STRYCHNINE

Strychnine may be added as an adulterant to street drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin to "cut" them (increase their volume).
Strychnine has been misrepresented as cocaine and sold as such on the streets (Boyd et al, 1983; Decker et al, 1982; O'Callaghan et al, 1982).
The following street drugs may contain strychnine: "back breakers", "homicide", "red rock opium", "red rum", and "red stuff" and "spike" (Radosavljevic et al, 2006).

LABORATORY/RESEARCH USE

Purified strychnine alkaloid and strychnine salts are used in pharmacological research related to drug-induced seizures and the function and location of glycine and its receptors.

PESTICIDES/RODENTICIDES

Strychnine had been used primarily as a pesticide and rodenticide. Bait impregnated with strychnine was used to poison birds (eg, pigeons), gophers, mice, moles, rats, rabbits, porcupines, and wild carnivores (eg, coyotes, foxes, wolves).
In many countries, strychnine is no longer approved for use to control predators (Radosavljevic et al, 2006), and sales of strychnine are prohibited (Parker et al, 2011).

THERAPEUTIC PREPARATIONS

Strychnine is restricted to the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia (an inborn error of glycine metabolism) (Radosavljevic et al, 2006).
In the past, preparations were used as bitters, cathartics, tonics, and circulatory stimulants, but are now considered ineffective and dangerous for such uses (Baselt, 2000). However, strychnine may still be found in some multi-ingredient products in Austria, France and Italy (Radosavljevic et al, 2006).

STRYCHNINE PILLS

Pills containing strychnine were formerly used as human and veterinary analeptics, analgesics, aphrodisiacs, cathartics, circulatory stimulants, and tonics.
Strychnine was often used in combination with acetophenetidin, aloin, aspirin, arsenic, belladonna, caffeine, camphor, capsicum, cascara, gelsemium, ipecac, iron, phenolphthalein, podophyllin, quinine, thioridazine, yohimbine.
Although no longer marketed, strychnine-containing pills may still be available in home medicine cabinets. These preparations are now considered ineffective as well as dangerous.
Accidental or intentional ingestion of Easton's tablets (Formula A = iron phosphate 200 mg, quinine sulfate 50 mg strychnine hydrochloride 1 mg; Formula F = one-half strength Formula A) was formerly a common cause of strychnine poisoning with cases being reported as recently as 1971 (Jackson et al, 1971).
Strychiomel tablets each containing 1.5 mg strychnine, 10 mg thioridazine and 2.5 mg yohimbine, have recently been studied for the treatment of impotence (Savion et al, 1987).
Strychnine (0.1 mg/kg orally) has also been studied in the treatment of sleep apnea (Remmers et al, 1980).
Strychnine has also been used in the treatment of encephalopathy, due to nonketotic hyperglycinemia (Chien et al, 1978; Haan et al, 1986).

INTRAVENOUS STRYCHNINE

Strychnine has been used intravenously for the treatment of glycine encephalopathy (nonketotic hyperglycinemia) (Sankarin et al, 1982).
Strychnine has been used as an agent of criminal homicide, execution and suicide.

FORMS

Purified strychnine in bulk form can be obtained from chemical supply companies.
Pesticide and rodenticide preparations available to the public contain 0.3% to 0.5% strychnine where those used by licensed exterminators may contain up to 5% strychnine.

Trade names of common animal poisons which contain strychnine include:

El Roy Mouse Bait        Mole-Nots/Mole O Nots
Gopher Bait/Mix/Tabs     Mouse Maize/Seeds
Gopher Death             Mologen Mouse Lure
Gopher Getter            Orco Gopher Bait
Gopher Go                Pied Piper Kwik-Kill
Hot Spring Buttons       Pigeon-9
Kilmice                  Rad-Seed
Mice Doom Pellets        Senco Poison Oat Kernels
Mo-Go                    Sparrow Cracks
                         Sweeney's Poison Wheat

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Used mainly as a pesticide and a rodenticide. Also, used in some laboratories as a research tool to study glycine receptors.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures to strychnine are becoming increasingly rare, though deaths still occur. It can be found in some Chinese herbal medicines, in the slang nut from Cambodia, and also as a street drug adulterant.

TOXICOLOGY: Competitively inhibits glycine binding to the alpha-subunit of the glycine-regulated chloride channel in the spinal cord. Glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord. It opens chloride channels allowing the influx of chloride into cells leading to hyperpolarization and inhibition. Thus, inhibition of glycine binding to this receptor causes excitation of the muscle directly stimulated by the spinal cord.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

OVERDOSE: GASTROINTESTINAL: Nausea and vomiting occur uncommonly. CNS EFFECTS: Bilateral horizontal nystagmus and blurred vision have been reported. Muscle tightness/cramps, agitation, and heightened sensitivity to stimulation may precede severe neurologic toxicity. Neurologic symptoms occur quickly (within 15 to 30 minutes) and include agitation, severe hypertonicity of muscles, opisthotonos, and painful muscle spasms. Trismus and risus sardonicus are also reported. The patient usually remains alert throughout this convulsive activity. Auditory, tactile, or visual stimulation may trigger a violent motor response. OTHER: Tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, and hyperthermia are seen commonly secondary to neuromuscular hyperactivity. RESPIRATORY FAILURE: Patients may also present with bradycardia and hypotension in cases of respiratory failure/arrest. Involvement of the respiratory muscles leads to diaphragm paralysis resulting in hypoxia and hypercarbia. RENAL FAILURE: Acute renal failure can occur secondary to myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, and crystalluria. METABOLIC: Additionally, a lactic acidosis can develop as a result of the neuromuscular hyperactivity and powerful muscle contractions. Respiratory acidosis is a terminal sign owing to diaphragmatic paralysis. FATALITIES: Early death are usually the result of respiratory failure. Late death are generally secondary to either anoxic brain injury or multiorgan system failure secondary to hyperthermia.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

GI DECONTAMINATION/NOT RECOMMENDED

GI decontamination is not recommended because of the risk of aspiration.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Prehospital GI decontamination is not recommended because of the risk of aspiration.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

PEDIATRIC: When ingested, 5 to 10 mg in a small child may produce a lethal effect (Arena, 1962).
ADULT: Minimum lethal oral doses in adults reported in the literature range from 30 to 120 mg (Makarovsky et al, 2008).

Reported adult lethal dose may range from 100 to 120 mg (Palatnick et al, 1995).

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE: The lethal dose following intranasal, intravenous, and subcutaneous use is probably lower.
ONSET: Since the onset of symptoms is within 15 to 60 minutes following ingestion, determination of minimum lethal dose is of no value in determining probable clinical course. Determination of need to treat should be made on a clinical basis. Most deaths occur during the first 3 to 6 hours, and are commonly due to asphyxia.

CASE REPORTS

During a religious ceremony, 6 members of a family drank a decoction from the bark of the Strychnos nux vomica tree. Each person was poisoned and 2 young children died. Three adults developed mild muscular spasms and stiffness, while a young man developed acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. He recovered after receiving hemodialysis therapy (Naik & Chakrapani, 2009).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

The exposure limit is approximately 0.15 mg/m(3).
No toxicity is reported from strychnine accumulation; its detoxification and excretion occur quickly. Prognosis is good, if supportive treatment is maintained for the first 6 to 12 hours (Oberpaur et al, 1999).

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

An adult ingested 3.75 g and survived (Cotten & Lane, 1966).

PEDIATRIC

An herbal product containing, 2 mg of strychnine produced symptoms of spasms in all limbs occurring every 5 to 10 minutes in a 4-year-old girl (Kulkarni & Holla, 1989).
A 6-year-old boy survived an ingestion of 480 mg (24 mg/kg) of a strychnine solution. The patient arrived at the hospital 15 minutes after the ingestion and was immediately given diazepam and thiopental, followed by intubation, mechanical ventilation and a continuous vecuronium infusion. He was discharged to home 33 hours after admission. No permanent sequelae was reported at his 6 month follow-up (Oberpaur et al, 1999).
Another 6-year-old boy experienced vomiting, severe muscle tetany and rhabdomyolysis following an ingestion of a 140 mg strychnine tablet. No effect was observed with early IV diazepam 0.5 mg/kg/dose treatment. The child was then paralyzed using a vecuronium bromide intravenous infusion of 0.1 mg/kg/hour, intubated and mechanically ventilated. After 20 hours, symptoms improved. He was discharged in good condition after 3 days(Starretz-Hacham et al, 2003).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS57-24-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Strychnine
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Strychnine
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Strychnine
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2001 Budavari, 1996 Sax & Lewis, 1989
- LD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)CHICKEN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CHICKEN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS57-24-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Strychnine

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.15 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 334.4

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS57-24-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS57-24-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Strychnine
REL:

TWA: 0.15 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 3 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Strychnine
Table Z-1 for Strychnine:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.15

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Strychnidin-10-one, & salts
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Strychnine, & salts
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Strychnidin-10-one, & salts
P or U series number: P108
Footnote:
Listed as: Strychnine, & salts
P or U series number: P108
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Strychnine
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS57-24-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Strychnine and salts
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS57-24-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Strychnine or Strychnine salts
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS57-24-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Strychnidin-10-one

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1692 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Strychnine or Strychnine salts

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1692
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB7, IP1, T6, TP33

IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1692 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Strychnine
UN Number: 1692
Proper Shipping Name: Strychnine salts
UN Number: 1692

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS57-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Stay upwind and keep out low areas.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 57-24-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Strychnine is a noncombustible solid (ACGIH, 1986).
Strychnine will burn, though it may require some effort to ignite (AAR, 1987).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS57-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS57-24-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, strychnine emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, strychnine emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, strychnine emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Strychnine is incompatible with strong oxidizers, alkali hydroxides and carbonates, aromatic ammonia spirit, and bromides and iodides (HSDB , 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS57-24-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS57-24-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Strychnine & salts
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.15
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 3
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 3
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS57-24-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS57-24-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 3 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1991)
LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom.
- If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount.
- Remove trapped material with suction hoses.
- Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Strychnine occurs naturally in Nux vomica, the seeds of a tree native to India, Strychnos nux-vomica (HSDB , 1991).

Strychnine may be released to the environment in emissions and aqueous waste streams from its manufacturing facilities; during its use as a pesticide for destroying rodents and predatory animals; and during its use in trapping fur-bearing animals (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, strychnine has the potential to photolyze on soil surfaces. Volatilization and chemical hydrolysis are not expected to be important fate processes in soil (HSDB , 1991).
- AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, strychnine has the potential to photolyze. Chemical hydrolysis, volatilization, and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms are not expected to be important fate processes (HSDB , 1991).
- ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Strychnine is expected to exist almost entirely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. This compound has the potential to be removed from the atmosphere by direct photolysis or dry deposition (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (HSDB , 1991):

LD50 (oral) Mallard duck, 6 month old females and males: 2.27 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Pheasant, 12-24 month old males in breeding condition: 24.7 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Pheasant, 2 month old males, administered into esophagus by ball-tipped intubation needles: 8.48 mg/kg (strychnine sulfate)
LD50 (oral) Chukar, 5-7 month old females and males: 16.0 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Japanese quail, 2 month old females some of which were laying eggs: 22.6 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Rock dove, males and females: 21.3 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Mourning dove, females and males, administered into esophagus with ball-tipped intubation needles: > 5.12 mg/kg (strychnine sulfate)
LD50 (oral) Golden eagle: 5-10 mg/kg (strychnine sulfate)
LD50 (oral) Mule deer, 8-11 month old females: 17-24 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Bullfrog, males: 2.21 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish): 0.87 ppm/96 hours (static bioassay in fresh water at 23 degrees C, mild aeration after 24H)
LC50 Menidia beryllina: 0.95 ppm/96 hours (static bioassay in synthetic sea water at 23 degrees C, mild aeration after 24H)
LD50 (oral) Mallard duckling, 36 hour old ducklings: 2.62 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Mallard duckling: 2 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)
LD50 (oral) Mallard, 1 month old mallards: 5.88 mg/kg (98% strychnine alkaloid)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

STRYCHNINE ALKALOID: 334 (Budavari, 1996)

STRYCHNINE HYDROCHLORIDE: 407

STRYCHNINE NITRATE: 397

STRYCHNINE SULFATE: 857

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Strychnine has an extremely bitter taste which is detectable at dilutions of 1:100,000-1:700,000.

Strychnine and its salts are odorless (Budavari, 1996).

Strychnine and its salts are available as colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals or bitter white crystalline powders (Flood, 1999; Budavari, 1996).

9.5 (for an aqueous solution of strychnine alkaloid) (Budavari, 1996)

5.4-5.7 (for aqueous solutions of strychnine salts)

VAPOR PRESSURE

approximately 0 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1986)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 1.36 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; ACGIH, 1986)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 1.359 g/cm(3) (at 18 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

268 degrees C (Sax & Lewis, 1989)
268-290 degrees C (ACGIH, 1986; Sax & Lewis, 1987)

BOILING POINT

270 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Sax & Lewis, 1989)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

One gram of strychnine alkaloid dissolves in 6400 mL water and 3100 mL of boiling water (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

One gram of strychnine alkaloid dissolves 150 mL alcohol, 35 mL boiling alcohol, 5 mL chloroform, 180 mL benzene, about 200 mL toluene, 260 mL methanol, 320 mL glycerol, and 220 mL amyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in ether and petroleum ether (Budavari, 1996).
solubility in ethanol: 6.7 g strychnine nitrate/1 L ethanol (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.0x10(-14) atm-m(3)/mol (Ehrenfeld et al, 1986)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS , 2002)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 6.1 and 11.7 (strychnine is a dibasic indole alkaloid)

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents