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STROBILURIN FUNGICIDES

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) The strobilurins, developed in the early 1980s, are a relatively new class of fungicide active against a wide variety of pathogenic fungi that attack crops and turf(Bartlett et al, 2002; HSDB, 2003).

Specific Substances

    A) CONSTITUENTS OF THE GROUP
    1) AZOXYSTROBIN (ICIA5504)
    2) DIMOXYSTROBIN
    3) FLUOXASTROBIN
    4) KRESOXIM-METHYL
    5) Allegro(R) (Kresoxim-methyl)
    6) METOMINOSTROBIN
    7) ORYSASTROBIN
    8) PICOXYSTROBIN
    9) Benzeneacetic acid (Picoxystrobin)
    10) Cygnus(R) (Picoxystrobin)
    11) Juwel(R) (Picoxystrobin)
    12) Mentor(R) (Picoxystrobin)
    13) Ogam(R) (Picoxystrobin)
    14) Stroby(R)/Sovran(R) (Picoxystrobin)
    15) PYRACLOSTROBIN
    16) Cabrio(R) (Pyraclostrobin)
    17) Cornet(R) (Pyraclostrobin)
    18) Opera(R) (Pyraclostrobin)
    19) TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
    20) FUNGICIDES, STROBILURIN
    1.2.1) MOLECULAR FORMULA
    1) Azoxystrobin: C22-H17-N3-O5
    2) Dimoxystrobin: C19-H22-N2-O3
    3) Fluoxastrobin: C21-H16-Cl-F-N4-O5
    4) Kresoxim-methyl: C18-H19-N-O4
    5) Metominostrobin: C16-H16-N2-O3
    6) Orysastrobin: C18-H25-N5-O5
    7) Picoxystrobin: C18-H16-F3-N-O4
    8) Pyraclostrobin: C19-H18-Cl-N3-O4
    9) Trifloxystrobin: C20-H19-F3-N2-O4

Available Forms Sources

    A) SOURCES
    1) The synthetic strobilurin fungicides were developed from the fungi Strobilurus tenacellus, Oudemansiella mucida and Myxococcus fulvis that produce respectively strobilurin A, oudemansin A, and myxothiazol A (Bartlett et al, 2002). These fungi produced compounds and their synthetic analogs are structurally related to beta-methoxyacrylic acid.
    B) USES
    1) . Strobilurins are used as agricultural fungicides on wheat and cereal crops, grapevines, potatoes, fruits, nuts and vegetable crops (Bartlett et al, 2002). They are also used as fungicides on turfgrass and ornamental trees and plants (HSDB, 2003).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) USES: Strobilurins are fungicides used against many types of fungi that attack crops and turf. They inhibit respiratory chains and disrupt metabolism of fungi. Some examples of strobilurins include azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin.
    B) TOXICOLOGY: Strobilurins typically cause irritation to mucous membranes and skin.
    C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures are uncommon and generally occur in agricultural settings. Severe toxicity is not reported.
    D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Mild to moderate toxicity typically consists of mild dermal and mucous membrane irritation. Burning of mucous membranes may occur with ingestion as well as gastrointestinal upset. Reports of respiratory tract pain, eye pain, pruritus, skin redness, weakness, headache and dizziness occurred following an inhalational exposure after an aerial application.
    2) SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe toxicity has not been reported and is not anticipated.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Mild cases of eye pain and conjunctivitis have been reported following inadvertent aerosol exposure from off-target drift of pyraclostrobin from a nearby aerial application.
    B) Azoxystrobin has caused moderate eye irritation in rabbits.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) Skeletal anomalies have been observed in rabbits. Liver, kidney, and spleen effects have been observed in rats.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) Most patients with strobilurin exposures do not need laboratory evaluation. Laboratory and radiographic evaluation can be targeted to symptoms.
    B) Toxic serum levels of the strobilurin fungicides have not been established.
    C) Monitor vital signs following significant exposure.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY
    1) Symptomatic and supportive care is the mainstay for treatment of strobilurin exposure. Wash exposed skin, remove contaminated clothing, and irrigate exposed eyes. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air.
    B) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY
    1) Severe toxicity has not been reported and is not anticipated.
    C) DECONTAMINATION
    1) PREHOSPITAL: Remove clothing and wash exposed areas with soap and water. If ocular exposure develops, irrigate thoroughly. Do not induce vomiting or administer activated charcoal if ingested. Following an inhalational exposure, move patient to fresh air.
    2) HOSPITAL: There is no role for activated charcoal or lavage. If prehospital decontamination has not occurred, wash exposed skin and irrigate exposed eyes thoroughly.
    D) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
    1) Airway management is based on symptoms. If cough develops, evaluate for pneumonitis or bronchospasm. Oxygen therapy should be administered for hypoxia. Endotracheal intubation is not likely to be needed.
    E) ANTIDOTE
    1) No antidote exists for strobilurin exposure.
    F) PATIENT DISPOSITION
    1) HOME CRITERIA: Patients with a low dose, inadvertent ingestion or exposure who are asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms can be watched at home. In large or self-harm ingestions, or patients with more moderate symptoms may need to be evaluated in the emergency department.
    2) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Any patient who is symptomatic, has respiratory symptoms or had an intentional self-harm attempt should be observed in the emergency department.
    3) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Toxicity is minimal with a strobilurin exposure. However, patients who have severe toxicity including persistent signs of respiratory irritation can be considered for admission for further evaluation.
    4) CONSULT CRITERIA: A medical toxicologist or poison center should be consulted in large exposures, if severe symptoms develop, or if the diagnosis is unclear.
    G) PITFALLS
    1) Pitfalls include not evaluating for other coingestants, such as solvents and surfactants that are other ingredients included with the fungicide.
    H) TOXICOKINETICS
    1) There is no human kinetic data. In rodents, strobilurin fungicides are almost completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and dermal absorption is poor. It is metabolized via hydrolysis and 30% is excreted in the urine.
    I) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
    1) Other fungicides, herbicides.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) TOXICITY: A minimum lethal dose and maximum tolerated human exposure dose have not been established. Based on limited data, inadvertent inhalation and dermal exposure of pyraclostrobin fungicide in 27 patients produced mild toxicity. Upper respiratory tract pain and irritation occurred in most patients. Other mild symptoms included pruritus, skin redness, eye pain, weakness, headache, dizziness and chest pain. First-degree chemical burns occurred after dermal exposure to liquid fungicide in one patient.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) USES: Strobilurins are fungicides used against many types of fungi that attack crops and turf. They inhibit respiratory chains and disrupt metabolism of fungi. Some examples of strobilurins include azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin.
    B) TOXICOLOGY: Strobilurins typically cause irritation to mucous membranes and skin.
    C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposures are uncommon and generally occur in agricultural settings. Severe toxicity is not reported.
    D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Mild to moderate toxicity typically consists of mild dermal and mucous membrane irritation. Burning of mucous membranes may occur with ingestion as well as gastrointestinal upset. Reports of respiratory tract pain, eye pain, pruritus, skin redness, weakness, headache and dizziness occurred following an inhalational exposure after an aerial application.
    2) SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe toxicity has not been reported and is not anticipated.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Mild cases of eye pain and conjunctivitis have been reported following inadvertent aerosol exposure from off-target drift of pyraclostrobin from a nearby aerial application.
    B) Azoxystrobin has caused moderate eye irritation in rabbits.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    1) Mild cases of eye pain and conjunctivitis have been reported following inadvertent aerosol exposure from off-target drift of pyraclostrobin from a nearby aerial application (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).
    2) Azoxystrobin has caused moderate eye irritation in rabbits (HSDB, 2003).

Cardiovascular

    3.5.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CHEST PAIN
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE SERIES: Twenty-seven cases of low severity exposure occurred among migrant workers after off-target drift of pyraclostrobin in an adjacent field. Some workers reported feeling droplets on their skin and seeing mist from an aircraft spraying fungicide. Twenty patients reported chest pain (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).

Respiratory

    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) INJURY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE SERIES: Twenty-seven cases of low severity exposure occurred among migrant workers after off-target drift of pyraclostrobin in an adjacent field. Some workers reported feeling droplets on their skin and seeing mist from the an aircraft spraying fungicide. The most common symptoms reported were upper respiratory tract pain or irritation (n=26) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).

Neurologic

    3.7.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) HEADACHE
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) Mild cases of headache has been reported following inadvertent aerosol exposure from off-target drift of pyraclostrobin from a nearby aerial application (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).

Gastrointestinal

    3.8.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) NAUSEA
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE SERIES: Twenty-seven cases of low severity exposure occurred among migrant workers after off-target drift of pyraclostrobin in an adjacent field, with nausea developing in three patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).

Hepatic

    3.9.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
    a) Increased liver weight, hepatocyte hypertrophy, histopathological changes, and an increase in gross and microscopic liver lesions have been observed in experimental animals exposed to some of the strobilurin fungicides (EPA, 1999; EPA, 2003)

Dermatologic

    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) SKIN FINDING
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) CASE SERIES: Twenty-seven cases of low severity exposure occurred among migrant workers after off-target drift of pyraclostrobin in an adjacent field. Pruritus and redness of skin were each reported in one patient (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).
    B) CHEMICAL BURN
    1) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
    a) One patient developed first degree chemical burns after moderate dermal and inhalational exposure to a pyraclostrobin fungicide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).
    3.14.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) Azoxystrobin has caused slight dermal irritation in rabbits (HSDB, 2003).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) Skeletal anomalies have been observed in rabbits. Liver, kidney, and spleen effects have been observed in rats.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) AZOXYSTROBIN
    a) No teratogenic effects were noted in rabbits following azoxystrobin doses of 500 mg/kg/day. No teratogenicity was observed in rats(Hollingworth, 2001).
    2) KRESOXIM-METHYL
    a) Kresoxim-methyl was administered to female rats at gavage doses of 0, 100, 400 and 1000 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6-15. No fetal or maternal abnormalities were observed. The maternal NOEL was set at greater than or equal to 1000 mg/kg/day. The developmental toxicity NOEL was determined to be greater than or equal to 1000 mg/kg/day. LOEL's were not identified (EPA, 2003).
    b) A rabbit study with maternal gavage doses of 0, 100, 400, 1000 mg/kg/day on gestation days 7 to 19 failed to find any developmental abnormalities(EPA, 2003)
    3) PICOXYSTROBIN
    a) Picoxystrobin did not produce any teratogenic effects in rabbit or rat testing (Hollingworth, 2001).
    4) PYRACLOSTROBIN
    a) Pyraclostrobin testing revealed no teratogenic effects in rabbits (Hollingworth, 2001).
    5) TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
    a) At 1000 mg/kg per day, the thymus was noted to be enlarged in rat pups. In rabbits, skeletal anomalies were observed at the developmental LOAEL of 500 mg/kg/day(Hollingworth, 2001; EPA, 1999)
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) AZOXYSTROBIN
    1) No adverse reproductive effects were noted in multigenerational rat studies. Biliary changes were noted in adult males only at 200 ppm. Body weight reduction was also noted(EPA, 1997). The NOEL was 300 ppm (32 mg/kg/day).
    B) KRESOXIM-METHYL
    1) Kresoxim-methyl was administered to male and female rats at concentrations varying from 0, 50, 1000, 4000, or 16000 ppm for two generations. No treatment-related effects on the reproductive ability of either generation were observed. No microscopic abnormalities were noted at autopsy in any animal. The reproductive toxicity NOEL was greater than or equal to 16000 ppm and a LOEL was not identified(EPA, 2003).
    C) PICOXYSTROBIN
    1) Picoxystrobin did not demonstrate reproductive effects in rat testing (Hollingworth, 2001).
    D) PYRACLOSTROBIN
    1) Pyraclostrobin testing revealed no reproductive effects in rats (Hollingworth, 2001).
    E) TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
    1) Trifloxystrobin demonstrated a reproductive NOAEL in rats of 1500 ppm and a LOAEL of greater than 1500 ppm. Liver, kidney and spleen effects were observed at a parental LOAEL of 750 ppm(EPA, 1999).

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS131860-33-8 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    B) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS133408-50-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    C) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS175013-18-0 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    D) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS221007-60-9 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) HEPATIC CARCINOMA
    1) Kresoxim-methyl was administerd to rats in a 24 month feeding study at doses from 0 to 770 mg/kg for males and 0 to 1046 mg/kg for females. The LOEL for males was 375 mg/kg/day and the LOEL for females was 497mg/kg/day. Both sexes showed decreases in body weight and weight gain. Liver carcinomas were found at these doses(EPA, 2003).
    B) LACK OF EFFECT
    1) Azoxystrobin was not found to be a carcinogen in testing in rats and mice(EPA, 1997).

Genotoxicity

    A) Azoxystrobin and Kresoxim-methyl are not classified as genotoxic fungicides. Trifloxystrobin was determined to be a genotoxic fungicide.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) Most patients with strobilurin exposures do not need laboratory evaluation. Laboratory and radiographic evaluation can be targeted to symptoms.
    B) Toxic serum levels of the strobilurin fungicides have not been established.
    C) Monitor vital signs following significant exposure.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) Serum strobilurin levels are not clinically useful or readily available.
    B) Monitor fluid and electrolyte levels if severe vomiting and/or diarrhea occur.
    C) Monitor CBC and liver function tests following significant exposures or in symptomatic patients.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) Monitor vital signs in symptomatic patients.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Patient Disposition

    6.3.1) DISPOSITION/ORAL EXPOSURE
    6.3.1.1) ADMISSION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Toxicity is minimal with a strobilurin exposure. However, patients who have severe toxicity including persistent signs of respiratory irritation can be considered for admission for further evaluation.
    6.3.1.2) HOME CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Patients with a low dose, inadvertent ingestion or exposure who are asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms can be watched at home. In large or self-harm ingestions, or patients with more moderate symptoms may need to be evaluated in the emergency department.
    6.3.1.3) CONSULT CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) A medical toxicologist or poison center should be consulted in large exposures, if severe symptoms develop, or if the diagnosis is unclear.
    6.3.1.5) OBSERVATION CRITERIA/ORAL
    A) Any patient who is symptomatic, has respiratory symptoms or had an intentional self-harm attempt should be observed in the emergency department.

Monitoring

    A) Most patients with strobilurin exposures do not need laboratory evaluation. Laboratory and radiographic evaluation can be targeted to symptoms.
    B) Toxic serum levels of the strobilurin fungicides have not been established.
    C) Monitor vital signs following significant exposure.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) SUMMARY
    1) Exposure to strobilurin fungicides is generally NOT expected to result in significant toxicity. Remove clothing and wash exposed areas with soap and water. If ocular exposure develops, irrigate thoroughly. Do not induce vomiting or administer activated charcoal if ingested. Following an inhalational exposure, move patient to fresh air.
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis is not recommended, although spontaneous vomiting may occur due to surfactants, solvents or other ingredients in the pesticide formulation.
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) SUMMARY
    1) There is no role for activated charcoal or lavage.
    B) EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED
    1) Emesis is not recommended, although spontaneous vomiting may occur due to surfactants or solvents in the herbicide formulation.
    C) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Mammalian toxicity from strobilurin fungicides is expected to be low. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Herbicide formulations may also contain surfactants, solvents, or other ingredients which may be more toxic than the strobilurin itself. It is important to identify which other toxic substances may be involved and treat accordingly.
    B) IRRIGATION
    1) Irrigate the mouth with water rinses.
    C) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    D) FLUID/ELECTROLYTE BALANCE REGULATION
    1) Vomiting and diarrhea may be prolonged with large ingestions of insecticide formulations containing solvents, resulting in fluid and electrolyte loss. Monitor and replace as necessary.
    E) EDUCATION
    1) The National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) is a cooperative effort of Oregon State University and the US EPA. NPIC provides consultation to poison centers and other health care professionals for the management of pesticide poisoning. Calls regarding emergency cases requiring immediate medical response will be transferred to the Oregon Poison Center.
    a) NPIC contact information: phone: 1-800-858-7378. email: npic@ace.orst.edu Hours: 8 AM to 12 PM Pacific time Monday through Friday, excluding holidays.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
    D) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Rescue personnel and bystanders should avoid direct contact with contaminated skin, clothing, or other objects (Burgess et al, 1999). Since contaminated leather items cannot be decontaminated, they should be discarded (Simpson & Schuman, 2002).
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) TOXICITY: A minimum lethal dose and maximum tolerated human exposure dose have not been established. Based on limited data, inadvertent inhalation and dermal exposure of pyraclostrobin fungicide in 27 patients produced mild toxicity. Upper respiratory tract pain and irritation occurred in most patients. Other mild symptoms included pruritus, skin redness, eye pain, weakness, headache, dizziness and chest pain. First-degree chemical burns occurred after dermal exposure to liquid fungicide in one patient.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) CASE SERIES: Twenty-seven cases of low severity exposure occurred among migrant workers after off-target drift of pyraclostrobin in an adjacent field. Some workers reported feeling droplets on their skin and seeing mist from an aircraft spraying fungicide. The most common symptoms reported were upper respiratory tract pain or irritation (n=26) and chest pain (n=20). Mild symptoms of nausea, pruritus, skin redness, eye pain, weakness, headache and dizziness were also reported (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).
    B) First-degree chemical burns occurred after dermal exposure to liquid fungicide in one patient (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS131860-33-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS133408-50-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    C) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS175013-18-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    D) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS221007-60-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    E) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS131860-33-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    F) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS133408-50-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    G) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS175013-18-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    H) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS221007-60-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    I) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS131860-33-8 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    J) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS133408-50-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    K) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS175013-18-0 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    L) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS221007-60-9 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    M) OSHA PEL Values for CAS131860-33-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    N) OSHA PEL Values for CAS133408-50-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    O) OSHA PEL Values for CAS175013-18-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    P) OSHA PEL Values for CAS221007-60-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) AZOXYSTROBIN
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Greater than 5000 mg/kg (HSDB, 2003; Bartlett et al, 2002)
    B) KRESOXIM-METHYL
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Greater than 5000 mg/kg (HSDB, 2003; Bartlett et al, 2002)
    C) METOMINOSTROBIN
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 708 mg/kg (Bartlett et al, 2002)
    D) PICOXYSTROBIN
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Greater than 5000 mg/kg (Bartlett et al, 2002)
    E) PYRACLOSTROBIN
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Greater than 5000 mg/kg (Bartlett et al, 2002)
    F) TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
    1) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) Greater than 5 g/kg (EPA, 1999)
    2) LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
    a) Greater than 2 g/kg (EPA, 1999)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Azoxystrobin, a white solid, is available as wettable granules or flowable concentrate(HSDB, 2003).
    B) Kresim-Methyl is a white to colorless, odorless crystal(HSDB, 2003).
    C) Metominostrobin exists as a white crystalline powder(Hollingworth, 2001)
    D) Picoxystrobin exists as a solid(Hollingworth, 2001)
    E) Pyraclostrobin exists as white to light beige crystals(Hollingworth, 2001)
    F) Trifloxystrobin exists as a white powder(Hollingworth, 2001)

Molecular Weight

    1) Azoxystrobin: 403.4
    2) Dimoxystrobin: 326.4
    3) Fluoxastrobin: 458.8
    4) Kresoxim-methyl: 313.4
    5) Metominostrobin: 284.3
    6) Orysastrobin: 391.4
    7) Picoxystrobin: 367.3
    8) Pyraclostrobin: 387.8
    9) Trifloxystrobin: 408.4

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