SULFUR

It is used for the production of sulfuric acid, sulfates, carbon disulfide, and in the manufacture of matches, rubber vulcanization, and incendiary bombs. In agriculture, sulfur is used in making phosphate fertilizers, as a pesticide and fungicide, and in the production of wines (ILO, 1983). It is widely used in medicine for its laxative, antiseptic, antiparasitic, and keratolytic properties to treat skin diseases, respiratory disorders, hemorrhoids, constipation, etc (ILO, 1983) HSDB).

FORMS

SULFUR in its elemental form is an odorless, flammable, yellow translucent solid. It is shipped as lumps, powder, or in the molten state (HSDB). Although pure sulfur is odorless, significant concentrations of HYDROGEN SULFIDE may be present as a result of anaerobic reduction (HSDB).
Because it is a poor conductor of electricity, sulfur tends to develop static electricity during transport or processing; static electrical discharges may lead to spontaneous combustion of sulfur dust. Fires in sulfur heaps are frequent and insidious, as they may break out again after the original fire appears to have been extinguished (ILO, 1983). Vapors given off during melting of sulfur may contain enough hydrogen sulfide or carbon disulfide to permit ignition of the air/vapor mixture upon contact with a hot surface (HSDB) or to produce health effects.

SOURCES

Sulfur is ubiquitous in nature, forming 0.05% of the earth's crust (HSDB). It exists in different structural forms, of which the alpha (polymeric) state is the most stable and is slowly formed from the beta- (monomeric) form (HSDB). Sulfur is insoluble in water, and is soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene, and liquid ammonia (HSDB). It reacts, sometimes violently, with most metals (HSDB). SULFUR DIOXIDE is the combustion product (HSDB).
Elemental sulfur is largely extracted from petroleum and may therefore contain some residuals (such as hydrogen sulfide) from petroleum products (ILO, 1983).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Sulfur may cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes (Budavari, 1989). If spilled on clothing and allowed to remain, it may cause smarting and reddening of the skin (HSDB , 1993). It is a human eye irritant (Lewis, 1992). Liquid will burn skin and eyes (CHRIS , 1993).

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Inhalation of sulfur dust can cause respiratory tract irritation (HSDB), inflammation of the nasal mucosa with increased secretions, and tracheobronchitis (HSDB). Eye irritation can occur (HSDB). Damage to the lens has been described, with formation of opacities, cataracts, and focal chorioretinitis. Breathing difficulty, cough, and bloody phlegm can occur (HSDB).
Sulfur is not particularly toxic when ingested. Ingestion of 60 grams has been survived (HSDB). However, if not promptly eliminated, theoretically, hydrogen sulfide might be formed from anaerobic metabolism in the gut (Smith & Gosselin, 1979).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Sulfur can be systemically absorbed; elevated levels of sulfate are found in the urine of persons with chronic sulfur exposure (ILO, 1983). Effects of chronic exposure include chronic bronchitis (Renke, 1978), and various bronchopulmonary diseases, including emphysema, bronchiectasis, and asthma (ILO, 1983).
Sulfur pneumoconiosis, so-called THIOPNEUMOCONIOSIS, was first described in the 1800's. While there can be deterioration of pulmonary function, there seems to be a lack of true fibrosis as seen in pneumoconioses induced by silica. Pleural changes were found in 57% of persons with chronic sulfur exposure working under "primitive" conditions (Nurnziante, 1964).
Chronic exposure to sulfur can also damage the skin, producing DERMATITIS VENEATA (HSDB) with eczema-like lesions, ulceration, and folliculitis (Wyers, 1949). Some workers also experienced burning of the face (Wyers, 1949).

ANIMAL STUDIES

In chronic experimental animal exposure studies, prolonged inhalation of sulfur dust caused changes in the thyroid gland (Novikova, 1980).
In guinea pigs, chronic oral administration of elemental sulfur increased levels of all liver enzymes (Wesolowski, 19812).
Sulfur has been found to potentiate the pneumoconiotic effects of carbon black in rats (Shirokov et al, 1974).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

The following treatment information is for Sulfur Compounds in general.
INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Do not induce emesis.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Patient should be monitored and treated symptomatically.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

The following information is for SULFUR COMPOUNDS -

CASE REPORTS

A 22-year-old student died after ingestion of 400 mL of calcium polysulfide solution (Hayes, 1982).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

The following information is for SULFUR COMPOUNDS -

The acute oral toxic dose has been estimated at 10 to 15 g in adults (Deichmann & Gerarde, 1969) Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, 1955).
In one adult male, 60 g was ingested within 24 hours, which produced toxicity and complete recovery (Hodge et al, 1951).
Ingestion of 250 g over 6 days produced acidosis and recovery in a 57-year-old woman (Blum & Coe, 1977).
500 to 750 mg daily of colloidal sulfur produced no toxic effects when given to adult volunteers for 10 days (Greengard & Woolley, 1940).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS9035-99-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Lewis, 1992 RTECS, 1993
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS9035-99-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS9035-99-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS9035-99-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS9035-99-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS9035-99-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS9035-99-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Sulfur, homopolymer

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1350 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sulfur

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA1350
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: None
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: No limit
Cargo aircraft only: No limit

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 19, 74

19: Protect from sparks and open flames.
74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sulfur

Symbol(s): I

I: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1350
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: 30, IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

30: Sulfur is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter if transported in a non-bulk packaging or if formed to a specific shape (for example, prills, granules, pellets, pastilles, or flakes). A bulk packaging containing sulfur is not subject to the placarding requirements of subpart F of this part, if it is marked with the appropriate identification number as required by subpart D of this part. Molten sulfur must be marked as required by Sec. 172.325 of this subchapter.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: None
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: No limit
Cargo aircraft only: No limit

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 19, 74

19: Protect from sparks and open flames.
74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2448 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sulfur, molten

Symbol(s): D

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 9

9: Miscellaneous hazardous material. See 49 CFR section 173.140 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2448
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 9

9: Class 9.

Special Provisions: 30, IB3, T1, TP3

30: Sulfur is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter if transported in a non-bulk packaging or if formed to a specific shape (for example, prills, granules, pellets, pastilles, or flakes). A bulk packaging containing sulfur is not subject to the placarding requirements of subpart F of this part, if it is marked with the appropriate identification number as required by subpart D of this part. Molten sulfur must be marked as required by Sec. 172.325 of this subchapter.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 247

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 61

61: Stow "separated from" corrosive materials.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sulfur, molten

Symbol(s): I

I: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only domestic transportation is involved.

Hazard class or Division: 4.1

4.1: Flammable solid. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2448
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.1

4.1: Flammable Solid.

Special Provisions: 30, IB1, T1, TP3

30: Sulfur is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter if transported in a non-bulk packaging or if formed to a specific shape (for example, prills, granules, pellets, pastilles, or flakes). A bulk packaging containing sulfur is not subject to the placarding requirements of subpart F of this part, if it is marked with the appropriate identification number as required by subpart D of this part. Molten sulfur must be marked as required by Sec. 172.325 of this subchapter.
IB1: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 247

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: C

C: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 74

74: Stow "separated from" oxidizers.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1350 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sulphur
UN Number: 1350

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2448 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sulphur, molten
UN Number: 2448

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS9035-99-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Sulfur is frequently stored in heated tanks above the melting point as amber liquid (NFPA, 1991).
Protect against physical damage (HSDB , 1993).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Guard against dust accumulation or aspiration of dust into air (HSDB , 1993).
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from chlorates, nitrates, other oxidizing materials, and hydrocarbons (NFPA, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 9035-99-8.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Flammable/combustible material.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect.
- Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Sulfur is combustible when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizers (Lewis, 1992).
Sulfur ignites in air above 261 degrees C, and in oxygen below 260 degrees C, burning to the dioxide (Budavari, 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS9035-99-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS9035-99-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

To fight fire, use water or special mixtures of dry chemical (Lewis, 1992).

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water or foam may cause frothing of molten sulfur. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire (NFPA, 1991).

Sulfur burns with a pale blue flame that may be difficult to see in daylight (HSDB , 1993).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated, sulfur burns and emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).
Products of combustion may be more hazardous than the material itself (NFPA, 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Sulfur is combustible when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizers (Lewis, 1992).

It ignites in air above 261 degrees C, and in oxygen below 260 degrees C, burning to the dioxide (Budavari, 1989).

Sulfur is explosive in the form of dust when exposed to flame (Lewis, 1992).

Grinding of sulfur involves a high degree of explosive hazard (HSDB , 1993).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Sulfur is explosive in the form of dust when exposed to flame (Lewis, 1992).

Dust may be irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract (NFPA, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated, sulfur burns and emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur (Lewis, 1992).

It is combustible when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizers (Lewis, 1992).

Sulfur is explosive in the form of dust when exposed to flame (Lewis, 1992).

It ignites in air above 261 degrees C, and in oxygen below 260 degrees C, burning to the dioxide (Budavari, 1989).

Molten sulfur reacts with hydrocarbons to form carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide (NFPA, 1991).

Sulfur reacts with the following compounds, sometimes violently (Lewis, 1992; NFPA, 1991):

AgNO3
Ag2O
Ca(OCl)2
Ca3P2
CrO3
Cr(OCl)2
F2
Hg(NO3)2
HgO
Hg2O
IF5
K3N
KNO3 + As2S3
KMnO4
NO2
NaH
NaNO3 + charcoal
Na + SnI4
P2O3
SCl2
Tl2O3
Aluminum
Aluminum + niobium pentoxide
Ammonia
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium perchlorate
Barium bromate
Barium carbide
Barium chlorate
Barium iodate
Boron
Bromates
Bromine pentafluoride
Bromine trifluoride
Calcium
Calcium + vanadium oxide + water
Carbides
Cesium nitride
Charcoal
Chlorates
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine monoxide
Chlorine trifluoride
Copper + chlorates
Halogenates
Halogenites
Halogens
Hydrocarbons
Indium
Iodine pentoxide
Lead dioxide
Lead chlorate
Lead chlorite
Limonene
Lithium
Nickel
Palladium
Perchlorates
Phosphorus
Potassium
Potassium bromate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium iodate
Potassium nitrate + arsenic trisulfide
Potassium nitride
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium permanganate
Rubidium acetylene carbide
Sodium
Strontium carbide
Thorium
Thorium carbide
Tin
Uranium
Zinc

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS9035-99-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS9035-99-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS9035-99-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS9035-99-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1993)

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 133 (ERG, 2004)
- Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

SOURCES: Waste from kraft mills, sugar refining, petroleum refining, and copper and iron extraction all contain appreciable amounts of sulfur (HSDB , 1993).

Sulfur reaches local water courses in limited amounts by dusting of solid sulfur during transportation and handling at ports, runoff from storage areas, and accidental spills (HSDB , 1993).

Traces of hydrogen sulfide represent the only aqueous phase contaminant likely to be detected (HSDB , 1993).

When spilled onto soil, molten sulfur will solidify prior to any significant movement into the soil. In solid form, sulfur is insoluble and thus cannot be transported downward to the groundwater table (HSDB , 1993).

Sulfur is oxidized by microbial species in soils. Plants are able to utilize the oxidized forms of sulfur. The oxidation rate is controlled by temperature, moisture content, and soil aeration (Germida & Janzen, 1993).

Soil bacteria, thiobacilli, degraded elemental sulfur with a rate constant of 50 mcg/cm(2)/d. Heterotrophic species had a sulfur oxidation rate constant of about 5 mcg/cm(2)/d (Watkinson & Blair, 1993).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of sulfur was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1993):

TLm, mosquito fish, 10,000 ppm/96 hours, fresh water

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

32.064 (plus or minus 0.003) (Budavari, 1989)

POLYMERIC SULFUR: 200,000 (Budavari, 1989)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pure sulfur is odorless, but traces of hydrocarbon impurity may impart an oily and/or rotten egg odor. Recovered sulfur usually has a strong rotten egg odor (CHRIS , 1993).

Pure sulfur exists in two stable crystalline forms, alpha- and beta-, and at least two amorphous (liquid) forms (Sax & Lewis, 1987).

tasteless or faint taste (HSDB , 1993)

amber-colored or light yellow crystals (Budavari, 1989)

bright yellow, orange, tan, brown, or gray, depending upon the amount and type of hydrocarbon impurity (CHRIS , 1993)

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 183.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 1992)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

ALPHA-SULFUR, SOLID: 2.06 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)
ALPHA-SULFUR, LIQUID: 1.803 g/mL (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)
BETA-SULFUR: 1.96 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

ALPHA-SULFUR: 112.8 degrees C (rapid heating) (Sax & Lewis, 1987)
BETA-SULFUR: 115.21 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)
GAMMA-SULFUR: 106.8 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

BETA-SULFUR: approximately 444.6 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

BETA-SULFUR: 207 degrees C; 405 degrees F (closed cup) (Sax & Lewis, 1987; Lewis, 1992)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

232 degrees C; 450 degrees F (Lewis, 1992)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Sulfur is insoluble in water (Budavari, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is sparingly soluble in alcohol and in ether (Budavari, 1989).
solubility in carbon disulfide: 1 g/2 mL (Budavari, 1989)
benzene (approximately 2.4% at 30 degrees C, much more at higher temperatures) (Budavari, 1989)
soluble in toluene (Budavari, 1989)
Sulfur is also soluble in carbon tetrachloride (Sax & Lewis, 1987).
acetone dissolves 2.65% sulfur at 25 degrees C; methylene iodide dissolves 9.1% sulfur at 10 degrees C; chloroform dissolves about 1.5% sulfur at 18 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)
Polymeric sulfur is insoluble in solvents used for orthorhombic form (beta-sulfur) (Budavari, 1989).

OTHER

Liquid ammonia (anhydrous) dissolves 38.5% sulfur at minus 78 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents