Contact Us    Contact Us     |     Feedback
MOBILE VIEW  | 

STYRENE OXIDE

Export To Excel

Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Styrene oxide is ethylbenzene epoxide.

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) C8-H8-O

Available Forms Sources

    A) SOURCES
    1) Styrene oxide is a major metabolite of styrene, but is itself produced for commercial use.
    2) Commercial sytrene oxide is produced by the treatment of styrene chlorohydrin with alkali or by using peracetic acid to epoxidize styrene (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Hathaway et al, 1991; Lewis, 1993) Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) USES
    1) Styrene oxide is used as a diluent or reactive plasticizer for epoxy resins, a chemical intermediate in styrene glycol, phenethyl alcohol, or specialty polyol production, and in the process of producing a polymer with linoleic acid dimer, ethylene-diamine, and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987) Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Styrene oxide is an eye and skin irritant and skin sensitizer. Persons who have become sensitized may react severely to contact with the vapor as well as with the liquid.
    B) Exposed experimental animals have developed central nervous system depression and hepatic injury. Styrene oxide is mutagenic. It is considered an experimental animal carcinogen, but is an indefinite human carcinogen. Some reproductive toxicity has been noted in experimental animals.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat may occur.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Irritation of the respiratory tract mucosa may be predicted.
    0.2.8) GASTROINTESTINAL
    A) Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract might result from ingestion.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Direct contact causes moderate dermal irritation. Sensitization may occur.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Rats exposed to styrene oxide during gestation had increased fetal resorptions. Styrene oxide was not teratogenic in rabbits or rats.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Blood levels of styrene oxide are not readily available and have not been correlated with toxicity. Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure. Styrene oxide is largely excreted in the urine as mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids, and monitoring these might allow estimation of exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) Evaluate for complications of gastrointestinal irritation (perforation, bleeding, mediastinitis, late sequelae of esophageal stricture) and treat appropriately.
    E) Assure airway patency and oxygenation if central nervous system depression occurs.
    F) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) The minimum lethal human exposure has not been delineated. Solutions as dilute as 1% may cause eye and skin irritation.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Styrene oxide is an eye and skin irritant and skin sensitizer. Persons who have become sensitized may react severely to contact with the vapor as well as with the liquid.
    B) Exposed experimental animals have developed central nervous system depression and hepatic injury. Styrene oxide is mutagenic. It is considered an experimental animal carcinogen, but is an indefinite human carcinogen. Some reproductive toxicity has been noted in experimental animals.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat may occur.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) CONJUNCTIVITIS - Even dilute 1% styrene oxide solutions or vapors may cause eye irritation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). The concentrated material causes severe conjunctival irritation, but serious burns or loss of vision are unlikely (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) MUCOSAL IRRITATION - Based on its ability to irritate exposed eyes and skin (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987), irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat might be predicted with exposure to styrene oxide vapors.
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) MUCOSAL IRRITATION - Based on its ability to irritate exposed eyes and skin (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987), irritation of the mucosa of the nose and throat might be predicted with exposure to styrene oxide vapors.

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Irritation of the respiratory tract mucosa may be predicted.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) While not reported in exposed humans or experimental animals, irritation of the respiratory tract might be predicted from the ability of styrene oxide to irritate eyes and skin (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).

Neurologic

    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) Exposed experimental animals have had central nervous system depression (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; (HSDB , 1996).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.1) SUMMARY
    A) Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract might result from ingestion.
    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) GASTRITIS
    1) While not reported in exposed humans or experimental animals, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract following an ingestion might be predicted from the ability of styrene oxide to irritate eyes and skin (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).

Hepatic

    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    a) Exposed experimental animals have developed hepatic lesions including decreases in hepatic glutathione content and mixed-function oxidases, increased liver weights, and elevated transaminase levels (Clayton & Clayton, 1982; (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Chakrabarti & Brodeur, 1981).
    b) Experiments with isolated perfused rat livers have shown epoxide binding to hepatic tissue protein and RNA with severe liver damage and release of transaminases following styrene oxide exposure (Van Anda et al, 1979).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Direct contact causes moderate dermal irritation. Sensitization may occur.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN IRRITATION
    1) Direct contact causes moderate dermal irritation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    B) DERMATITIS
    1) Single or repeated direct dermal contact with solutions of styrene oxide as dilute as 1% may result in skin sensitization (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987). Severe hypersensitivity reactions may occur when a sensitized individual is re-exposed to styrene oxide vapors or has direct skin contact with the material (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Rats exposed to styrene oxide during gestation had increased fetal resorptions. Styrene oxide was not teratogenic in rabbits or rats.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) EMBRYOTOXICITY
    1) Styrene oxide administered repetitively into chicken eggs caused increased embryonal demise and malformations in the surviving embryos (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Schreiner, 1983).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Styrene oxide was not teratogenic in rabbits exposed to 50 ppm or in rats exposed to 100 ppm (Hardin et al, 1983).
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) FERTILITY DECREASED FEMALE
    1) Rabbits exposed to an airborne concentration of 100 ppm had decreased fecundity (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Hardin et al, 1983).
    2) Decreased fecundity was also seen in rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 50 ppm styrene oxide (pp 14-1981).
    B) DEATH
    1) Pregnant rabbits and rats administered styrene oxide by inhalation had an excessive incidence of maternal mortality (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Hardin et al, 1983; pp 14-1981).
    C) EMBRYOTOXICITY
    1) Rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 50 ppm of styrene oxide during gestation had increased fetal resorptions (pp 14-1981; Sikov et al, 1986).
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of styrene oxide exposure during lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS96-09-3 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) IARC Classification
    a) Listed as: Styrene-7,8-oxide
    b) Carcinogen Rating: 2A
    1) The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
    3.21.3) HUMAN STUDIES
    A) GASTRIC CARCINOMA
    1) A combination of maternal oral styrene oxide exposure during pregnancy followed by offspring styrene oxide feeding produced forestomach tumors in rats (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987) Ponomarkov et al, 1984). A second rat intragastric administration study showed dose-dependent inducement of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Lijinsky, 1986). Forestomach tumors were produced in rats and mice exposed by gavage (Conti et al, 1988).
    B) BREAST CARCINOMA
    1) Styrene oxide induced benign and malignant mammary tumors in rats and mice exposed by inhalation to levels as high as 300 ppm (Conti et al, 1988).
    C) SKIN CARCINOMA
    1) LACK OF EFFECT
    a) Mouse skin painting experiments have not shown induction of skin tumors (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).
    D) CARCINOMA
    1) The IARC has stated that there is sufficient evidence to consider styrene oxide carcinogenic in experimental animals (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).
    E) HUMANS
    1) Styrene oxide is an indefinite human carcinogen (RTECS , 1996). Styrene oxide is thought to be the styrene metabolite responsible for mutagenicity (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; Finkel, 1983). A mortality study of 560 styrene-polystyrene workers suggested an increased number of leukemia and lymphoma deaths, although this study was not definitive (Nicholson et al, 1978).

Genotoxicity

    A) As an epoxide, styrene oxide has been genotoxic in a wide variety of short-term test systems.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Blood levels of styrene oxide are not readily available and have not been correlated with toxicity. Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure. Styrene oxide is largely excreted in the urine as mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids, and monitoring these might allow estimation of exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) Blood levels of styrene oxide are not readily available and have not been correlated with toxicity.
    B) BLOOD/SERUM CHEMISTRY
    1) Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure.
    4.1.3) URINE
    A) URINARY LEVELS
    1) As styrene oxide is an intermediate metabolite of styrene and is largely excreted in the urine as mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in humans (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987), monitoring these urinary metabolites might allow an estimation of exposure.

Methods

    A) MULTIPLE ANALYTICAL METHODS
    1) Styrene oxide may be measured in blood or tissue by gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or fluorometry (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).
    2) Styrene oxide can be measured in water by high performance liquid chromatography or spectrophotometry and in atmospheric air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).
    3) Styrene oxide and its metabolite, styrene glycol, can be simultaneously determined down to the 0.01-ng level by gas chromatography on the pentafluorobenzoyl chloride derivatives (van Bogaert et al, 1978).
    4) Styrene oxide can be sampled from air by collecting on a glass fiber filter, adsorbed onto Tenax-GC, extracted in ethyl acetate, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Lower limit of detection is 0.1 g per sample (Stampfer & Hermes, 1981).
    5) A 32P-postlabeling method was developed for detecting styrene oxide-DNA adducts in human lymphocytes. The lower limit of detection was in the fmole range, with 10% labeling efficiency (Hemminki & Vodicka, 1995).
    6) A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method using a modified Edman degradation procedure detected styrene oxide-hemoglobin adducts with a lower limit of sensitivity of 10 pmol/g. No adducts could be detected in lymphocytes from persons occupationally exposed to an average styrene oxide airborne concentration of 31 mg/m(3) (Severi et al, 1994).
    7) Styrene oxide adducts to hemoglobin have been measured by alkaline hydrolysis to styrene glycol, solvent extraction, and capillary gas chromatography on the trimethylsilyl ether derivative using selection ion recording mass spectrometry. Lower limit of detection is 15 pmol/g globin. This method could potentially be used to monitor workers exposed to styrene oxide (Sepai et al, 1993).
    8) Styrene oxide-DNA adducts can be measured by gas chromatography-electron capture detection after heating, acid precipitation, reacting with nitrous acid, reacting twice with pentafluorobenzyl bromide, and solid-phase extraction on silica. Lower limit of detection is 50 ng (Saha et al, 1995).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Symptomatic patients should probably be admitted to the hospital until all symptoms have cleared.

Monitoring

    A) Blood levels of styrene oxide are not readily available and have not been correlated with toxicity. Monitor liver function tests in patients with significant exposure. Styrene oxide is largely excreted in the urine as mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids, and monitoring these might allow estimation of exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) INHALATION EXPOSURE -
    1) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    B) DERMAL EXPOSURE -
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    2) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    C) EYE EXPOSURE -
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    D) ORAL EXPOSURE -
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    2) Gastric lavage is of questionable safety and care must be taken if the procedure is done.
    3) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    4) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    5) Evaluate carefully for complications of gastrointestinal irritation (perforation, bleeding, mediastinitis, late sequelae of esophageal stricture) and treat appropriately.
    6) Assure airway patency and oxygenation if central nervous system depression occurs.
    7) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Avoid induced emesis due to possible esophageal and gastric irritation.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Although not reported in humans, significant gastric and esophageal irritation could occur with ingestion of large amounts. Observe carefully for signs of serious complications such as perforation, bleeding, or mediastinitis.
    2) If signs of serious esophageal irritation are present, esophagoscopy or esophagograms may be considered for evaluation and monitoring. A possible late sequelae of serious esophageal irritation could be stricture formation, requiring surgical consultation and evaluation.
    3) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
    C) MONITORING OF PATIENT
    1) Monitor liver function tests.
    D) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) If central nervous system depression occurs, airway patency and oxygenation must be carefully evaluated and airway protective measures including endotracheal intubation undertaken if indicated.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    6.7.2) TREATMENT
    A) OXYGEN
    1) Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required.
    B) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) If central nervous system depression occurs, airway patency must be carefully evaluated and airway protective measures including endotracheal intubation undertaken if indicated.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) Patients who develop hypersensitivity reactions may require systemic antihistamine or corticosteroid therapy, and should be precluded from further exposure.
    C) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Enhanced Elimination

    A) EFFICACY
    1) No studies have addressed the use of extracorporeal elimination techniques in styrene oxide poisoning.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) The minimum lethal human exposure has not been delineated. Solutions as dilute as 1% may cause eye and skin irritation.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
    B) ANIMAL DATA
    1) In rats, exposure to 1000 ppm was lethal to 2 of 6 animals within 4 hours (Hathaway et al, 1991).
    2) Repeated 7-hour exposures at 300 ppm were rapidly fatal to 40% of female rats, and extensive mortality occurred in rats receiving prolonged exposure to 100 ppm (Hathaway et al, 1991).
    3) Prolonged and repeated exposures at 15 to 50 ppm in the rabbit produced mortality (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
    2) Solutions as dilute as 1% may be irritating to skin and eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1981; Hathaway et al, 1991).
    3) A single intraperitoneal dose of 375 mg/kg in rats has produced decreased glutathione and mixed-function oxidase content in the liver (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).

Serum Plasma Blood Concentrations

    7.5.2) TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS
    A) TOXIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS
    1) GENERAL
    a) Blood levels of styrene oxide are not readily available and have not been correlated with toxicity.

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS96-09-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS96-09-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS96-09-3 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2A ; Listed as: Styrene-7,8-oxide
    a) 2A : The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS96-09-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) References: RTECS, 1996 Lewis, 1992 Vainio & Hietanen, 1987 ITI, 1985
    1) LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
    a) 1500 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    a) 460-610 mg/kg
    3) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 2000-4290 mg/kg

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) Styrene oxide is a direct irritant of eyes and skin (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987).
    B) Styrene oxide may act as a base substitution mutagen (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
    C) As an epoxide, styrene oxide is an alkylating agent which can bind covalently with nucleic acids and proteins. It is a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen (Phillips & Farmer, 1994).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Styrene oxide is a colorless to pale straw-colored liquid. It has a pleasant, sweet odor (Lewis, 1993; Vainio & Hietanen, 1987; HSDB , 1996).

Molecular Weight

    A) 120.16 (Lewis, 1992)
    B) 120.2 (Vainio & Hietanen, 1987)

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    2) 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
    3) 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
    4) 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
    5) 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
    6) 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    7) 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    8) 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
    9) 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
    10) 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
    11) 68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.
    12) 69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.
    13) AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
    14) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.
    15) Bastlova T, Vodicka P, & Peterkova K: Styrene oxide-induced HPRT mutations, DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:2357-2362.
    16) Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.
    17) Caravati EM: Alkali. In: Dart RC, ed. Medical Toxicology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
    18) Chakrabarti S & Brodeur J: Metabolism and acute hepatotoxicity of styrene oxide in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981; 8:113-120.
    19) Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.
    20) Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2A. Toxicology, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1981, pp 2192-2194.
    21) Conti B, Maltoni C, & Perino G: Long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on styrene administered by inhalation, ingestion and injection and styrene oxide administered by ingestion in Sprague-Dawley rats, and para-methylstyrene administered by ingestion in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. Ann Acad Sci 1988; 534:203-234.
    22) DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.
    23) EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.
    24) ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.
    25) Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.
    26) FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.
    27) Finkel AJ: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wright, PSG Inc, Boston, MA, 1983, pp 270.
    28) Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.
    29) Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.
    30) HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 1992; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    31) HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 7/31/1996; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    32) Hardin BD, Niemeier RW, & Sikov MR: Reproductive-toxicologic assessment of the epoxides ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and styrene oxide. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983; 9:94-102.
    33) Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.
    34) Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, & Hughes JP: Proctor and Hughes' Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 3rd ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 1991, pp 520-521.
    35) Hemminki K & Vodicka P: Styrene - from characterisation of DNA adducts to application in styrene-exposed lamination workers. Toxicol Lett 1995; 77:153-161.
    36) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.
    37) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.
    38) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.
    39) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
    40) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.
    41) IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.
    42) ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.
    43) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.
    44) International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.
    45) Lewis RJ: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 8th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1992, pp 1531.
    46) Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1993, pp 1098.
    47) Lijinsky W: Rat and mouse forestomach tumors induced by chronic oral administration of styrene oxide. JNCI 1986; 77:471-476.
    48) Lubet RA, Kiss E, & Gallagher MM: Induction of neoplastic transformation and DNA single-strand breaks in C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cells by polycyclic hydrocarbons and alkylating agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71:991-997.
    49) Male R, Lillehaug JR, & Djurhuus R: In vitro transformation and tumor promotion studies of styrene and styrene oxide. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6:1367-1370.
    50) Mendrala AL, Langvardt PW, & Nitschke KD: In vitro kinetics of styrene and styrene oxide metabolism in rat, mouse, and human. Arch Toxicol 1993; 67:18-27.
    51) Milvy P & Garro AJ: Mutagenic activity of styrene oxide (1,2-epoxyethylbenzene), a presumed styrene metabolite. Mutat Res 1976; 40:15-18.
    52) NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 10th ed, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1991.
    53) NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.
    54) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.
    55) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
    56) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.
    57) NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
    58) Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.
    59) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    60) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    61) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    62) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
    63) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    64) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    65) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    66) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    67) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.
    68) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    69) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    70) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    71) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    72) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    73) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    74) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    75) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    76) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    77) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    78) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    79) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    80) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    81) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    82) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    83) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    84) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    85) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    86) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    87) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    88) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    89) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    90) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    91) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    92) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    93) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    94) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    95) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    96) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    97) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    98) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    99) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    100) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    101) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    102) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    103) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    104) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    105) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    106) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    107) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    108) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    109) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    110) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    111) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    112) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    113) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    114) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    115) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    116) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    117) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    118) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    119) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    120) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.
    121) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    122) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    123) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    124) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    125) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    126) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    127) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.
    128) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    129) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    130) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    131) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    132) National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.
    133) National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.
    134) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.
    135) National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
    136) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.
    137) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.
    138) National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.
    139) Nicholson WJ, Selikoff IJ, & Seidman H: Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4(Suppl 2):247-252.
    140) Nishi Y, Hasegawa MM, & Taketomi M: Comparison of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutation and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells with forty chemical and physical agents. Cancer Res 1984; 44:3270-3279.
    141) None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.
    142) Norppa H, Elovaara E, & Husgafvel-Pursiainen K: Effects of styrene oxide on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and hepatic drug biotransformation in Chinese hamsters in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 1979; 26:305-315.
    143) Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.
    144) Pfaffli P, Hesso A, & Vainio H: 4-Vinylphenol Excretion Suggestive of Arene Oxide Formation in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Styrene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 60:85-90.
    145) Phillips DH & Farmer PB: Evidence for DNA and protein binding by styrene and styrene oxide. Crit Rev Toxicology 1994; 24(Suppl S):S35-S46.
    146) Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.
    147) RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 7/31/1996; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.
    148) Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.
    149) Saha M, Abushamaa A, & Giese RW: General method for determining ethylene oxide and related N-7-guanine DNA adducts by gas chromatography-electron capture mass spectrometry. J Chromatog 1995; 712:345-354.
    150) Savolainen H & Vainio H: Organ distribution and nervous system binding of styrene and styrene oxide. Toxicology 1977; 8:135-141.
    151) Schreiner CA: Petroleum and petroleum products: A brief review of studies to evaluate reproductive effects. In: Christian MS, Galbraith WM, Voytek P et al (Eds): Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, vol 3, Assessment of Reproductive and Teratogenic Hazards, Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc, Princeton, NJ, 1983, pp 34.
    152) Scott D & Preston RJ: A re-evaluation of the cytogenetic effects of styrene. Mutat Res 1994; 318:175-203.
    153) Sepai O, Anderson D, & Street B: Monitoring of exposure to styrene oxide by GC-MS analysis of phenylhydroxyethyl esters in hemoglobin. Arch Toxicol 1993; 67:28-33.
    154) Severi M, Pauwels W, & Vanhummelen P: Urinary mandelic acid and hemoglobin adducts in fiberglass-reinforced plastics workers exposed to styrene. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20:451-458.
    155) Sikov MR, Cannon WC & Carr DB et al: GRA&I 14: Teratologic Assessment of Butylene Oxide, Styrene Oxide and Methyl Bromide. Issue 14. National Technical Information Service, 1981.
    156) Sikov MR, Cannon WC, & Carr DB: Reproductive toxicology of inhaled styrene oxide in rats and rabbits. J Appl Toxicol 1986; 6:155-164.
    157) Stampfer JF & Hermes RE: Development of sampling and analytical method for styrene oxide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1981; 42:699-706.
    158) Sugiura K & Goto M: Mutagenicities of styrene oxide derivatives on bacterial test systems: Relationship between mutagenic potencies and chemical reactivity. Chem Biol Interact 1981; 35:71-91.
    159) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.
    160) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.
    161) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.
    162) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.
    163) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    164) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    165) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.
    166) U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.
    167) U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.
    168) United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.
    169) Uuskula M, Jarventaus H, & Hirvonen A: Influence of GSTM1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide and 1,2-epoxy-3-butene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:947-950.
    170) Vainio H & Hietanen E: Styrene Oxide, In: Snyder R (Ed): Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents, 2nd ed, vol I, Hydrocarbons. Elsevier, New York, 1987, pp 209-216.
    171) Van Anda J, Smith BR, & Fouts JR: Concentration-dependent metabolism and toxicity of (14C) styrene oxide in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 211:207-212.
    172) Wigaeus E, Lof A, & Bjurstrom R: Exposure to styrene: Uptake, distribution, metabolism and elimination in man. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983; 9:479-488.
    173) Zhang XX, Chakrabarti S, & Malick AM: Effects of different styrene metabolites on cytotoxicity, sister-chromatid exchanges and cell-cycle kinetics in human whole blood lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat Res 1993; 302:213-218.
    174) van Bogaert M, Rollmann B, & Noel G: A very sensitive gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of styrene oxidase and styrene oxide hydratase activities. Arch Toxicol 1978; Suppl 1:195-298.