SODIUM NITRITE

Used in combination with amyl nitrite and sodium thiosulfate as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (Prod Info sodium nitrite intravenous injection, 2010; Hall & Rumack, 1986; Chen & Rose, 1952; Chen et al, 1933). It may also be efficacious in hydrogen sulfide poisoning (Peters, 1981; Stine et al, 1976).
Formerly administered orally as a vasodilator for the treatment of angina pectoris (Baselt, 2000). This use has been rendered obsolete by the presence of more efficacious and less toxic vasodilators (Gilman et al, 1985).
One gram tablets of sodium nitrite are supplied to medical and dental professionals as an adjunct to disinfectant fluids such as chlorhexidine. Sodium nitrite, a strong oxidizing agent, prevents rusting of the instruments being disinfected (Gowans, 1990a).

INDUSTRIAL

Sodium nitrite is used in diazotization, rubber accelerators, meat curing and preserving, multipurpose greases, and photography, and as an analytical reagent, chemical intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, and detinning agent (HSDB, 2009; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).
Sodium nitrite has been used as a food additive and flavor enhancer. Ingestion of foods utilizing sodium nitrite resulted in methemoglobinemia in several patients (Maric et al, 2008).

FORMS

As part of a cyanide antidote kit, sodium nitrite is available as a 300 mg/10 mL vial for injection (Prod Info sodium nitrite intravenous injection, 2010).
Sodium nitrite is a white or slightly yellow granular, rod, pellet, or powder solid (HSDB, 2009; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). It is soluble in 1.5 parts cold water (pH approximately 9), is slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, and is very soluble in ammonia (Lewis, 1993). It decomposes in weak acids and evolves brown fumes of N2O3 (HSDB, 2009; Budavari, 1996). Sodium nitrite solutions are unstable and should be freshly made before use.
Sodium nitrite is a strong oxidizer. It can be ignited by friction with organic materials (HSDB, 2009). It explodes when exposed to high heat, cyanides, ammonium salts, cellulose, lithium, and sodium bisulfite (HSDB, 2009).
The ACGIH has recommended a Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for methemoglobin inducers. Refer to the BIOMONITORING section for more information (Fishbein, 1975).

SOURCES

Sodium nitrite is very reactive. Of special concern is its ability to react with secondary and tertiary amines to form N-nitrosamines, many of which are carcinogenic and/or very toxic (HSDB, 2009). Nitrite can be formed in the stomach or gut from nitrates, which can occur in well water as a consequence of runoff from nitrate-containing fertilizers.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Sodium nitrite is used in combination with amyl nitrite and sodium thiosulfate as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Industrially, sodium nitrite is used in diazotization, rubber accelerators, meat curing and preserving, multipurpose greases, and photography, dyes, and as an analytical reagent, chemical intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, and detinning agent.

PHARMACOLOGY: As an antidote for cyanide poisoning, sodium nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to produce methemoglobin, which then protects cytochrome oxidase activity from cyanide ions by having cyanide bind to the methemoglobin. Cyanide will then dissociate from the methemoglobin and convert to thiocyanate, which is relatively nontoxic, and then is excreted in the urine. Sodium nitrite also acts as a vasodilator by relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

TOXICOLOGY: Sodium nitrite oxidizes the iron in hemoglobin from the ferrous to the ferric state, producing methemoglobin, which cannot accept and transport oxygen, resulting in tissue hypoxia. Toxicity has occurred after injection, ingestion and dermal application.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Overdose is rare; however, there have been reports of inadvertent ingestion of sodium nitrite (mistaken for salt), resulting in severe cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, and death.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Nausea and vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, paresthesias, headaches, cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachypnea.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Methemoglobinemia commonly occurs with sodium nitrite toxicity. Although symptoms of methemoglobinemia can occur at blood methemoglobin concentrations of 15%, typically symptoms may not appear until methemoglobin concentrations are 30% or greater, and may include cyanosis, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma, circulatory failure, and death.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Vasodilation, leading to hypotension, tachycardia, and syncope, methemoglobinemia, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachypnea may occur with sodium nitrite therapy.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium nitrite may be absorbed through intact skin.

The two major features of sodium nitrite toxicity are smooth muscle relaxation and induction of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is an oxidized form of hemoglobin which can no longer carry oxygen reversibly. This has the effect of depriving the cells of oxygen, and produces symptoms including nausea, dizziness, vomiting, collapse, abdominal pain, rapid heartbeat and breathing, coma, convulsions, and death (HSDB, 2009).

The hallmark of methemoglobinemia is cyanosis, especially on the eyelids, lips, and earlobes. Symptoms appear when the methemoglobin level reaches approximately 10% to 20%, and a greater than 70% is potentially fatal (HSDB, 2009). Sodium nitrite produced fatal methemoglobinemia when absorbed through the skin as part of a formulation of liniment (Saito et al, 1996).

Symptoms of sodium nitrite-induced vasodilation are headache, hypotension, palpitations, visual disturbances, flushed skin, sweating, and increased ocular and intracranial pressure (HSDB, 2009).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic sodium nitrite exposure could result in effects similar to those of acute exposure.

Chronic experimental animal exposure studies reported EEG changes in mice and heart and lung damage in rats (HSDB, 2009).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

Prehospital gastric decontamination is not recommended due to the risk of seizures and altered mental status.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

SUPPORT

The following information is for Nitrites in general.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

Toxicity has not yet been reported from inhalation of sodium nitrite.
INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Prolonged dermal exposure has resulted in severe toxicity, patients with significant dermal exposure should be observed.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Do not induce emesis.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

HYPOTENSION: Administer IV fluids and evaluate for and treat methemoglobinemia. If unresponsive to these measures, administer dopamine (2 to 5 mcg/kg/min) (first choice) or norepinephrine (0.1 to 0.2 mcg/kg/min) and titrate as needed to desired response.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION should be performed in severely symptomatic patients, especially in neonates and children, if methemoglobinemia is not responsive to methylene blue therapy.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN may be used as a supportive measure while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made. HBO therapy can provide sufficient oxygen to maintain life as dissolved oxygen in blood, and obviates temporarily the need for functional hemoglobin.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

HUMAN EXPOSURE: The lowest published lethal dose (oral route) for humans is 71 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006).
CHILD: The lowest published lethal dose (oral route) for a child is 22 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006).

CASE REPORTS

ADULT: A 17-year-old female developed central cyanosis, tachycardia, tachypnea, and cardiac dysrhythmias prior to her death following ingestion of a 1 g tablet of sodium nitrite (Gowans, 1990).
INFANT: A 17-month-old child died after 450 mg (32 mg/kg) of sodium nitrite was given intravenously in the mistaken impression of acute cyanide poisoning (Berlin, 1970).
CASE REPORT (CHILD) DERMAL ABSORPTION: A 4-year-old child was lethargic and experienced one episode of vomiting following application, over his entire body, of a liniment solution that contained 30 g/L of sodium nitrite. Following application of another liniment solution, containing 140 g/L of sodium nitrite, over his entire body, he immediately developed severe cyanosis and metabolic acidosis. Despite intensive supportive therapy, the patient died 2 hours after admission. Postmortem analysis of his blood revealed the blood to be a chocolate-brown color with a methemoglobin concentration of 76% (Saito et al, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE (excluding infants under 3 months of age): 0 to 0.06 mg/kg of body weight (International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 2005).
The lowest published toxic dose (oral route) for a human is 14 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006).
The lowest published toxic dose (oral route) for a man is 1714 mcg/kg/70M (RTECS, 2006).

CASE REPORTS

The ingestion of 130 mg produced severe poisoning in a 2-month-old infant (Oppe, 1951).
Two adults who accidentally ingested sodium nitrite (1 g in 1 case) became cyanotic and had serum nitrite levels of 0.5 and 0.6 mg/L. Both recovered with the use of oxygen and methylene blue (Sevier & Berbatis, 1976).
Temporary darkening of the whole visual field of both eyes was reported by one patient who ingested 14.5 g of sodium nitrite (Vetter, 1951).
Following ingestion of approximately 0.7 g sodium nitrite in contaminated drinking water, a 34-year-old female developed cyanosis and sinus tachycardia (108 beats/minute) associated with a methemoglobin level of 49%. She recovered following intravenous administration of methylene blue (Bradberry et al, 1994).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7632-00-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 158 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- 175 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- 65 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)
LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- 157.9 mg/kg (RTECS, 2006)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7632-00-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7632-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7632-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium nitrite
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7632-00-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Sodium nitrite
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/95
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7632-00-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7632-00-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Nitrous acid, sodium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1500 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium nitrite

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 5.1

5.1: Oxidizer. See 49 CFR section 173.127 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1500
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 5.1, 6.1

5.1: Oxidizer.
6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: A1, A29, IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

A1: Single packagings are not permitted on passenger aircraft.
A29: Combination packagings consisting of outer expanded plastic boxes with inner plastic bags are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 152
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 56, 58

56: Stow "separated from" ammonium compounds.
58: Stow "separated from" cyanides.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1500 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium nitrite
UN Number: 1500

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7632-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Keep well closed (Budavari, 1989).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1993)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7632-00-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.
- Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- May explode from heat or contamination.
- Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels).
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Sodium nitrite is flammable (Lewis, 1992).
- Other references state that this material is not flammable, but may accelerate the burning of combustible material (CHRIS , 1993) AAR, 1987).
It is a strong oxidizing agent (Lewis, 1992).
In contact with organic matter, sodium nitrite will ignite by friction (Lewis, 1992).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7632-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7632-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, sodium nitrite emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen and Na2O (Lewis, 1992).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Sodium nitrite explodes when heated to over 1000 degrees F or on contact with cyanides, ammonia- salts, cellulose, lithium, (potassium + ammonia), or sodium thiosulfate (Lewis, 1992).

A violent explosion occurs if an ammonium salt is melted with a nitrite salt (NFPA, 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, sodium nitrite emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen and Na2O (Lewis, 1992).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, sodium nitrite emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen and Na2O (Lewis, 1992).

It is a strong oxidizing agent (Lewis, 1992).

In contact with organic matter, sodium nitrite will ignite by friction (Lewis, 1992).

Sodium nitrite explodes when heated to over 1000 degrees F or on contact with cyanides, ammonia- salts, cellulose, lithium, (potassium + ammonia), or sodium thiosulfate (Lewis, 1992).

A violent explosion occurs if an ammonium salt is melted with a nitrite salt (NFPA, 1991).

Sodium nitrite is incompatible with the following (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992):

Acetanilide
Aminoguanidine salts
Antipyrine
Butadiene
Chlorates
Hypophosphites
Iodides
Mercury salts
Permanganate
Phthalic acid
Phthalic anhydride
Reducants
Sodium amide
Sodium disulphite
Sodium thiocyanate
Sulfites
Tannic acid
Urea
Vegetable astringent decoctions, infusions or tinctures
Wood

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If fire involving sodium nitrite becomes uncontrollable, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7632-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7632-00-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Sodium nitrite
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.05
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 60
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7632-00-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7632-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not get water inside containers.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1993).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - LAND SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material.
- Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - WATER SPILL (AAR, 1987)
- Add soda ash (Na2CO3).
- Add calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2)
- Adjust pH to neutral (pH = 7).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Following product recovery, flush area with water.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information on the pollution hazard of sodium nitrite was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- No information on the environmental kinetics of sodium nitrite was found in available references at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Environmental chloride can reduce nitrite toxicity to narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). Study results showed a chloride concentration of 100 mg/L raised the crayfish 48H acute toxicity range for nitrite (added as sodium nitrite) from 22 and 70 mg/L (mean 29.43 mg/L) to 31 and 80 mg/L (mean 49.20 mg/L) (Yildiz & Benli, 2004).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

FISH

TLm, mosquito fish, 7.5 ppm/48 hours, fresh water (CHRIS , 1993)
TLm, mosquito fish, 8.1 ppm/24 hours, highly turbid water (OHM/TADS , 1993)
No effect, minnow, 17.1 ppm/24 hours, fresh water (CHRIS , 1993)
Fatal, minnow, 50 ppm/14 days (OHM/TADS , 1993)
Fatal, minnow, 10,000 ppm/1.5 hours (OHM/TADS , 1993)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

69.00 (Budavari, 1989)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

white or slightly yellow, hygroscopic granules, rods, or powder (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992)

odorless (CHRIS , 1993)

slightly salty taste (Lewis, 1992)

Aqueous solutions are alkaline (Budavari, 1989).

approximately 9 (Budavari, 1989)

VAPOR PRESSURE

No information found at the time of this review.

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 2.17 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1989)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

271 degrees C; decomposes above 320 degrees C (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

FLASH POINT

No information found at the time of this review.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

- No information found at the time of this review.

UPPER

- No information found at the time of this review.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Sodium nitrite is soluble in 1.5 parts cold water and 0.6 part boiling water (Budavari, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Sodium nitrite is slightly soluble in alcohol (Budavari, 1989).
Sodium nitrite is slightly soluble in ether and very soluble in ammonia (HSDB , 1993; Lewis, 1993).
0.3 g/100 cm(3) ether (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1993)
4.4 g/100 cm(3) methanol (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1993)
3 g/100 cm(3) absolute alcohol (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1993)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents