SOMAN

Soman "is one of a class of volatile, liquid anticholinesterases used as warfare agents. Soman reacts irreversibly with the cholinesterase, permitting an accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve endings that can be fatal" (Lewis, 1998).

FORMS

Soman is a colorless liquid and has a fruity odor when it is pure. The industrial product contains impurities, is a yellow-brown, and has a camphor-like odor. It gives off a colorless vapor (MTS , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001).

SOURCES

Germany developed nerve agents prior to and during World War II, but it has never been used in combat. The Soviet Union also produced and stockpiled the agent during the cold war. It is not part of the United States military stockpile, and therefore is probably available only in research quantities. Survey reports reveal Dugway Proving Ground may have limited quantities (MTS , 2001; Munro et al, 1999a; (Tate, 2001)).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Soman is a nerve gas. It is a typical cholinesterase inhibitor with an especially rapid onset of action. On a weight basis it is less potent than VX, but more potent than sarin or tabun. It can be hazardous by any route of exposure.

Soman poisoning is characterized by rapid aging and slow reactivation of cholinesterase, CNS effects, and possible direct toxicity other than anticholinergic effects.

Three drugs are generally used to treat nerve agent (Soman) or organophosphate poisoning: atropine, pralidoxime chloride and diazepam. Atropine is effective in controlling cholinergic effects. Pralidoxime Chloride (2-PAM Chloride, 2-PAM, PROTOPAM) is a cholinesterase reactivator. Diazepam appears to play a critical role in the control of CNS effects. Because Soman rapidly binds and irreversibly deactivates acetylcholinesterase, begin antidote therapy as soon as possible in symptomatic patients.

The following are symptoms from organophosphates in general, which are due to the anticholinesterase activity of this class of compounds. All of these effects may not be documented for soman, but could potentially occur in individual cases.

MUSCARINIC (PARASYMPATHETIC) EFFECTS may include bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, and miosis.

NICOTINIC (SYMPATHETIC AND MOTOR) EFFECTS may include tachycardia, hypertension, fasciculations, muscle cramps, weakness, and RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS.

CENTRAL EFFECTS may include CNS depression, agitation, confusion, psychosis, delirium, coma, and seizures. CNS effects may be slowly reversible or irreversible.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

SUMMARY

The following information is for Organophosphate Compounds in general.
Severe toxicity may develop rapidly following exposure or may be delayed by 12 hours or more. Rapid removal from toxic environments, decontamination procedures, and specific therapy if required are essential.
First responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel should take proper precautions (wear rubber gowns, rubber aprons, rubber gloves, etc) when treating patients with organophosphate poisoning to avoid contamination. Emesis containing organophosphates should be placed in closed impervious containers for proper disposal.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Systemic effects can occur from dermal exposure to organophosphates.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
The US military is currently using the M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, which is though to be the best universal dry skin decontamination kit. This kit is replacing the M258A1 kit. A 0.5% hypochlorite solution may also be used for skin decontamination and is the most effective liquid decontamination solution.

The M291 contains applicator pads impregnated with AMBERGARD 555 ion-exchange resin, which leaves a black residue mapping areas that have been decontaminated. To be effective, self-decontamination should be done within the first minute or two after the exposure. Nerve agent skin decontamination within 1 minute after contamination is ten times more effective than if delayed 5 minutes.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

Inducing emesis is contraindicated because of possible early onset of respiratory depression and seizures.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Suction oral secretions.
ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

Pralidoxime may not be effective against soman poisoning, because of the rapid aging of the cholinesterase enzyme. The experimental oxime HI-6 has been well tolerated in humans at doses of 250 to 500 mg given IM, and shows promise as a more effective oxime treatment for poisoning by soman, sarin, and VX. Multiple treatments may be necessary.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Succinylcholine and other cholinergic agents are contraindicated.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Soman is a deadly poison and is highly toxic by all exposure routes. As little as 0.01 mg/kg may be lethal (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
Even a brief exposure to soman may be fatal. Depending upon the concentration of the agent, death may occur in as little as 1 to 10 minutes or may be delayed for 1 to 2 hours (HSDB , 2001).
Death occurs within 15 minutes of exposure to soman (NLM, 2001).
Soman is less toxic than VX, but more toxic than sarin or tabun (Sivam et al, 1984; RTECS , 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

To date, OSHA has not promulgated permissible exposure concentrations for soman (SBCCOM, 1999).
GD is not listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or National Toxicology Program as a carcinogen (SBCCOM, 1999).

PEDIATRIC

Note that CHILDREN MAY EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PREDOMINANT SIGNS of organophosphate poisoning from adults. In a study on 25 children poisoned by organophosphate or carbamate compounds, the major symptoms in most of them were CNS depression, stupor, flaccidity, dyspnea, and coma (Sofer et al, 1989).
Other classical signs of organophosphate poisoning, such as miosis, fasciculations, bradycardia, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, were infrequent (Sofer et al, 1989).
Children tend to be more sensitive to organophosphates than adults (Zwiener & Ginsburg, 1988).

CASE REPORTS

OCCUPATIONAL

Three workers at a pesticide-formulating plant developed symptoms of organophosphate poisoning associated with each worker wearing a uniform that was contaminated with 76 percent parathion and then laundered. The uniform had been laundered three times before the third worker wore it and he still developed nausea, vomiting, and red cell cholinesterase activity of 75 percent of normal (Clifford & Nies, 1989).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS96-64-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 2000 ITI, 1995 NAP, 2001; RRIS, 2001 RTECS, 2001 SBCCOM, 2001 USACHPPMa, 2001)
- ECt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- ECt50- (OCULAR)HUMAN:
- ECt50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- ICt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCt50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS96-64-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS96-64-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS96-64-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS96-64-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS96-64-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS96-64-0 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): D, G

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.
G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Toxic liquid, organic, n.o.s.
UN Number: 2810

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS96-64-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Use the buddy system when handling chemical agents. No smoking, eating, or drinking is permitted in areas where the chemical is present (SBCCOM, 1999).
"Locations where chemical agents and munitions are stored, handled, used, and processed require the use of chemical hazard symbols. These symbols shall be used by themselves or in conjunction with fire symbols as appropriate" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"When equipment, tools, or others items or materials come into contact with liquid agent they will be marked, tagged or segregated to indicate the degree of contamination." (U.S. Army, 1997).
For additional information refer to AR 385-61, the "Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Program," and DA Pam 385-61, "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards" (SBCCOM, 1999).

HANDLING

Decontamination equipment should be readily located and marked (SBCCOM, 1999).

Hands should be washed before meals. Personnel should shower thoroughly with special attention to hair, face, neck, and hands using plenty of soap and water before leaving at the end of the work day (SBCCOM, 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

At 65 degrees C, soman is stable in steel for 3 months. Steel is corroded at a rate of 1 x 10(-5) inch/month by this agent (SBCCOM , 2001).
Containers should be inspected periodically (visual or detector kit inspection) (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Ton containers should be kept painted and free from rust to enhance visual detection of leakage at the valves and plugs. Some agents (Mustard, Lewisite, GB, VX) act as a solvent on most paints. This may cause peeling, dissolution, blistering, and discoloring at the leak area (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory agent containers should be stored in a single containment system within an approved laboratory hood (SBCCOM, 1999).
Storage of larger quantities should be in a double containment system (SBCCOM, 1999).
Large quantities should be stored in one-ton steel containers, or other approved containers (SBCCOM, 1999; U.S. Army, 1997).
"Ton containers of bulk agents will be stored in a horizontal position with the container oriented so that the valves are in vertical alignment" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Glass is appropriate for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDTE) quantities (SBCCOM, 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Exits must be clearly marked to allow for rapid evacuation (SBCCOM, 1999).
Chemical showers and eye wash stations must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999).
"Structures used for the storage of agent-filled items will have floors and floor surfacing which can de decontaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Sites should be selected that are not in proximity to surface water sources and which are not located over underground water sources that could become contaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Construction materials such as wood or other porous materials that absorb agent are difficult to decontaminate and should not be used in the construction of buildings where agent is to be stored, handled, or processed" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Buildings and/or equipment will be arranged according to the sequence of operations. Such an arrangement will make it possible to keep handling of agents at a minimum and will minimize the necessity for transferring of agents through nonagent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Soman shows slight corrosivity toward metals (RRIS , 2001).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Pyridostigmine bromide, a chemical that blocks the nerve-signal-regulating enzyme acetylcholinesterase, may be given as a pill to military personnel during high threat of chemical warfare attack to prevent death in event of exposure to soman (Gulflink , 2001; (Tate, 2001)).

When exposed to heavy concentrations of soman, even impermeable protective clothing can be penetrated within a few hours. If clothing becomes contaminated with the liquid, it must be removed or neutralized immediately (HSDB , 2001).

Butyl rubber materials and synthetic fabrics such as polyesters are more resistant than leather, which is penetrated in the same manner as skin (NATO, 1973).

When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory operations require lab coats and gloves be worn. An approved respirator should be readily available. If handling contaminated animals, wear foot and head covers, and clean smocks (SBCCOM, 1999).

"The use of personnel protective clothing and equipment (PCE) is the least desirable method of complying with airborne exposure limits. Efforts will be made to reduce dependence upon PCE in agent operating environments through the increased use of engineering and administrative controls such as ventilation, isolation, remote operations, remove monitoring, and elimination of a nonessential entries into agent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

"Do not allow an individual to reenter the area to conduct the operation after the maximum wear time has been reached. However, the local medical authority may use discretion to vary the wear time" (U.S. Army, 1997).

Real-time, low-level monitors with an alarm are required. If a monitor is not present, it should be assumed the atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (SBCCOM, 1999).

Editor's Note: Refer to the following document for information regarding the U.S. Department of Defense's Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) procedures and chemical protective equipment (CPE). Particular information is provided on the MOPP IV CPE ensemble.

US ARMY - PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT. This document is an assembly of sections containing information about Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment from U.S. Army publication "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards"; Document Number: PAM 385-61. Unclassified. 31 March 1997. It is not, and should not be considered a complete copy of this publication.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Chemical goggles are minimal protection and should be worn. If there is a potential situation for splash hazards, use goggles and a face shield (SBCCOM, 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection is required (SBCCOM, 1999).

When there is a potential danger of oxygen deficiency, and when directed by a chemical accident/incident operations officer or by a fire chief, a NIOSH- approved positive-pressure, full face piece self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (SBCCOM, 1999).

"The protective mask canister/filter will not be used for more than two hours when the mask has been worn in an area known to be above the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 96-64-0.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.000002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust is mandatory. It must to filtered and scrubbed to limit excessive concentrations, and meet local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory hoods need to have an average inward face velocity of 100 linear feet per minute plus or minus 20% with the velocity at any point not deviating from the average face velocity by more than 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).

Existing laboratory hoods should have an inward face velocity of 150 linear feet per minute, plus or minus 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).

Cross-drafts should not exceed 20% of the inward face velocity (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory operations should be performed at least 20 cm inside the hood face (SBCCOM, 1999).

Visual smoke tests can be administered to evaluate the performance of the hood. Hood performance tests should be conducted semiannually, after any maintenance procedures, or after modifications have been installed (SBCCOM, 1999).

Recirculation of exhaust air from chemical areas is prohibited. Connection between areas through the ventilation system is also prohibited (SBCCOM, 1999).

Emergency back up power must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Soman in contact with steam or water will produce vapors that are toxic and corrosive (SBCCOM, 1991).
There is limited fire and explosion data available on soman. The thickener used in soman poses a slight fire hazard when it is exposed to fire or heat (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Soman with a thickener should be kept away from oxidizers, excessive heat, an open flame and sparks (SBCCOM, 1999).
Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999).
Contain warfare agent fires to prevent spreading to uncontrolled areas (SBCCOM, 1999).
When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS96-64-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS96-64-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fog, foam, water mist, and CO2 are effective fire extinguishing agents. Do not use any fire-fighting methods that may cause the agent to splash or spread (SBCCOM, 1999).

Fire may destroy most of the agent but measures must be taken to prevent the agent or contaminated liquids from entering the sewers and other areas (SBCCOM, 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic fumes of fluoride and oxides of phosphorus are emitted with soman is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000; USFA , 2001).
Soman can release HYDROGEN FLUORIDE when in contact with acids or, possibly, acid vapors (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Contact with soman vapors can be fatal (SBCCOM , 2001).

Hydrogen may be produced when the corrosive vapors react with metals or concrete (SBCCOM , 2001).

Soman in contact with steam or water will produce vapors that are toxic and corrosive (SBCCOM , 2001).

Soman will form hydrogen fluoride, methylphosphonic acid, 1,2,3-trimethylpropyl ester, 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, methylphosphonic acid when it is hydrolyzed (MTS , 2001) SBCCOM, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Steel is corroded by soman at the rate of 1 x 10(-5) inch/month after 3 months (SBCCOM , 2001).

Soman hydrolyzes by acidic, basic, and neutral mechanisms to form hydrofluoric acid; methylphosphonic acid, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester; 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol; and methylphosphonic acid (MTS , 2001).

Toxic fumes of fluoride and oxides of phosphorus are emitted with soman is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Soman usually has thickeners, such as styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, added to increase the persistency. Styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer is not hazardous except in a finely-divided, powder form (Munro et al, 1999) SBCCOM, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 2810 - GD

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.9 kilometers (0.5 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 800 meters (2500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 6.8 kilometers (4.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.5 kilometers (6.5 miles).

DOT ID No. 2810 - Soman

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 90 meters (300 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.9 kilometers (0.5 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 800 meters (2500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 6.8 kilometers (4.2 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 10.5 kilometers (6.5 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS96-64-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS96-64-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Soman (3,3-Dimethyl-2-butyl methylphosphonofluoridate, GD)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.00003
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.00018
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.022
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.017
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS96-64-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Nerve agent GD
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.00046 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0035 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.00026 ppm
mg/m3: 0.002 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00018 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0014 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.000091 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0007 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.000065 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0005 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Nerve agent GD
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.0057 ppm
mg/m3: 0.044 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.0033 ppm
mg/m3: 0.025 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0022 ppm
mg/m3: 0.018 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0012 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0085 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00085 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0065 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Nerve agent GD
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.049 ppm
mg/m3: 0.38 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.025 ppm
mg/m3: 0.19 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.017 ppm
mg/m3: 0.13 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0091 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0066 ppm
mg/m3: 0.051 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS96-64-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Laboratory Spill: A minimum of 55 grams of decontaminated solution is required per gram of soman. Agitate the decontaminant/agent solution is for a minimum of one hour. Agitation is not necessary following the first hour provided a single The pH should be checked after the first hour and the pH adjusted to 11.5. Add additional sodium hydroxide as needed. Continue with 55 grams of decontaminant per gram of soman. Agitate for one hour and the mixture to react for three hours. At the end of the third hour, adjust the pH to above 10 (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: If thickened soman is spilled, dissolve in acetone before adding any decontaminating solution. Containing thickened soman is generally not necessary. Carefully scrape excess off the contaminated surface and place in a fully removable head drum with a high density, polyethylene lining and decontaminate as above (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spill: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL." (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spill: Place the neutralized substance and contaminated clothing into a DOT- approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spill: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

- Field Procedures: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- Field Procedures: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: "Personnel who have been in areas of possible chemical agent exposure (normally, personnel downwind of an agent release or personnel who were in areas of known agent contamination) will remain at the installation for at least 30 minutes after leaving the area. They will then be observed for signs of agent exposure, and agent-related symptoms by the supervisor or his designated representative before departing the installation. If signs of possible exposure are noted the worker will be referred immediately to the medical family" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- Field Procedures: Cover spills with diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, clay, fine sand, sponges, cloth or paper towels (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: Use copious amounts of sodium hydroxide solution (a minimum 10 wt%) to decontaminate the area (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: If 10 wt% aqueous sodium hydroxide is not available, the following decontaminants may be substituted, and are listed in order of preference: Decontaminating Agent (DS2), Sodium Carbonate, and Supertropical Bleach Slurry (STB). DS2 is a combination of diethylenetriamine (70%), ethylene glcol monomethyl ether (28%), and sodium hydroxide (2%). Ensure that there are no leaks in containers of DS2 in long-term storage due to the potential for forming explosive peroxides in air (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Field Procedures: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.
- Editor's Note: Never mix DS2 and STB as a fire may result.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Some decontamination solutions are considered hazardous waste and must be disposed of according to RCRA and local health department regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Open pit burning, or burying the chemical agent and items contaminated with the agent is strictly prohibited (U.S. Army, 1997).
Detoxified chemical agents (using recommended army procedures) can be destroyed in an EPA approved incinerator according to provisions listed by the Federal, State, or local Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulations (RCRA) (SBCCOM, 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Soman (GD), an organophosphorous anticholinesterase nerve agent and chemical warfare agent (CWA), may have entered the environment from various waste streams during its chemical production in World War II (HSDB, 2005).

Soman's stability in the environment largely determines the potential for human and environmental exposure. Its environmental stability is primarily dependent on weather variables such as wind speed and direction, temperature gradients, humidity, and precipitation. The magnitude of the effect of each variable on downwind hazards and exposure are further influenced by local topography, vegetation, and soil conditions (U.S. Army, 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Upon release to the ambient atmosphere, Soman ordinarily exists as a vapor due to its high vapor pressure (0.4 mm Hg at 25 degrees C), and it may also disperse rapidly given its volatility (531 mg/m(3) at 0 degrees C; 3900 mg/m(3) at 25 degrees C)) (HSDB, 2005; CDC, 2000; USACHPPM, 1998).
Photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can rapidly degrade Soman. The estimated half-life of the reaction is 8 hours, based on an estimated rate constant of 5 x 10(-11) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C (HSDB, 2005).
The potential for direct photolysis of Soman or phototransformation of its hydrolysis by-products in sunlight is negligible (HSDB, 2005; CDC, 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Soman will typically volatilize from water surfaces, given a Henry's Law constant of 4.6 x 10(-6) atm-m(3)/mole (HSDB, 2005).
- Temperature and pH largely influence Soman's rate of hydrolysis. Hydrolytic half-lives range from 9.6 hours (30 degrees C, pH 7.6) and 60 hours (25 degrees C, pH 6) up to 100 hours. Hydrolysis is slow under neutral conditions and enhanced in basic and acidic solutions. Hydrolysis takes only a few minutes at pH levels above 10 (HSDB, 2005; Young, 2000; Munro et al, 1999).
- Pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) are Soman's principal by-products from hydrolysis. These acidic by-products can lower the pH, thereby slowing the hydrolysis rate (Munro et al, 1999).
- Reduction of Soman's concentration in water by a factor of 1 x 10(6) takes approximately 23 days (2,000 hours) (Young, 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Soman readily volatilizes from moist soil, given its relatively high volatility and vapor pressure. Soman can undergo hydrolysis in moist soil, at a rate largely dependent on temperature and pH. Soman persists longer in dry soils (HSDB, 2005; Young, 2000).
- Soman's potential mobility in soil is considered moderate, based on an estimated organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 221 and log Kow of 1.78 (HSDB, 2005).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

If released to the ambient atmosphere, Soman (GD) will exist solely in the vapor phase, where it degrades through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Degradation by direct photolysis is a negligible environmental fate process. In aquatic systems, Soman readily volatilizes from surface water and only slightly absorbs to suspended solids and sediments. Soman can readily volatilize from moist soil surfaces but not from dry soil surfaces. Soman can persist up to 6 weeks in dry soils under varied weather conditions. Few soil microorganisms can biodegrade Soman (HSDB, 2005).

Soman's persistence in the environment depends both on weather conditions, as well as the munition type and use of thickening agents. Soman can persist in the environment for up to 5 hours, depending on weather factors and the munition type used. Under typical weather conditions, heavily splashed liquid GD can persist for 1 to 2 days (USACHPPM, 1998; USACHPPM, 1998).

Atmospheric conditions including temperature, temperature gradient, windspeed, and direction strongly influence the effectiveness and environmental persistence of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as Soman (U.S. Army, 2002).

High temperatures and strong winds tend to increase evaporation rates and help dissipate CWA clouds (U.S. Army, 2002).
Wind speed and direction along with surface terrain features control migration of chemical clouds. CWA clouds may pass over and around rather than penetrate heavily wooded areas. Agent clouds also tend to flow over rolling terrain, around large hills, and up and down valleys (U.S. Army, 2002).

BIODEGRADATION

Two Pseudomonas microorganisms can reportedly biodegrade Soman to its principal metabolite, o-pinacolyl hydrogen methylphosphonate (HSDB, 2005).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Soman has an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 5 for aquatic organisms, based on a regression-derived log octanol water (Kow) partition coefficient of 1.78 (HSDB, 2005).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity data on Soman were not located (Munro et al, 1999).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

182.17

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Soman is a colorless liquid and has a fruity odor when it is pure. The industrial product contains impurities, is a yellow-brown, and has a camphor-like odor. It gives off a colorless vapor (MTS , 2001; USACHPPM , 2001).

It is more soluble in lipids and is less soluble in water than the other G-agents. Due to this characteristic, it penetrates the skin more rapidly and is more toxic (Munro et al, 1999).

Soman usually contains thickeners such as styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer and methyl methacrylate to increase the persistency (Munro et al, 1999) SBCCOM, 1999).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.40 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Munro et al, 1999) NAP, 2001; SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001)

DENSITY

VAPOR DENSITY

6.29 (at 25 degrees C) (air = 1 STP) (SBCCOM, 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-42 degrees C (SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001)

BOILING POINT

198 degrees C; 388 degrees F (at 760 mmHg) (RRIS , 2001) SBCCOM, 1999; (USACHPPM , 2001)

FLASH POINT

121 degrees C (Open Cup) (USACHPPM, 2001a) SBCCOM, 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

3.4 g/100g (at 0 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999)
2.1 g/100g (at 20 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999)

OTHER

Soman is soluble in alcohols, fats, gasoline, oils, and sulfur mustard (SBCCOM, 1999).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

4.6X10(-17) (calculated) (Munro et al, 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

VISCOSITY

3.098 centistokes (at 25 degrees C) (SBCCOM, 1999)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents