolated for proper disposal (NFPA, 2002a).
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 137 (ERG, 2004) Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004) Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.
Cover small amounts of spilled material with either sodium bicarbonate or an equal mixture of soda ash and slaked lime (ITI, 1995).
Land Spill: Pits, ponds, or lagoons can be dug to serve as holding areas to contain large amounts of spilled liquid or solid material (AAR, 2000). Land Spill: Surface flow of liquid spills can be diked using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 2000). Land Spill: Bulk liquid can be absorbed with fly ash or cement powder (AAR, 2000). Land Spill: This material can be neutralized by addition of agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (AAR, 2000). Water Spill: Spilled material can be neutralized by addition of agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (AAR, 2000). Air Release: Water spray or mist can be used to knock down or disperse vapors (AAR, 2000). Air Release: Water used to knock down vapors can be corrosive or toxic, and should be contained for later disposal (AAR, 2000).
Recovery processes are available for spent sulfuric acid, and these may be a viable alternative to disposal (Pohanish, 2002). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- The uptake and cycling of sulfur were shown to have been altered by acidic depositions in northern hardwood forests from emissions of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in midwestern and northeastern United States. A three-year study showed a 63% greater average sulfur content in leaf litter at the southern end of a 800km pollution gradient of SO42--S and NO3--N (Pregitzer et al, 1992).
- This material should be kept out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 2000).
- Sulfuric acid is the most widely used acid in industry, used in almost all chemical processes. As a result of this, many different types of industrial wastes will have increased sulfate ions as well as lowered pH values (OHM/TADS , 2002).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
SURFACE WATER Sulfuric acid is miscible in water. Therefore, the presence of water (in the soil or atmosphere) will impact the rate of sulfuric acid movement in the soil (HSDB , 2002). Once sulfuric acid reaches the groundwater table, it will continue to move in the direction of the groundwater flow. It will also move downward, because its' mass density is greater than that of water. The result will be a contaminated groundwater plume (HSDB , 2002). In water, sulfuric acid reacts with calcium and magnesium. Sulfate salts are formed (HSDB , 2002).
TERRESTRIAL Adsorption isotherms were measured for sulfate and phosphate ions on soil that had been incubated with lime. The lime treatment affected sulfate ions more strongly than phosphate ions. The results suggested that sulfate should be less mobile in alkaline soils (Marsh et al, 1992). A computer simulation model supported the hypothesis that acid-induced leaching of nutrients from the soil is a cause of nutritional imbalance in tree leaves (Vanoene, 1992).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Sulfuric acid is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 2002).
- Sulfuric acid may be harmful if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 2002).
- Notify appropriate local health and wildlife officials as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity of water spills (CHRIS , 2002).
- Trout have died when exposed to sulfuric acid at pH 3.9. White spiny rays and carp have died when exposed to sulfuric acid at pH 3.5 (OHM/TADS , 2002).
LC - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 7.36 ppm for 60H - distilled water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 24.5 ppm for 24H (CHRIS, 2002) LC - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 24.5 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 50 ppm for 1 - 3H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 38 ppm for 24H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 30 ppm for 24H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 29 ppm for 24 - 72H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 20 ppm for 168H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 10 ppm for 168H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 1 ppm for 168H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) DAPHIA MAGNA: 0.1 ppm for 168H - static soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) FISH (unspecified): 167 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GAMEFISH: 10 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 1000 ppm for 0.5 - 0.75H - hard water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 169 ppm for 0.86 - 1.16H - hard water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 143 ppm for 2.5 - 5.3H - soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 143 ppm for 2.0 - 2.33H - hard water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 138 ppm for 5.0 - 6.0H - soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 138 ppm for >>4.0H- hard water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 134 ppm for 6.2 - 96H - soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 59 ppm for 1.0 - 1.25H - very soft water (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 138 ppm for 4H - hard water, pH 4 (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) MINNOWS: 110-120 ppm for 6H - hard water, 20 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) MINNOWS: 6.0-8.0 ppm for 6H - distilled water, 20 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) MINNOWS: 26.0 ppm for 0.25H - tap water(OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) PICKEREL: 71.2 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) SUNFISH: 1.2 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) TROUT: 6.25 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC - (WATER) WHITEFISH: 80.1 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2002) TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 49 ppm for 48H - tap water at 20 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2002) TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 24.5 ppm for 24H - fresh water (HSDB, 2002) TLM - (WATER) MOSQUITO FISH: 42 ppm for 96H - turbid water (OHM/TADS, 2002) TLM - (WATER) MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 42 mg/l for 48H - turbid water (HSDB, 2002)
LC50 - (WATER) CRAB: 90 ppm for 48H - aerated (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) COCKLE: 200 - 500 ppm for 48H - aerated (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) FLOUNDER: 100 - 330 mg/l for 48H - aerated water (HSDB, 2002; OHM/TADS, 2002) LC18 - (WATER) OYSTERS: 100 ppm for 120H (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) POGGE: 80 - 90 ppm for 48H - aerated (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) PRAWN: 42.5 ppm for 48H - aerated (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) SHRIMP: 80 - 90 ppm for 48H - aerated (OHM/TADS, 2002) LC50 - (WATER) SHRIMP: 80 - 90 mg/l for 48H - aerated water (HSDB, 2002)
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Sulfuric acid is a clear, colorless, nonflammable oily liquid when pure and brownish when impure. Sulfuric acid is odorless but has a choking odor when hot. Spent sulfuric acid is a black oily liquid (AAR, 2000) ACGIH, 1991; EPA, 1985; (NFPA, 2002a). The brownish color may be due to organic impurities which have been charred by the high affinity of sulfuric acid for water (AAR, 1987).
- Pure sulfuric acid exists as a solid at temperatures below 10.5 degrees C (51 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998).
PH
- Sulfuric acid is a strong, dibasic acid (Windholz et al, 1983).
- 1 N solution = 0.3 (HSDB , 2002)
- 0.1 N solution = 1.2 (HSDB , 2002)
- 0.01 N solution = 2.1 (HSDB , 2002)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 1 mmHg (at 146 degrees C) (EPA , 1987)
- 1 mmHg (at 145.8 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- <0.001 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 2001)
- 95% sulfuric acid (18 mol solution) has a vapor pressure that is negligible. It will therefore exist in the air as a mist or spray (ACGIH, 20011).
- 5.93 x 10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (from experimentally-derived coefficients) (HSDB , 2002)
- Sulfuric acid is considered not to have a significant vapor pressure under ambient conditions, such that exposures are generally to the mist or aerosol or to splashes of liquid from exploding batteries (Grant, 1986).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
1.84 (ACGIH, 2001; NFPA, 2002a) 1.834 (OHM/TADS , 2002) LIQUID: 1.841 (H2O=1) (EPA , 1987)
DENSITY
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
4.3955 g/l (OHM/TADS , 2002) VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): 3.4 (EPA , 1987)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
3 degrees C (98% grade) (Ashford, 2001; HSDB , 2002) -32 degrees C (93% grade) (Ashford, 2001; HSDB , 2002) -38 degrees C (78% grade) (HSDB , 2002) -44 degrees C (74% grade) (HSDB , 2002) -64 degrees C (65% grade) (HSDB , 2002) 10 degrees C (100% grade) (Ashford, 2001)
10.35 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002) 10.31 degrees C (HSDB , 2002) 10 degrees C (anhydrous acid) (Budavari, 2001) 10.4 degrees C (ITI, 1995) 10 degrees C; 50 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a) 10.36 degrees C; 50.65 degrees F (EPA , 1987) 10.3 degrees C (ACGIH, 2001)
BOILING POINT
- 290 degrees C; 554 degrees F (EPA , 1987)
- approximately 290 degrees C (Budavari, 2001)
- 340 degrees C; 644 degrees F; 613 K (all at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2002)
- 340 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 315 - 338 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 315-388 degrees C (depending on purity) (ACGIH, 2001)
- about 290 degrees C (HSDB , 2002)
- Sulfuric acid will decompose at 340 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 270 degrees C (100% grade) (Ashford, 2001)
- 330 degrees C; 626 degrees F (NFPA, 2002a)
FLASH POINT
- Not flammable (CHRIS , 2002; ITI, 1995)
SOLUBILITY
1,000,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002) Sulfuric acid is highly soluble. However, in water it will sink and layer out, and slowly dissolve (OHM/TADS , 2002). Sulfuric acid is miscible with water (Ashford, 2001). Sulfuric acid is soluble in water, but may react violently with water liberating much heat (EPA , 1987).
Sulfuric acid is soluble in ethyl alcohol (HSDB , 2002). Sulfuric acid is miscible with alcohol (Ashford, 2001).
OTHER/PHYSICAL
>1 mg/m(3) (CHRIS , 2002) recognition odor = .6 mg/m(3) (OHM/TADS , 2002) Sulfuric acid is odorless (HSDB , 2002) 1.0 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2002) 1.1 mg/m(3) (irritating concentration) (HSDB , 2002)
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