STYRENE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
BENZENE, ETHENYL- BENZENE, VINYL- CINNAMENE CINNAMENOL CINNAMOL DIAREX HF 77 ETHENYLBENZENE ETHYLENE, PHENYL- PHENETHYLENE PHENYLETHENE PHENYLETHYLENE STIROLO (Italian) STRON STYREEN (Dutch) STYREN (Czech) STYRENE STYRENE, MONOMER STYRENE MONOMER, INHIBITED STYRENE, MONOMER, STABILIZED STYRENE, MONOMER, UNSTABILIZED STYROL (German) STYROLE STYROLENE STYRON STYROPOL STYROPOR VINYLBENZEN (Czech) VINYLBENZEN (Dutch) VINYLBENZENE VINYL BENZENE VINYLBENZOL
IDENTIFIERS
2055-Styrene monomer, inhibited 2055-Styrene monomer, stabilized
IMO CLASSIFICATION:3.3 - Styrene monomer, inhibited STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51125
128-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR / WATER-IMMISCIBLE)(for UN/NA Number2055) Polymerization Hazard (ERG, 2004)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Ariel GlobalView, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002; IATA, 2002; RTECS , 2002)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Styrene is widely used in the manufacture of polystyrene plastics, protective coatings, nitrile and butadiene rubber comonomer, electronic components, alkyd/epoxy ester resin modifier, paint, styrenated polyesters, copolymer resins with acrylonitrile and butadiene, and as a chemical intermediate. It is used as an insulator, floor waxes, adhesives, putty, metal cleaners, autobody fillers, dental filling component, in agricultural products, and as a diluent to reduce viscosity of uncured resin. Styrene is also an FDA-approved flavoring agent in foods, such as ice cream and candy (AAR, 2000; ACGIH, 1991a; Bingham et al, 2001a; Hathaway et al, 1996; HSDB, 2002; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997a). Packaging is the single largest use of styrene; it is used to make foams, and styrene resins (Harbison, 1998a).
Commercialized styrene is stabilized with up to 50 ppm of t-butylcatechol or a similar inhibitor (Ashford, 1994a; Zenz, 1994a). Styrene is available in a technical form, 99.2%, and a polymer, 99.6% (Lewis, 1997a).
Styrene is produced synthetically by dehydrogenating ethylbenzene, or by using the Arco SM-PO process and combining ethylbenzene, propylene, and oxygen (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994a; Bingham et al, 2001a; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2002; Lewis, 1997a; Zenz, 1994a). The demethylation of cumene can also produce styrene (Bingham et al, 2001a). Other techniques for producing styrene are (HSDB, 2002): "Oxidation of ethylbenzene to ethylbenzene hydroperoxide, which reacts with propylene to five alpha-phenylethanol and proplene oxide, after which alcohol is dehydrated to styrene" "Oxidative conversion of ethylbenzene to alpha-phenylethanol by way of acetophenone and subsequent dehydration of the alcohol" "Side-chain chlorination of ethylbenzene followed by dehydrochlorination" "Side-chain chlorination of ethylbenzene, hydrolysis to the corresponding alcohols, followed by dehydration" "Pyrolysis of petroleum and recovery from various petroleum processes"
Styrene can be found naturally in trace amounts in cinnamon and in the sap of styracaeous tree trunks (Bingham et al, 2001a; Harbison, 1998a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
Styrene may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. It can be ototoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic, and is a CNS depressant. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include nausea, fatigue, headache, loss of coordination, muscle weakness, a feeling of drunkenness, dizziness, and unconsciousness. "Styrene sickness" with nausea, vomiting, and a sensation of drunkenness occurs with inhalation exposure. Liver damage may occur with substantial chronic exposure (over 5 years). Peripheral neuropathy and pulmonary edema may occur. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to defatting dermatitis. Fetotoxicity has been observed in experimental animals and genotoxicity has been observed in vitro. ACUTE: Central nervous system depression can occur in serious acute exposures. Following chronic exposure, styrene can disrupt amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. Effects of styrene on the nervous system include CNS depression and peripheral neuropathy. Irritation of the respiratory tract and occupational asthma may occur following acute exposure. Pulmonary edema has been reported in animals. Ongoing exposure to styrene can result in irritation or even obstructive lung disease.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Styrene is an eye, skin, nose, and respiratory tract irritant, and can cause sleepiness and unconsciousness at high concentrations (NIOSH/OSHA; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Hathaway et al, 1991). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 50 ppm for 1 hour appears to have no effect other than irritation (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991), while 20 or 93 ppm caused an increased reaction time (Cherry, 1984). Exposure to an airborne concentration of 100 ppm caused mild subjective response (ACGIH, 1991), while 200 to 400 ppm produced eye and respiratory tract irritation (NIOSH/OSHA). Concentrations of 200 to 700 ppm cause so-called STYRENE SICKNESS with CNS depression, drowsiness, headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and loss of coordination (ACGIH, 1991). Exposure to approximately 376 ppm caused neurological impairment and unpleasant subjective symptoms (ACGIH, 1991). Severe intoxication can cause encephalopathy and toxic hepatitis (ILO, 1983).
- Styrene is not appreciably absorbed through intact skin (Berode, 1985). One study found dermal absorption of 9 to 15 mg/m(2)/hour (Hathaway et al, 1991). Another source stated that it is absorbed by all routes, but mainly by inhalation (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
- Intraperitoneal doses of 500 to 1000 mg/kg caused both lung and liver damage in mice, as determined by elevations in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and sorbitol dehydrogenase in serum, respectively (Gadberry et al, 1996).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Styrene can cause cracked skin and defatting dermatitis following repeated skin contact (NIOSH/OSHA). The main concerns with chronic high-level exposure are effects on the NERVES, KIDNEYS, LUNGS, and LIVER.
- Chronic styrene exposure may contribute to development of diseases of the central nervous system. In an international historical cohort of 35,443 workers employed from 1945 to 1991 in the reinforced plastics industry, mortality from diseases involving the central nervous system increased with time since first exposure, duration, average level of exposure, and cumulative exposure. Mortality from epilepsy increased with all measures of exposure (Welp et al, 1996).
- Neurological injury caused by chronic styrene exposure has included distal hypesthesia (Lilis et al, 1978), decreased nerve conduction velocity (Seppalainen, 1978), and altered psychomotor performance (Lindstrom, 1976). In one study, such effects did not occur with exposure to airborne levels less than 100 ppm (Triebig, 1985). Increased deaths from degenerative neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, and motor neuron disease) were found in a comprehensive study of 36,610 Danish reinforced plastics workers from 1970 to 1990 (Kolstad et al, 1995).
- Chronic exposure to airborne levels greater than 100 ppm (with excursions to 500 ppm) resulted mostly temporary effects (Carrard, 1975) and increased reaction time (Gamberale, 1980). Styrene may be ototoxic (Morata et al, 1994).
- Thirty dockyard workers exposed to a mean airborne concentration of 30 ppm had reduced performance on psychometric tests compared to unexposed controls, suggesting that subtle neuropsychological effects may occur (Jegaden, 1993).
- Other effects of chronic exposure include respiratory injury (Jedrychowski & Fonte, 1984), liver and bile tract conditions (ILO, 1983), toxic hepatitis (ILO, 1983), and albuminuria (Askergren, 1982). In one study, chronic styrene exposure was associated with an increased clotting time (Chmielewski & Renke, 1976). T-lymphocyte subsets CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD4(+) 45(+) were reduced in a dose-related fashion in the peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to styrene (Bergamaschi et al, 1995).
- Increased risk for mortality from pneumonia was associated with exposure to styrene in a cohort of 34,560 men and 6,128 women employed in 660 factories in Europe. The association with pneumonia may have been due to chance, however, and the risk for bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma was not increased (Welp et al, 1996a). In a related study, mortality from non-malignant diseases of the genitourinary system was linked with average exposure to styrene, and there was a dose-related increase in mortality from nephritis and nephrosis (Welp et al, 1996b)
- Dose-related loss of color vision was found in a group of 128 styrene workers exposed to airborne concentrations of 6 to 937 mg/m(3). Other dose-related visual effects included blurred vision, lacrimation, and eye irritation; an inverse relationship with contrast sensitivity was found (Campagna et al, 1995). Using regression analysis, a statistically significant threshold of 4 ppm was found (Campagna et al, 1996).
- Sub-clinical loss of color vision was also found in another group of workers, together with peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy (Gobba et al, 1995).
- The vestibular system appears to be somewhat sensitive to styrene despite the absence of other clinical signs and symptoms (Calabrese et al, 1996).
- A dose-related association between occupational exposure to styrene (determined as urinary mandelic acid) and reduction of nerve conduction velocity was found in a group of 32 workers. Urinary mandelic acid levels correlated with exposure to less than 50 ppm (Yuasa et al, 1996).
- A dose-related association between styrene exposure and POMS scales of tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia, confusion-bewilderment, and a Psychological Distress Index was found in a group of 128 styrene-exposed workers after adjusting for major potential confounders. Such psychological effects may be manifestations of physical CNS deterioration (Sassine et al, 1996).
- Continuous performance test and vibration threshold were adversely affected at average styrene exposures to 22 ppm (Tsai & Chen, 1996).
- In a study of repeated controlled exposure, styrene was detected in body fat with a half-life for disappearance of 2.8 to 5.2 days (Engstrom, 1978a), implying that daily styrene exposure may result in accumulation. This did NOT occur with exposure to 80 ppm (Ramsey et al, 1980).
- In both rats and mice, the rate of styrene metabolism increased linearly with inhalation exposure concentrations up to approximately 300 ppm. At low concentrations, transport and ventilation rate were the major determinants of the rate of metabolism and styrene did not bioaccumulate. When metabolizing enzymes were saturated (at approximately 700 ppm in rats and 800 ppm in mice), bioaccumulation occurred (Filser et al, 1993).
- Styrene fed to mice with DIOCTYL PHTHALATE for 4 weeks induced depletion of lymphoid cells and suppressed various types of immunological responses, compared to dioctyl phthalate given alone (Dogra et al, 1993).
- Styrene was not fibrogenic in the lungs of rats, but enhanced the fibrogenic effect of fiberglass (Ostrovskaya, 1973).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, and reproductive system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
DERMAL EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
EYE EXPOSURE DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis. DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
- There have been no reported deaths from styrene exposure; based on animal data, styrene is expected to be low to moderately toxic to humans via oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes (ATSDR, 1992; (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
Rats died after ingesting high doses of styrene at 1000 to 2000 mg/kg over 28 days (ACGIH, 1991). 2000 ppm of styrene in air is lethal to rats (OHM/TADS , 2002). Guinea pigs and rats inhaled 10,000 ppm of styrene and died 30 to 60 minutes later (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996a). Some animals, species and route of exposure was not reported, died following an exposure to 2500 ppm within 8 hours (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1996a).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Styrene is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. High exposure levels may cause anesthesia and other effects of central nervous system depression (ATSDR, 1992; (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998). Following the accidental contamination of a drinking-water tank in two buildings, 93 residents were exposed to high styrene concentrations (up to 905 mcg/L) and low levels of toluene and other dissolved hydrocarbons. Overall, 46 (26 children and 20 adults) of the 84 persons interviewed experienced symptoms after drinking tap water, exposure to vapors from the basement, bathing and showering, or eating foods prepared with tap water. The following symptoms were reported by the residents: throat irritation (26%); nasal irritation (19%); eye irritation (18%); skin irritation (14%); nasal secretion (11%); abdominal pain (11%); diarrhea (7%); nausea (7%); skin eruption (6%); fever (4%); vomiting (1%) (Arnedo-Pena et al, 2003). Some people experienced vapor exposures at 100 ppm caused mild irritation of the eyes and throat within 20 minutes. After 15 minutes at 375 ppm, not all volunteers experienced eye irritations but all reported nasal irritations (ACGIH, 1991; Grant, 1993; Zenz, 1994). Concentrations of styrene at 400 to 500 ppm could be tolerated, but all volunteers experienced eye and nose irritation. At 1300 ppm, extreme irritation was noted (Grant, 1993). Humans exposed to 50 ppm for 90 minutes reported subjective complaints such as headache, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. The level of styrene in alveolar air varied with the level of exercise (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996a). Eyes and nasal irritation were reported at 376 ppm within 15 minutes of exposure. Headache, nausea, decreased dexterity and coordination, and other signs of transient neurologic impairment were experienced after one hour (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996a). Inhalation studies showed persons could tolerate 300 ppm (via mouth tube) of styrene for 1 hour. The volunteers had difficulty with visual tracking, but did not experience diminished coordination or balance (ACGIH, 1991). Liquid and vapor styrene may be absorbed through the skin. The absorption rate of liquid styrene through hand and forearm skin was 9-15 mg/cm(2)/hour. Prolonged or repeated exposure caused dermatitis and fissured skin. Fair-skinned individuals are more susceptible to the dehydration and defatting effects of styrene (ATSDR, 1992; (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996a).
ACUTE CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old man was inadvertently exposed to a single high dose of styrene during the transfer of styrene monomer from a tank to a container. Exposure was approximately 30 seconds and witnessed by several of his coworkers. Following recovery from acute intoxication, he complained of headache, dyspnea and decreased responsiveness to stimuli. He also displayed anxiety and unpredictable behavior. He developed significant cognitive and psychotic symptoms (ie, elevated mood, grandiosity, a belief he could communicate telepathically and paranoid delusions) that lasted for more than 3 months. Clinical neuroimaging including a brain MRI and toxicology screening were normal. Symptoms improved with quetiapine (700 mg) therapy. However, he developed chronic deterioration and his symptoms returned due to poor compliance with therapy which led to frequent readmissions (Moon et al, 2015).
CHRONIC
ACUTE Mice experienced 50% respiratory rate reduction after inhaling 160 ppm for 3 minutes (ACGIH, 1991). Applications to the skin of rats at 500 or 300 mg/kg/day for 7 days did not cause changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content (ACGIH, 1991). Animals did not develop any serious systemic effects after 8 hours at 1300 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001). Animals exposed to 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm had nasal and eye irritations. After 10 hours at 2500 ppm, 1 hour at 5000 ppm, and a few minutes at 10,000 ppm the animals became unconscious (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rats and rabbits developed eye and nasal irritations after exposures to styrene at 1300 ppm for 7 to 8 hours/day for 7 days/week for 26 weeks (OHM/TADS , 2002). Styrene exposures at 1 g/kg/day affected organ growth and weight and some mortalities occurred. Severe irritation to the stomach and esophagus at 2 g/kg/day, caused death to follow quickly (Bingham et al, 2001). Concentrations of styrene at 200 to 400 ppm had an irritating effect on the eyes and nose of rats. Rats and guinea pigs had definite signs of irritation at 1300 ppm, but no permanent injury was noted after repeated doses for 7 to 8 hours/day for 5 days/week for 6 months. Rabbits and rhesus monkeys did not show adverse effects at the same concentration (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Grant, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996a).
Guinea pigs had no observed effects at 650 ppm (ACGIH, 1991). The no effect level was 133 to 667 mg/kg/day, animal species was not specified (Bingham et al, 2001). Subacute and chronic exposures to styrene with no level of effect (Bingham et al, 2001): NOAEL (ORAL) RAT: 66.7 mg/kg/day for 5 days/week for 185 days NOAEL (ORAL) RAT: 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days/week for 28 days NOAEL (ORAL) RAT: 133 mg/kg/day for 5 days/week for 185 days NOAEL (INHL) RABBIT: 1300 ppm for 7H/day at 264 exposures over 12 months NOAEL (INHL) RABBIT: 2000 ppm for 7H/day at 126 exposures over 5 months NOAEL (INHL) GUINEA PIG: 650 ppm for 7H/day at 130 exposures over 6 months NOAEL (INHL) RHESUS MONKEY: 1300 ppm for 7H/day at 264 exposures over 12 months
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS100-42-5 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Styrene, monomer EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Styrene IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Styrene 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Styrene MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 5 ; Listed as: Styrene Category 5 : Substances with carcinogenic and genotoxic effects, the potency of which is considered to be so low that, provided the MAK and BAT values are observed, no significant contribution to human cancer risk is to be expected. The classification is supported by information on the mode of action, dose dependence and toxicokinetic data pertinent to species comparison.
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Slope Factor: RfD: 2x10(-1) mg/kg-day
Inhalation: Drinking Water:
References: Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2002 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2002 RTECS, 2002 LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 9500 mg/m3 for 4H 4940 ppm for 2H (ACGIH, 1991) 9500 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001)
LC50- (INHALATION)RAT: 6000 ppm for 4H (Bingham et al, 2001) 24 g/m(3) for 4H (Lewis, 2000) 2770 ppm for 4H (ACGIH, 1991) 12 g/m(3) for 4H
LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: LCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 1 g/kg (HSDB, 2002) 1-5 g/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) 5 g/kg (Bingham et al, 2001) 5000 mg/kg (HSDB, 2002; Lewis, 2000) 2650 mg/kg -- somnolence and changes to the liver
LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT: TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG: TCLo- (INHALATION)HAMSTER: TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN: 376 ppm for 1H -- change in motor activity and flaccid paralysis without anesthesia 600 ppm -- changes to sense organs 20 mcg/m(3) -- sense organs effected
TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE: 250 ppm for 6H/5D-intermittent -- dehydrogenases, changes in liver weight, and death 250 ppm for 6H/14D- intermittent -- hepatitis and changes in liver weight, and death 500 ppm for 6H/22D- intermittent -- changes in blood serum, hepatitis, and other transferases 500 ppm for 90D-intermittent -- changes to trachea and bronchi stucture or function, hepatitis, and death 160 ppm for 6H/2Y-intermittent -- respiratory tumors and carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Female, 500 ppm for 6H at 6-16D of pregnancy -- post-implantation mortality
TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 50 mg/m(3) for 24H/70D- continuous -- true cholinesterase, changes in erythrocyte and leukocyte count 6 g/m(3) for 8H/26W-intermittent -- changes to sense organs 300 ppm for 6H/2W-intermittent -- change to liver and respiratory system; structural or functional changes in bronchi or trachea 1500 ppm for 6H/13W-intermittent -- affected fluid intake and sense organs 2000 ppm/8H for 32W-intermittent -- changes to peripheral nerve, weight loss, or decreased weight gain Female, 293 ppm for 6H at 7-21D of pregnancy -- changes to behavior Female, 50 ppm for 6H at 7-12D of pregnancy -- affected growth statics Female, 1500 mcg/m(3) for 24H at 1-22D of pregnancy - fetotoxicity and fetal death Female, 1500 mcg/m(3) for 24H at 1-7D of pregnancy - pre- and post-implantation mortality 100 ppm for 4H for 5D/1Y- intermittent -- skin and appendage tumors, leukemia, and carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Female, 5 mg/m(3) for 24H at 1-22D of pregnancy -- affected weaning or lactation index and stillbirths
TDLo- (ORAL)DOG: TDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG: TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 3150 mg/kg for 7D-intermittent -- changes to kidneys, ureter, and blader; biochemical changes, such as oxidoreductases and transferases 40 g/kg for 2Y-intermittent -- changes in brain weight, weight loss or decreased weight gain, and altered fluid intake 3200 mg/kg for 4W-intermittent -- changes in blood serum and in structure and function of exocrine pancreas 17,200 mg/kg for 14W- intermittent -- dehydrogenases, phosphatases, and liver changes 23,190 mg/kg for 15D- intermittent -- arteriolar constriction, degeneration of brain and coverins, and monoamine oxidase 1520 mg/kg for 43W-intermittent -- skin and appendage tumors; tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Female, 8600 mg/kg for 1-22D of pregnancy 21D post Female, 5575 mg/kg for multigenerations -- viability index and weaning or lactation index affected Female, 4 g/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- fetotoxicity Female, 8600 mg/kg at 1-22D of pregnancy and 21D after birth - behavioral changes Female, 11,470 mg/kg at 6-15D of pregnancy -- changes to urogenital system
TDLo- (SKIN)RAT:
CALCULATIONS
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS100-42-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS100-42-5 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS100-42-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
Listed as: Styrene REL: TWA: 50 ppm (215 mg/m(3)) STEL: 100 ppm (425 mg/m(3)) Ceiling: Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed Skin Designation: Not Listed Note(s):
IDLH: IDLH: 700 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS100-42-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS100-42-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS100-42-5 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2055 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2055 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS100-42-5 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Styrene Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
Instability Rating (Yellow): 2 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Styrene is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidants. Wherever styrene is handled, used, or stored, ignition sources (e.g., smoking and open flames) are prohibited, and only explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used. Styrene must have an inhibitor mixed with it to prevent explosive reactions (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). It is a confirmed carcinogen and is moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. Avoid skin contact and breathing vapors. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing when handling styrene (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
HANDLING
- Protect containers from physical damage. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of styrene. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing when handling styrene and broken packages or containers. Wash contaminated skin with copious amounts of water, or soap and water. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1994; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
- Fire hazards are not a grave concern, but protect the area from ignition sources (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- Do not use spray applicators (ILO , 1998).
STORAGE
Styrene can be stored and shipped in glass bottles, 1- to 5- gallon cans, 55 gallon metal drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and tank barges. Store styrene in tightly closed containers; avoid using containers made of copper or copper containing alloys. Small quantities may be stored in glass containers and refrigerated; large quantities may be safely stored in vented metal storage tanks with safe-guards against polymerization. Styrene reacts rapidly to elevated temperatures; therefore, inhibitors must be added for transport and storage (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997) OHMTADS, 2002; (Sittig, 1991). Metal containers used in the transfer of 5 gallons or more should be grounded and bonded to prevent static electricity; drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Storage containers should be diked appropriately and free of internal superstructures. An inert blanket of gas, such as nitrogen, can also be used. Tanks with temperature alarms are needed for storing styrene in hot climates (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Styrene is sensitive to heat and light, and may also be sensitive to air (Bingham et al, 2001).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place; outdoor or detached storage is preferred. Styrene is a storage hazard at temperatures above 32 degrees C. If styrene is being stored for periods longer than 30 days, check it at least weekly to monitor inhibitor and polymer content. Store away from oxidizing materials, metal salts, and peroxides (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991). "Styrene has been involved in several plant-scale explosions and must be stored at temperatures below 32 degrees C and for less than three months" (Urben, 2000). Detached or outside storage areas are preferred. Inside storage areas should use a standard design for flammable liquids (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Styrene is incompatible with the following (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991):
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the skin and eyes and utilize safe handling practices. The International Labour Office recommends chemical protective clothing with long sleeves, chemical resistant gloves, and barrier creams. Wash contaminated skin areas immediately. Remove any clothing that becomes wet from liquid styrene due the flammability hazard. NIOSH does not make any recommendations for specifying the need to change clothing at the end of the shift (ILO , 1998; NIOSH , 2002).
- Wear impervious clothing if pools of liquid styrene are present (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- "Studies have indicated that protection of the respiratory system via personal respirators is beneficial. Skin protection has a negligible effect on overall exposure but is still necessary for protection against dermatitis" (Harbison, 1998).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and faceshield and self-contained breathing apparatus (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
- Avoid breathing vapors. Wear a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, a chemical cartridge respirator, or approved organic vapor cartridge respirator (AAR, 2000; (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 100-42-5.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- Provisions for adequate mechanical ventilation is recommended. If adequate ventilation is difficult due to the large sizes and shapes of objects fabricated in sytrene, air-supplied helmets or face masks should be worn (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; Zenz, 1994).
- "Waste-gas outlets from ovens and furnaces should carry gases to the open air; Continuous processes should be given preference over batch techniques; Manual operations should be mechanized, and wide use should be made of automation and remote control; Ducting piping and pipe joints should be leak-tight; Glandless pumps and measuring and control instruments should be used" (HSDB , 2002).
- High-efficiency particulate arrestor or charcoal filters can reduce the amount styrene in exhausted air. Use engineering controls for carcinogens (HSDB , 2002).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
Styrene is a flammable liquid and a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidants. If styrene is on fire or involved in a fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of styrene can be stopped. Liquid styrene floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread the fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may spread the fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Fight fire from a protected location and from as far away as possible (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS100-42-5 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Styrene Flammability Rating: 3 (3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.
- INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES
Hazardous polymerization may occur when exposed to elevated temperatures, oxidizers, peroxides, or sunlight. If the polymerization occurs in a container, the container may rupture violently. Uninhibited styrene vapor may polymerize in vents or other confined spaces (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS100-42-5 (NFPA, 2002):
- Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, Halon, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon dioxide to extinguish fire. Water may not be effective for extinguishing fires, but can be used for cooling fire-exposed containers (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
When heated to decomposition, styrene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 2000). Styrene oxide and carbon monoxide may be released as styrene decomposes when burning (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Styrene is a combustible liquid and has been involved in several industrial explosions. It is a storage hazard at temperatures above 32 degrees C. Styrene vapor is explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or elevated pressures. If styrene polymerizes within a container, the container may violently rupture (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Styrene vapors are irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes and may be absorbed through the skin (AAR, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Styrene vapors are explosive when exposed to heat or flame; they are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors may accumulate static electrical charges and may ignite. They may also polymerize or become explosive when exposed to heat (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).
- Styrene is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acids, rust, and catalysts for polymerization (e.g., peroxides, strong acids, metal salts, and sunlight) (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
It reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, sulfuric acid, and chlorine + iron(III) chloride (above 50 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000). Violent or explosive polymerization may be initiated by alkali-metal-graphite composites, butyllithium, dibenzoyl peroxide, and other initiators (e.g., azoisobutyronitrile, and di-tert-butyl peroxide) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000). Styrene readily undergoes polymerization when exposed to heat or light, or peroxide catalysts. Polymerization releases heat and may be explosive (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995). Styrene is self-reactive and exothermic autocatalytic polymerization is self-sustaining at temperatures above 95 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Urben, 2000).
- It corrodes copper and copper alloys and dissolves rubber (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- It attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Unstabilized styrene reacts with oxygen at 40-60 degrees C to form a heat sensitive explosive peroxide. Styrene may ignite when heated with air + polymerizing polystyrene (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Urben, 2000).
- Low concentrations of halogens readily react with styrene in the presence of UV light to form a potent lacrimator (HSDB , 2002).
- Styrene slowly polymerizes at room temperature and temperatures above 65 degrees C, it will readily polymerize (HSDB , 2002).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
- If the fire becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of a one-half (1/2) mile radius. If styrene is leaking and not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind areas based on the amount of styrene spilled, location of the spill, and weather conditions (AAR, 1996).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS100-42-5 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Styrene ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 50 ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 250 ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 1000 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS100-42-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
- AEGL Values for CAS100-42-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS100-42-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 700 ppm Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) Prohibit persons from entering the spill area unless wearing appropriate chemical protective clothing. Attempt to stop the leak, if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Remove ignition sources and ventilate the area. Build holding areas to contain the chemical and keep it from entering water sources and sewers. Use water to keep the vapors down (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Liquid styrene spills can be absorbed on paper towels, placed on a glass or iron dish in a hood. Allow the styrene to evaporate and the vapors clear the hood ductwork. Then burn the paper (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995). Absorb spilled styrene with dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or other similar materials and place in sealed containers for later disposal (HSDB , 2002; Sittig, 1991).
LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004) If styrene is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area to contain it; dike surface flow using soil, sandbags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize the spill; absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002). If styrene is spilled on water, use natural barriers or oil spill booms to limit spill travel. Use EPA-approved surface active agents (e.g., detergent, soaps, or alcohol); inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If the styrene is dissolved to a concentration of 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove the trapped material with suction hoses; use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates(AAR, 2000). If styrene is leaked into the air, use water spray to knock down the vapors(AAR, 2000) .
In some cases, it is economically and technologically feasible to recover and recycle styrene (ITI, 1988; Sittig, 1991). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Biodegradation in removal/secondary treatment ranges from 8% to 99% based on the percent degraded under anaerobic (low%) and aerobic (high%) continuous flow conditions (Howard et al, 1991). Styrene, at concentrations up to 0.36 mmol, was used as the sole carbon and energy source by the black yeast Exophiala jeanselmei. The styrene grown E. jeanselmei cells degrade styrene and styrene oxide via an oxidation mechanism (Cox et al, 1993a). Biofilters, with perlite as the support material for styrene-degrading fungi, were used to degrade styrene in a gas stream containing between 290 and 675 mg/m(3). The biofilter elimination capacity was calculated at 70 g styrene per m(3) of filter bed per hour (Cox et al, 1993). The bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, degrades styrene with a specific activity of 293 mg/g/H. This rate is sufficient to produce an industrial wastewater or waste gas treatment (Elaalam et al, 1993).
Styrene can be incinerated in controlled environments. Air can be blown through the contaminated water and the vapors burned as they exit or sprayed in the form of a mist into the furnace. Incineration may be more effective when styrene is mixed with a flammable solvent (HSDB , 2002; ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991). Absorb styrene with dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or similar materials. Put in a suitable container and dispose in a secured landfill or incinerate in an appropriate combustion chamber (HSDB , 2002).
Use a "universal" gelling agent to solidify the spill. Oil skimming equipment and sorbent foams may be used on water spills. Peat or carbon can be applied to undissolved portions, then remove with lifts or dredges (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002). "At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 2002).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
Based on its vapor pressure, styrene is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere, where it reacts quickly with hydroxyl radicals (calculated half-life 3.5 - 7 hours) and with ozone (calculated half-life 9 - 16 hours). This rapid reaction with hydroxyl radicals and ozone, as well as a high Henry's Law constant, make atmospheric washout an unimportant process (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). The half-life of styrene in the atmosphere is estimated to be 2.5 hours; this is based on combined half-lives of styrene's reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals in ambient air (Howard, 1989). Based on the rate constant for the reaction of styrene with ozone in the atmosphere of 2.16X10(-17) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 23 degrees C, styrene has an estimated half-life of 9 hours (Howard, 1989). The half-life of styrene due to its reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is estimated to be 3.5 hours, based on the rate constant of 5.3X10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (Howard, 1989).
The estimated half-life of styrene through reaction with nitrate radicals (in nighttime air) is 3 hours (HSDB, 2004). The photooxidation half-life of styrene ranges from 0.9 hours (51 minutes) to 7.3 hours based on measured rate data for hydroxyl radicals and ozone in air (Howard et al, 1991).
Atmospheric oxidation products include formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, peroxybenzoyl nitrate, 2-nitrophenol, and formic acid (HSDB, 2004). Direct photolysis is not expected to occur because styrene absorbs little to no light >300 mn. Results from tests using natural sunlight have supported this (HSDB, 2004).
SURFACE WATER Styrene in water will be transported primarily by volatilization and transformed primarily by biodegradation. Based on a calculated Henry's Law constant, 5.2X10(-3) atm m(3)/mol at 25 degrees C, volatilization from water surfaces should be rapid. Adsorption to particulate matter and sediment may be significant, based on styrene's high octanol-water partition coefficient (Koc = 270-960). Hydrolysis is not expected to be important (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989) .
TERRESTRIAL Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be the most important transport process for styrene on soil. It may also occur from dry soil surfaces (HSDB, 2004). Styrene exhibits low to moderate soil mobility depending on soil conditions. It may leach into ground water (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989). Sorption to aquifer solids and soils is rapid and significant. Greater than 85% of styrene was sorbed to solids in sandy aquifer samples in 78 hours. Styrene may, depending on conditions, readily desorb from soils and be extracted using methanol (HSDB, 2004). The half-life of styrene in soil ranges from 2 weeks (336 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours) based on unacclimated grab samples of aerobic soil and acclimated aqueous screening test data, respectively (Howard et al, 1991). Styrene from leaking buried drums has persisted in the soil for up to 2 years (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989) .
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- In the air, styrene exists in the vapor phase, where it undergoes reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone. Because it does not absorb solar radiation, styrene does not undergo direct photolysis in the troposphere. Styrene contributes to the generation of photochemical smog through indirect photochemical reactions (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Styrene volatilizes rapidly from moist soil surfaces, and may also volatilize from dry soil surfaces as well. It has low soil mobility, but may leach to ground water in certain soil types (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Styrene in waters will volatilize rapidly from water surfaces or adsorb to suspended soils and sediment. It should not hydrolyze, due to a lack of hydrolyzable functional groups, nor is it expected to photolyze in surface waters because it does not absorb solar radiation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
BIODEGRADATION
- Styrene is subject to biodegradation; aerobic microorganisms may extensively or completely biodegrade styrene in water and soil (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
The half-life of styrene in surface water ranges from 2 weeks (336 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours) based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991). The half-life of styrene in ground water ranges from 4 weeks (672 hours) to 30 weeks (5040 hours) based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation and a subsurface sample, respectively (Howard et al, 1991). The half-life of styrene in soil ranges from 2 weeks (336 hours) to 4 weeks (672 hours) based on unacclimated grab samples of aerobic soil and acclimated aqueous screening test data, respectively (Howard et al, 1991). The anaerobic half-life of styrene in soil ranges from 8 weeks (1344 hours) to 16 weeks (2688 hours) based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al, 1991). Styrene volatilized rapidly from shallow water, losing about 50% in 1 to 3 hours. The results suggest that styrene will be rapidly destroyed by biodegradation in most aerobic environments, although the rates may be slow in environments of low pH and at low concentrations in aqueous media (Fu & Alexander, 1992). After 16 weeks, 87% of styrene was degraded from sandy loam soil and 95% from landfill soil (as measured by carbon dioxide evolution) (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989). Propane-utilizing bacteria in lakes and soil degraded styrene, forming styrene oxide as a product (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
BIOACCUMULATION
Blood styrene concentrations have an elimination half-life of approximately 13 hours. The half-life of styrene, determined by mandelic acid in the urine, is about 4-7 hours. It can also be eliminated in breath; the half-life varies between 1-7 hours. Another study shows a half-live of 4-25 hours, which is consistent with styrene's prolonged storage in body fat (Baselt, 2000). Styrene is soluble in blood and had been found to be stored in fat and slowly released. Even 2 weeks after exposure, the chemical has been found in tissue (Harbison, 1998; Zenz, 1994).
Styrene has low to moderate potential for bioaccumulation. It is not likely to bioconcentrate in biological organisms due to its relatively high water solubility. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for styrene in goldfish is 13.5 (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989) . log BCF for goldfish = 1.55 (Verschueren, 2001).
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 25 mg/L for 24H, 48H, and 96H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 57 mg/L for 24H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 54 mg/L for 48H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 46 mg/L for 96H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW: 63 mg/L for 24H, 48H, and 96H -- hard diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - GOLDFISH: 65 mg/L for 24H, 48H, and 96H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - GOLDFISH: 26 mg/L for 24H (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - GUPPY: 75 mg/L for 24H, 48H, and 96H -- soft diluted water (Verschueren, 2001) LC50 - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 9.1 mg/L for 96H -- ambient salinity 10-30 ppt, temperature 25-31 degrees C, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) TLm - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 25.1 mg/L for 96H -- water hardness of 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) TLm - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 22 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 25.05 ppm for 24-96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 56.7 mg/L for 24H -- soft diluted water, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 51 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 56.73 ppm for 24H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 53.6 mg/L for 48H -- soft diluted water, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 53.58 ppm for 48H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 46.4 mg/L for 96H -- water hardness of 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 46.41 ppm for 96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 62.8 mg/L for 24H -- hard diluted water, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 62.81 ppm for 24-48H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 59.3 mg/L for 96H -- hard diluted water at 25 degrees C, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 64.7 mg/L for 96H -- water hardness of 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) TLm - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 64.74 ppm for 24-96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 68 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - GUPPY (Lebistes reticulatus): 74.8 mg/L for 96H -- water hardness of 20 mg/L calcium carbonate, static bioassay (HSDB, 2004) TLm - GUPPY (Lebistes reticulatus): 74.83 ppm for 24-96H -- at 25 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2004) TLm - GUPPY (Lebistes reticulatus): 68 ppm for 96H (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina): 68 mg/L for 24H -- saltwater, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004; Verschueren, 2001) TLm - BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina): 52 mg/L for 48H -- saltwater, conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; OHM/TADS, 2004)
- Styrene at 10,000 ppm is dangerous to animals in 1 hour (OHM/TADS, 2004).
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- At room temperature, styrene is a colorless to light yellow, or a clear, colorless to dark-colored, oily liquid. At 15 degrees C and 1 atm styrene is a liquid and is described as viscous, solventy and rubbery. At low concentrations styrene has a sweet, floral or balsamic-like odor; it can be penetrating, sharp, pungent, and disagreeable in high concentrations. It is very refractive and lighter than water. Styrene can spontaneously polymerize or it can react when exposed to heat; light and air, or a peroxide catalyst can cause it to polymerize, oxidize, and form explosive peroxides. It will form a slick on the water's surface and slowly dissolve (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2002; Harbison, 1998; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002).
If styrene is pure, it is sweet and pleasant, but it usually contains aldehydes which cause it to have a sharp, penetrating, sweet and unpleasant odor (Verschueren, 2001).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 4.5 mmHg (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
- 5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1991; Harbison, 1998; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; Verschueren, 2001)
- 6.6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (extrapolated) (Howard, 1989)
- 9.5 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
- 100 mmHg (at 82 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 4.3 mmHg (at 15 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995)
- 6.12 mmHg (calculated) (HSDB , 2002)
- 6.40 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) 0.9045 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 1983)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
0.9074 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000) 0.9069 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2002)
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-31 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) -23 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002) -30.6 degrees C; -23.1 degrees F; 242.6 K (CHRIS , 2002) -33 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)
-30.6 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Verschueren, 2001) -30.63 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1989; Lewis, 1997) -33 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002) -31 degrees C; -23 degrees F (HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997) -38 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
BOILING POINT
- 145 degrees C; 293 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2002; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002; Sittig, 1991)
- 145.2 degrees C; 293.4 degrees F; 418.4 K (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2002; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; Howard, 1989; Lewis, 1997; Verschueren, 2001)
- 145-146 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)
- 146 degrees C; 295 degrees F (Baselt, 2000; Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
- 293 degrees F (NIOSH , 2002)
FLASH POINT
- 31 degrees C; 87 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)
- 31.1 degrees C; 88 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 2002)
- 32 degrees C; 90 degrees F (AAR, 2000; (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
- 34 degrees C (TCC) (Ashford, 1994)
- 32.2 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)
- 344-367 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
- 31 degrees C; 88 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 490 degrees C; 914 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO , 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2002)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
0.9% (ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002) 1.1% (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) 1.1 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
6.1% (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) 6.8% (ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002) 7.0% (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991) 6.1 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
SOLUBILITY
Styrene is sparingly or slightly soluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000) It is insoluble in water (AAR, 2000; (Ashford, 1994; ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997) 280 mg/L (at 15 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 300 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2002; Verschueren, 2001) 310 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2002) 400 mg/L (at 40 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001) 320 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2002) 0.03% (NIOSH , 2002)
Styrene is soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, methanol, toluene, ethanol, n-heptane, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide; it is miscible with most organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997). Styrene is miscible in ether and alcohol (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000). Soluble in benzene and petroleum ether in all proportions (HSDB , 2002).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- Log 2.95 (Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2002)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.81x10(-3) atm m(3)/mol (estimated) (Howard, 1989)
- 5.2X10(-3) atm m(3)/mol (calculated) (Howard, 1989)
- 0.00275 atm m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2002)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
- LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
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