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SULFUR TETRAFLUORIDE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Sulfur tetrafluoride is a selective fluorinating agent.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) F4-S

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) Sulfur tetrafluoride is an industrial chemical used for selectively adding fluoride to other chemicals (EPA, 1985).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Sulfur tetrafluoride is a highly irritating and corrosive gas. It may cause dermal burns, eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, and pulmonary edema.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Eye irritation or burns may occur. Nasal discharge was seen in rats.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Animals exposed to concentrations less than 20 ppm for 4 hours developed irregular breathing. When exposed to 4 ppm for 4 hours a day over a period of 10 days, emphysema was noted in laboratory animals. This emphysema was reversible.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Weakness was reported in exposed rats.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    B) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Baseline arterial blood gases should be obtained in cases of significant inhalation exposure. Continuous repeated exposure may result in chronic fluorosis which is detectable by measuring blood fluoride levels. Obtain serum electrolytes including serial calcium and potassium levels in symptomatic patients. A chest x-ray is recommended for significant exposures.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) Because sulfur tetrafluoride is a GAS, there is little or no risk of ingestion exposure.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    C) Hypocalcemia in the absence of clinical tetany may occur. If so diagnosed, hypocalcemia should be corrected with intravenous calcium gluconate (10%) 0.1 to 0.2 milliliters per kilogram up to 10 milliliters per dose. SEE MAIN TREATMENT SECTION FOR CAUTIONS.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Calcium infiltration or calcium topically has been used to counteract the effect of hydrofluoric acid on the skin. This is an untried therapy for exposure to sulfur tetrafluoride.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The TLCo in rats by inhalation is 19 parts per million for 4 hours. No human minimum lethal dose has been established.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Sulfur tetrafluoride is a highly irritating and corrosive gas. It may cause dermal burns, eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, and pulmonary edema.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Eye irritation or burns may occur. Nasal discharge was seen in rats.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) IRRITATION - Eye irritation or burns may occur if this gas comes in contact with the moisture of eyes. The extent of damage is dependent on the concentration of the gas and the duration of exposure.
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) NASAL DISCHARGE was seen in rats exposed to 4 ppm for 4 hours per day for 10 days (ACGIH, 1986).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Animals exposed to concentrations less than 20 ppm for 4 hours developed irregular breathing. When exposed to 4 ppm for 4 hours a day over a period of 10 days, emphysema was noted in laboratory animals. This emphysema was reversible.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DISORDER OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    1) ANIMALS exposed to concentrations less than 20 ppm for 4 hours developed irregular breathing (ACGIH, 1986).
    B) EMPHYSEMA
    1) Emphysema was seen in rats exposed to 4 ppm for 4 hours a day over a 12 day period (ACGIH, 1986). The emphysema was reversible with a 14 day rest period (ACGIH, 1986).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Weakness was reported in exposed rats.
    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) MUSCLE WEAKNESS
    1) RATS - Weakness was reported in rats exposed to 4 ppm for 4 hours per day for 10 to 12 days (ACGIH, 1986).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    B) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7783-60-0 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this agent.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Baseline arterial blood gases should be obtained in cases of significant inhalation exposure. Continuous repeated exposure may result in chronic fluorosis which is detectable by measuring blood fluoride levels. Obtain serum electrolytes including serial calcium and potassium levels in symptomatic patients. A chest x-ray is recommended for significant exposures.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    2) SULFUR DIOXIDE PORTION - Baseline arterial blood gases should be obtained in cases of significant inhalation exposure or if respiratory tract irritation is present.
    a) Elevated sulfhemoglobin levels were noted in two fatal cases of sulfur dioxide poisoning (Finkel, 1983). Although sulfhemoglobin levels are not readily available, they might be useful as confirmation of exposure.
    3) HF ACID PORTION - Continuous repeated exposure of HF vapor greater than 3 parts per million in air can result in excessive deposition of fluoride in the body, resulting in chronic fluorosis, which is detectable by measuring blood fluoride levels.
    a) Obtain serum electrolytes including serial calcium and potassium levels in symptomatic patients.
    B) ACID/BASE
    1) Monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray in symptomatic inhalation exposures.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINALYSIS
    1) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring urinalysis is suggested for patients with significant exposure.
    B) URINARY LEVELS
    1) SULFUR DIOXIDE - Increased sulfates in the urine may be seen after exposure (Plunkett, 1976), but this finding may be confounded by diet and is of undetermined utility in the clinical assessment of exposed patients.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, it may be useful to monitor pulmonary function tests.
    2) MONITORING
    a) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.

Radiographic Studies

    A) CHEST RADIOGRAPH
    1) If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor chest x-ray.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Monitoring

    A) Baseline arterial blood gases should be obtained in cases of significant inhalation exposure. Continuous repeated exposure may result in chronic fluorosis which is detectable by measuring blood fluoride levels. Obtain serum electrolytes including serial calcium and potassium levels in symptomatic patients. A chest x-ray is recommended for significant exposures.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) GENERAL FIRST AID
    1) Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Observe patients carefully for the development of acute lung injury. Copiously flush exposed eyes and skin. Immediately dilute ingestions with milk or water and observe for signs of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) Because sulfur tetrafluoride is a GAS, there is little or no risk of ingestion exposure.
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) PROCEDURE EDUCATION
    1) Because sulfur tetrafluoride is a GAS, there is little or no risk of ingestion exposure.
    B) HOSPITAL ADMISSION
    1) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OBSERVATION REGIMES
    1) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) BRONCHOSPASM
    1) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
    C) ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    1) ONSET: Onset of acute lung injury after toxic exposure may be delayed up to 24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
    2) NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: The treatment of acute lung injury is primarily supportive (Cataletto, 2012). Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation with frequent monitoring of arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry. If a high FIO2 is required to maintain adequate oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may be required; ventilation with small tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) is preferred if ARDS develops (Haas, 2011; Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    a) To minimize barotrauma and other complications, use the lowest amount of PEEP possible while maintaining adequate oxygenation. Use of smaller tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) and lower plateau pressures (30 cm water or less) has been associated with decreased mortality and more rapid weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS (Brower et al, 2000). More treatment information may be obtained from ARDS Clinical Network website, NIH NHLBI ARDS Clinical Network Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary, http://www.ardsnet.org/node/77791 (NHLBI ARDS Network, 2008)
    3) FLUIDS: Crystalloid solutions must be administered judiciously. Pulmonary artery monitoring may help. In general the pulmonary artery wedge pressure should be kept relatively low while still maintaining adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and urine output (Stolbach & Hoffman, 2011).
    4) ANTIBIOTICS: Indicated only when there is evidence of infection (Artigas et al, 1998).
    5) EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY: Partial liquid ventilation has shown promise in preliminary studies (Kollef & Schuster, 1995).
    6) CALFACTANT: In a multicenter, randomized, blinded trial, endotracheal instillation of 2 doses of 80 mL/m(2) calfactant (35 mg/mL of phospholipid suspension in saline) in infants, children, and adolescents with acute lung injury resulted in acute improvement in oxygenation and lower mortality; however, no significant decrease in the course of respiratory failure measured by duration of ventilator therapy, intensive care unit, or hospital stay was noted. Adverse effects (transient hypoxia and hypotension) were more frequent in calfactant patients, but these effects were mild and did not require withdrawal from the study (Wilson et al, 2005).
    7) However, in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, and masked trial, endotracheal instillation of up to 3 doses of calfactant (30 mg) in adults only with acute lung injury/ARDS due to direct lung injury was not associated with improved oxygenation and longer term benefits compared to the placebo group. It was also associated with significant increases in hypoxia and hypotension (Willson et al, 2015).
    D) HYPOCALCEMIA
    1) Hypocalcemia in the absence of clinical tetany may occur following exposure (Tepperman, 1980). Check patient for a positive Trouseau's or Chvostek's sign. Correct hypocalcemia with intravenous calcium gluconate (10 percent) 0.1 to 0.2 milliliter/kilogram up to 10 milliliters/dose. Repeat dose if necessary.
    2) It may be necessary to exceed the manufacturer's recommended rate of administration to correct hypocalcemia (Manoguerra & Neuman, 1986). Monitor EKG continuously and serial calcium and potassium levels. Suspect hypocalcemia if QT interval is prolonged.
    E) ACIDOSIS
    1) METABOLIC ACIDOSIS: Treat severe metabolic acidosis (pH less than 7.1) with sodium bicarbonate, 1 to 2 mEq/kg is a reasonable starting dose(Kraut & Madias, 2010). Monitor serum electrolytes and arterial or venous blood gases to guide further therapy.
    F) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).
    6.8.2) TREATMENT
    A) GENERAL TREATMENT
    1) HF ACID PORTION - Various eye treatments were tried on animals to determine the most effective method to bind the fluoride ion. Injection of Ca gluconate by subconjuntival injection is too toxic to the eye. Similarly, injections of isotonic calcium chloride, or mixtures of the most common divalent cations of the cornea causes further injury.
    2) Topical ointments of magnesium or magnesium sulfate, irrigation with 0.2% Hyamine (0.2% benzethonium chloride) or 0.05% Zephiran and isotonic calcium chloride were all toxic to the eye and SHOULD NOT BE USED.
    3) Immediate SINGLE irrigation with water, isotonic sodium chloride or magnesium chloride proved to be the best therapy. Multiple irrigations increased the corneal ulceration rate from 6 to 40 percent (McCulley et al, 1983). Monitor eye fluid pH with litmus paper and continue irrigation until normal. Obtain ophthalmologic consultation for all significant burns (Grant, 1986).
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) OBSERVATION REGIMES
    1) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    B) CALCIUM
    1) HF PORTION - Continued tissue destruction and associated pain (due to penetration of free fluoride ion into affected tissues) may be minimized by subcutaneous administration of calcium gluconate to form an insoluble (inactive) fluoride salt (Blunt, 1964). This procedure is not recommended for digital areas (fingers or toes) unless the physician is experienced with the technique, due to potential digital swelling and circulatory compromise.
    a) Infiltration with calcium gluconate should be considered if (1) HF exposure results in immediate tissue damage or (2) erythema and pain persists following adequate irrigation (NOTE - pain and erythema may be delayed up to 24 hours post exposure depending on the concentration of HF). Infiltrate each square centimeter of the affected (painful) skin and subcutaneous tissue with about 0.5 milliliter of 10 percent calcium gluconate using a 30 gauge needle. Repeat as needed to control pain.
    b) CAUTION - Avoid administering large volumes of subcutaneous calcium gluconate as this will result in decreased tissue perfusion and potential necrosis. Exposure of subungual tissue often necessitates removal of the nail in order to adequately decontaminate the nailbed and relieve pain (Mayer & Guenlich, 1963; Wetherhold & Shepherd, 1965; (Dibbell et al, 1970).
    2) ARTERIAL PERFUSION - Several studies have evaluated arterial perfusion of 10 to 20 percent calcium salt solutions to treat distal upper extremely HF burns (Kohnlein & Achinger, 1982; Velvart, 1983; Vance & Curry, 1986). In general, pain relief was obtained and wound healing required 2 to 4 weeks. The relative efficacy of this procedure is difficult to determine since adequate controls were absent in all reports.
    a) This technique avoids the painful injections and nail removal required with infiltration therapy. It is able to deliver more calcium ion to the injured tissue. It has not been proven to give superior results to the infiltration technique, however, and requires an invasive vascular procedure, an infusion pump, and hospital admission. It should reserved for use in severe distal extremely burns by those physicians who are comfortable with the technique and have considerable experience in the treatment of these burns.
    3) MAGNESIUM SALTS - Harris et al (1981) evaluated the efficacy of subcutaneous and intradermal injections of magnesium salts (10 percent acetate and sulfate) in rats dermally exposed to HF. In this study, the magnesium salts effectively minimized the depth and progression of the HF burn but further studies are needed before these salts can be routinely recommended.
    4) CALCIUM GEL - The use of a 2.5 percent calcium gluconate gel has been recommended by Brown (1974) and others as treatment for clinical exposures to solutions less than 20 percent HF (Trevino et al, 1983; El Saadi et al, 1987). After irrigation with water, the affected area is massaged with the gel until the pain has subsided for 15 minutes. The gel must have access to the burn so cloth or thick necrotic coagulum should be removed.
    a) If the burn fails to respond to the gel, then Ca gluconate injections may be used. In an animal model, animals treated with calcium gluconate gel developed a less serious hydrofluoric acid burn than animals treated with benzalkonium chloride, A & D ointment, aloe gel, or magnesium ointment (Bracken et al, 1985).
    b) PREPARING GEL - A commercial gel, "H-F Antidote Gel" is available from Moore & Company Ltd, Rippleside Commercial Estate, Renwick Rd, Barking Essex, 1G11 O5D, England. An extemporaneous preparation may be made by adding 3.5 gram of USP calcium gluconate powder to a 5 ounce tube of water-soluble surgical lubricant such as K-Y Jelly.
    1) Formulation of a gel with equal parts of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 10 percent calcium gluconate has been shown to enhance percutaneous absorption of calcium ions in rat skin (Zachary et al, 1986). Other soluble calcium salts (ie, calcium lactate) may theoretically be substituted for the gluconate salt in extemporaneous compounding of the gel.
    C) QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND
    1) Soaking the burn in a quaternary ammonium compound solution has been recommended (Wetherhold & Shepherd, 1965; Reinhart et al, 1966), and although sometimes successful, it is uncomfortable to the patient and difficult to use in awkward or large areas.
    D) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EXTRACORPOREAL ELIMINATION
    1) No studies have addressed the utilization of extracorporeal elimination techniques in poisoning with this agent.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The TLCo in rats by inhalation is 19 parts per million for 4 hours. No human minimum lethal dose has been established.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) One of two rats with inhalation exposure to 20 ppm for 4 hours died (ACGIH, 1986).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) One of two rats with inhalation exposure to 20 ppm for 4 hours survived (ACGIH, 1986).
    2) Rats developed nasal irritation and discharge, labored breathing, and weakness during a 10 day inhalation exposure to 4 ppm for 4 hours daily. Emphysema was noted in these rats if they were sacrificed immediately after the exposure period, but was not present if there was a 14 day delay between the end of exposure and sacrifice (ACGIH, 1986).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7783-60-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Sulfur tetrafluoride
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA:
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling: 0.1 ppm
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions: Not Listed
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr; lung dam
    d) Molecular Weight: 108.07
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7783-60-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Sulfur tetrafluoride
    2) REL:
    a) TWA:
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling: 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m(3))
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    3) IDLH: Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7783-60-0 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sulfur tetrafluoride
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sulfur tetrafluoride
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS7783-60-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 1992

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) This agent is a strong irritant and will cause irritation and burns on contact with a moist surface by decomposition to HF and SO2 (ACGIH, 1986).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless, noncombustible gas (EPA, 1985; ACGIH, 1986; Windholz et al, 1983).
    B) distinct sulfur odor (AAR, 1987)
    C) colorless (Budavari, 1989)

Molecular Weight

    A) 108.07 (Budavari, 1989)

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    7) 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    8) 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    9) 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
    13) ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986, pp 546.
    14) AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
    15) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
    16) Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.
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