STRYCHNINE SULFATE

Strychnine sulfate was formerly used as a tonic and stimulant veterinary medication and a rodenticide (Budavari, 1989; EPA, 1985). More recently, strychnine has been used in the treatment of impotence (Savion et al, 1987), sleep apnea (Remmers et al, 1980), and nonketotic hyperglycemia (Sankaran et al, 1982). Its efficacy for these conditions has not been established.

FORMS

Strychnine poisoning may result from the ingestion of strychnine rodenticides or the intranasal insufflation ("snorting") or intravenous injection of street drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or amphetamine which have been adulterated or contaminated with strychnine.
Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and can result in generalized convulsions within 15 to 60 minutes after ingestion (Morgan, 1989). It is also well absorbed intranasally, resulting in toxicity within 30 minutes (O'Callaghan et al, 1982). It may also be absorbed after parenteral administration (Sax & Lewis, 1989; Davis & Yeh, 1969). No information was found on whether or not strychnine can be absorbed through the skin at the time of this review.
Strychnine releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur when heated to decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989) AAR, 1987).

SOURCES

Strychnine sulfate is a bitter tasting alkaloid extracted from the seeds of an Indian tree, Nux vomica (Morgan, 1989). It is usually found as the pentahydrate, and is a colorless to white, odorless, bitter tasting, water soluble crystalline solid which will burn, but is difficult to ignite (Budavari, 1989) AAR, 1987; (EPA, 1985).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Strychnine is a CNS stimulant which can cause tonic convulsions. It causes violent epileptiform seizures, and which can result in death from interference with respiration.

Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and can cause generalized convulsions within 15 to 60 minutes following ingestion. It is also well absorbed intranasally, resulting in toxicity within 30 minutes. It is absorbed following parenteral administration. At the time of this review, no information was found on whether or not strychnine can be absorbed through intact skin.

A prodromal syndrome includes muscular cramps, and stiffness, and agitation is commonly reported prior to the onset of convulsions; generalized convulsions may be the initial event. Severe lactic acidemia is associated with prolonged seizures. Rhabdomyolysis and associated myoglobinuria resulting in renal failure may ensue.

Prognosis is good if the patient can be supported over the first 6 to 12 hours. Convulsions generally subside within 12 to 24 hours after ingestion.

Strychnine releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur when heated to decomposition. Inhalation exposure to such fumes would be predicted to result in respiratory tract irritation with chemical pneumonitis, bronchospasm, or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Hypothermia, hypotension, and hypertension have been noted in acute strychnine poisoning. Hypotension appears to be due to marked acidosis and hypoxia in patients with severe or prolonged convulsions (Ennis, 1959) Maron et al, 1971; Loughhead et al, 1978; (O'Callaghan et al, 1982; Boyd et al, 1983) Dittrich et al, 1984; Edmunds et al, 1986; (Heiser et al, 1989).

Temperature may also be increased as a result of neuromuscular hyperactivity (Edmunds et al, 1986). Severe or prolonged convulsions may result in marked hyperthermia. Temperatures as high as 43 degrees C have been reported (Boyd et al, 1983).

Bilateral horizontal pendular nystagmus unresponsive to diazepam, mydriasis, proptosis, blurred vision, and conjugate or dissociated deviations of the eyes have been reported following strychnine intoxication (Blain et al, 1982; Boyd et al, 1983). One case of persistent blindness was described in the older literature; no cases have been described since 1913 (Grant, 1986).

Bradycardia with hypotension and prolongation of the PR, QRS, and QT intervals were reported in a 51-year-old male who ingested 4.8 grams of strychnine (Heiser et al, 1989). Tachycardia commonly accompanies agitation and neuromuscular hyperactivity (Boyd et al, 1983) Gordon & Richards, 1979; (Burn et al, 1989) Loughhead et al, 1978; Jackson et al, 1971; Maron et al, 1971). Cardiac arrest may result from severe or prolonged convulsions or respiratory arrest (Burn et al, 1989) Dittrich et al, 1984; Edmunds et al, 1986; Jackson et al, 1971; (O'Callaghan et al, 1982).

Inhalation exposure to the irritating fumes released when strychnine sulfate is heated to decomposition would be predicted to result in respiratory tract irritation with chemical pneumonitis, bronchospasm, or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

With severe or prolonged convulsions, sustained contractions of the chest wall muscles and diaphragm may lead to respiratory paralysis. A period of flaccid paralysis with apnea and cyanosis may also occur in the immediate post-convulsive period (Burn et al, 1989) Jackson et al, 1971; Loughhead et al, 1978). In these instances, arterial blood gases reveal respiratory as well as metabolic acidosis (Burn et al, 1989) Dittrich et al, 1984; (Boyd et al, 1983) Edmunds et al, 1986; Loughhead et al, 1978; (O'Callaghan et al, 1982). Death in acute strychnine poisoning is usually due to interference with pulmonary function (Morgan, 1989).

Tachypnea may accompany neuromuscular hyperactivity (Boyd et al, 1983) Maron et al, 1971). Patients may complain of dyspnea, chest tightness, and a feeling of suffocation. ARDS developed in a patient who had severe acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure (Gordon & Richards, 1979).

Nausea, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea have been reported (Ennis, 1959; Boyd et al, 1983; Burn et al, 1989). Multiple organ failure, including hepatic necrosis, has been reported in a patient with hyperthermia (Gordon & Richards, 1979).

Rhabdomyolysis with consequent myoglobinuric renal failure is common in patients who have strychnine-induced convulsions (Boyd et al, 1983) Dittrich et al, 1984; Edmunds et al, 1986; Gordon & Richards, 1979). Renal failure may be polyuric as well as oliguric. Metabolic acidosis and electrolyte imbalances may be noted.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

No studies were found on the possible effects of chronic exposure to strychnine sulfate at the time of this review.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID MEASURES -

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site (EPA, 1985).

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Emesis and gastric lavage are not recommended since these procedures may precipitate convulsions. Spontaneous vomiting and tonic convulsions have been reported (Burn et al, 1989). Activated charcoal should be administered immediately to minimize gastrointestinal absorption.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/CATHARTIC -

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

OTHER -

Treatment is basically symptomatic and supportive with emphasis on controlling CNS stimulation.

TREATMENT SUMMARY -

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
INHALATION ABSORPTION - Strychnine sulfate may be absorbed by inhalation (Morgan, 1989; Ennis, 1959).
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Avoid sensory stimulation since this may precipitate seizure activity.
Monitor arterial blood gases in patients with seizure activity. Seizures are frequently associated with lactic acidemia.
Severe acidosis should be corrected with intravenous sodium bicarbonate. Monitor blood gases to guide frequency of bicarbonate administration.
REFRACTORY SEIZURES: Consider continuous infusion of midazolam, propofol, and/or pentobarbital. Hyperthermia, lactic acidosis and muscle destruction may necessitate use of neuromuscular blocking agents with continuous EEG monitoring.
Death is usually due to interference with pulmonary function (Morgan, 1989). Monitor and maintain adequate respirations and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and artificial ventilation with supplemental oxygenation may be necessary.
The efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion have not been investigated in acute strychnine poisoning (Morgan, 1989).

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
It is unclear whether or not dermal exposure to strychnine sulfate can result in systemic absorption and toxicity, although one reported case is suggestive (Ennis, 1959). If systemic poisoning is suspected from dermal exposure, the treatment recommendations listed under Inhalation Exposure above should be followed.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Emesis and gastric lavage are not recommended.

Emesis and gastric lavage are not recommended since these procedures may precipitate convulsions. Spontaneous vomiting and tonic convulsions have been reported. Activated charcoal should be administered immediately to minimize gastrointestinal absorption.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Avoid sensory stimulation since this may precipitate seizure activity.
Monitor arterial blood gases in patients with seizure activity. Seizures are frequently associated with lactic acidemia.
Severe acidosis should be corrected with intravenous sodium bicarbonate. Monitor blood gases to guide frequency of bicarbonate administration.
REFRACTORY SEIZURES: Consider continuous infusion of midazolam, propofol, and/or pentobarbital. Hyperthermia, lactic acidosis and muscle destruction may necessitate use of neuromuscular blocking agents with continuous EEG monitoring.
Death is usually due to interference with pulmonary function (Morgan, 1989). Monitor and maintain adequate respirations and oxygenation. Endotracheal intubation and artificial ventilation with supplemental oxygenation may be necessary.
The efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion have not been investigated in acute strychnine poisoning (Morgan, 1989).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

When ingested by a small child, 15 milligrams of strychnine may produce a lethal effect; adult lethal doses are variable, but have been said to be from 5 to 8 mg/kg (Morgan, 1989). Fatal oral doses reported in the literature range from 30 to 120 milligrams.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CASE REPORTS

An ingested dose of 3.75 grams was not fatal in one case. In humans injected intramuscularly with 4 mg of strychnine nitrate, no effects on visual acuity were observed (Grant, 1986).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS60-41-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 1996)
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS60-41-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS60-41-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS60-41-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Strychnine sulfate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS60-41-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS60-41-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS60-41-3 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1692 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Strychnine or Strychnine salts

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1692
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB7, IP1, T6, TP33

IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1692 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Strychnine
UN Number: 1692
Proper Shipping Name: Strychnine salts
UN Number: 1692

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS60-41-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Protect from light (Budavari, 1989).

HANDLING

Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (AAR, 1987).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear butyl rubber gloves (ITI, 1988).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Work time should be monitored for heat stress factors and limited if necessary when wearing chemical protective clothing (NIOSH , 1985).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 60-41-3.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Strychnine releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur when heated to decomposition.
Strychnine sulfate will burn but it will not ignite readily (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS60-41-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS60-41-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Strychnine sulfate will burn but it will not ignite readily (AAR, 1987).

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog (AAR, 1987).

Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 1987).

If not involved in fire, keep sparks, flames and other sources of ignition away (AAR, 1987).

Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Runoff from fire control can cause pollution (AAR, 1987).

Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Strychnine releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur when heated to decomposition. Inhalation exposure to such fumes would be predicted to result in respiratory tract irritation with chemical pneumonitis, bronchospasm, or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Strychnine releases toxic and irritating fumes of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur when heated to decomposition.

REACTIVITY HAZARD

INCOMPATIBILITIES (Budavari, 1996)

Alkalies, alkali carbonates, and bicarbonates
Benzoates, dichromates, bromides, tannic and picric acids
Salicylates, borax, gold chloride, and other alkaloid precipitants
Piperazine
Potassium-mercuric iodide

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Keep upwind and out of low areas; avoid bodily contact with the material (AAR, 1987).

If contact with the material is anticipated, wear appropriate protective clothing and respirator (AAR, 1987).

When burning, strychnine sulfate releases toxic oxides of sulfur and nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS60-41-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS60-41-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Strychnine sulfate (2:1)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 30
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS60-41-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS60-41-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Consult the appropriate environmental agency for disposal guidelines and regulations.
Land Spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Land Spill: Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material. Shovel and place material in clean, dry container, and cover for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Land Spill: Spread over with 9:1 mixture of sand and soda ash. After mixing, transfer into an appropriate container (ITI, 1988).
Land Spill: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1987).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Burn in a furnace with afterburner and scrubber (ITI, 1988).
Dissolve in combustible solvent as alcohol and spray solvent into furnace with afterburner and scrubber (ITI, 1988).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

No information found at the time of this review.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

766.92 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Strychnine sulfate is a colorless to white, odorless, bitter tasting, water soluble crystalline solid or powder. It effloresces in dry air (Budavari, 1996; (EPA, 1985).

5.5 (for a 1:100 solution) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

200 degrees C (with decomposition) (Lewis, 1996) Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

1 g/35 mL (Budavari, 1996)
1 g/7 mL boiling water (Budavari, 1996)
Strychnine salt as a solid is soluble in water, while strychnine solid is only very slightly soluble in water (AAR, 1987).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

alcohol: 1 g/81 mL (Budavari, 1996)
alcohol: 1 g/26 mL (at 60 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
chloroform: 1 g/220 mL (Budavari, 1996)
glycerol: 1 g/6 mL (Budavari, 1996)
ether: insoluble (Budavari, 1996)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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