SODIUM HYDROXIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAUSTIC CAUSTIC FLAKE CAUSTIC SODA CAUSTIC SODA, BEAD CAUSTIC SODA, DRY CAUSTIC SODA, FLAKE CAUSTIC SODA, GRANULAR CAUSTIC SODA, LIQUID CAUSTIC SODA, SOLID CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION HYDROXYDE DE SODIUM (French) LEWIS-RED DEVIL LYE LIQUID CAUSTIC LYE LYE, SOLUTION NATRIUMHYDROXID (German) NATRIUMHYDROXYDE (Dutch) SODA, CAUSTIC SODA, HYDRATE SODA LYE SODIO(IDROSSIDO DI) (Italian) SODIUM HYDRATE SODIUM HYDRATE, SOLUTION SODIUM HYDROXIDE, BEAD SODIUM HYDROXIDE, DRY SODIUM HYDROXIDE, FLAKE SODIUM HYDROXIDE, GRANULAR SODIUM HYDROXIDE, LIQUID SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION SODIUM (HYDROXYDE DE) (French) WHITE CAUSTIC WHITE CAUSTIC, SOLUTION
IDENTIFIERS
1823-Caustic soda, bead 1823-Caustic soda, flake 1823-Caustic soda, granular 1823-Caustic soda, solid 1823-Sodium hydroxide, bead 1823-Sodium hydroxide, dry 1823-Sodium hydroxide, flake 1823-Sodium hydroxide, granular 1823-Sodium hydroxide, solid 1824-Caustic soda, solution 1824-Sodium hydroxide, solution
4935243 (52% solution) 4935240 (liquid) 4935235 (dry)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (HSDB, 1997;(RTECS , 1997)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Sodium hydroxide finds a variety of uses, including use as a component of cleaning compounds, in petroleum refining (desulphurisation reagent), as well as in chemical, paper, and ore processing (for pH control). This compound is also utilized in ion-exchange resin regeneration, as a vegetable oil alkali-refining reagent, as a sodium salt formation agent, as a aluminum/zirconium extraction agent, as a soap raw material, in varnish/paint stripping, in the manufacture of rayon, mercerized cotton, and aluminum, in metal cleaning, electrolytic extraction of zinc, tin plating, and oxide coating, and to neutralize acids (AAR, 1994; Ashford, 1994a; Budavari, 1996a; Hathaway et al, 1996). "As the least expensive soluble strong base, sodium hydroxide is widely employed in industries such as rayon, cellophane, and textiles, pulp and paper, soap and detergents, etching and electroplating, and many others." (ACGIH, 1991a). Sodium hydroxide is used as an alkalizer (pharmaceutic aid). Its veterinary uses include the dehorning of calves (Budavari, 1996b).
It is commercially available as beads, chips, flakes, pellets, and the fused solid. The commercial grade contains 97 to 98% sodium hydroxide (when kept in a tight container). Sodium hydroxide is often shipped as an aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions are, usually, 45 to 75% sodium hydroxide (Budavari, 1996c; Ashford, 1994a; NFPA, 1994a; Clayton & Clayton, 1993a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive irritant of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. This material, both as a solid and in solution, has a markedly corrosive action upon all body tissues causing burns and frequently deep maceration, with ultimate scarring (Lewis, 1996).
- Inhalation of the dust or concentrated mist can cause damage to the upper respiratory tract and to lung tissue, depending upon the severity of the exposure. Thus, effects of inhalation may vary from mild irritation of the mucous membranes at 2 mg/m(3) to severe pneumonitis at higher airborne concentrations (Lewis, 1996) Proctor et al, 1991).
- Exposure to the dust or mist may cause multiple small burns with temporary loss of hair (Proctor et al, 1991).
- Contact with the eyes causes disintegration and sloughing of conjunctival and corneal epithelium, corneal opacification, marked edema, and ulceration. After 7 to 13 days, either gradual recovery begins, or there is progression of ulceration and corneal opacification (Proctor et al, 1991).
- On the skin, solutions of 25 to 50% sodium hydroxide cause a sensation of irritation within about 3 minutes; with 4% solutions, irritation does not develop for several hours. If it is not removed from the skin, severe burns with deep ulceration may occur (Proctor et al, 1991).
- Ingestion produces severe abdominal pain, corrosion of the lips, mouth, tongue, and pharynx, and the vomiting of large pieces of mucosa. It can cause perforation and scarring (Lewis, 1996) Proctor et al, 1991). Glottic edema and upper airway obstruction may occur following ingestion.
Cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus have occurred with latent periods of 12 to 42 years after ingestion. These cancers were the sequelae of tissue destruction and possible scar formation, rather than due to a direct carcinogenic action of sodium hydroxide itself (Proctor et al, 1991).
- The greatest industrial hazard is rapid tissue destruction of eyes or skin upon contact with either the solid or concentrated solutions (Proctor et al, 1991).
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Sodium hydroxide is a strong irritant and is corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (Hathaway et al, 1991). It can cause severe burns and permanent damage to any tissue with which it comes into contact. It is generally more tissue damaging than equivalent amounts of strong acid (Dluhos, 1969). The lethal oral dose in humans is less than 10 grams (HSDB, 1997). The most common route of occupational exposure is by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- The severity of the tissue damage caused by sodium hydroxide is a function of its concentration, the length of tissue contact time, and local conditions and skin type. A 4 percent solution on the skin will require several hours before a sensations of irritation appears, while a 25 to 50 percent solution will produce irritation in minutes (HSDB, 1997; (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- SEVERE BURNS CAN OCCUR EVEN WITH DILUTE SOLUTIONS IF THE TISSUE IS NOT
PROMPTLY DECONTAMINATED. When instilled in rabbit eyes, aqueous 0.5 to 8 percent NaOH solutions caused increased intraocular pressure. When ingested, sodium hydroxide causes burning pain and potential glottic edema with respiratory compromise. There can be a delay of weeks or months for esophageal strictures to form following ingestion. More concentrated solutions can cause perforation of the stomach or gastrointestinal tract and corrosion and necrosis of the lips, mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and gastric mucosa (HSDB, 1997; (Hathaway et al, 1991; ACGIH, 1991). The most common route of occupational exposure is by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- Contact of the solid or concentrated liquid with the eyes can disintegrate the corneal and conjunctival epithelia and cause corneal opacification (Hathaway et al, 1991).
- While alkali burns to the extremities are rare, they can pose unusual sequelae and/or complications. They may be underestimated as to their severity, based on initial observations. Sometimes they are latent in their onset, due to formation of alkaline albuminates and fatty soaps in the tissue. As a result, superficial irrigation of the burn is helpful only if commenced immediately after exposure. Debridement of the burn and skin grafting are more successful if performed early, and may prevent delayed progressive patchy distal necrosis seen in some patients (O'Donoghue et al, 1996).
- Other signs of sodium hydroxide poisoning are hypersalivation, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, tracheal obstruction, dyspnea, retching, and esophageal strictures or stenosis (ACGIH, 1991).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Repeated exposure to mists or aerosols of sodium hydroxide can produce TOLERANCE to its irritant effects (ILO, 1983). Low concentrations can defat the skin and cause an irritant contact dermatitis (ACGIH, 1986). In one mortality study of workers exposed to sodium hydroxide dust for more than 30 years, there were no significant findings with respect to either intensity or duration of exposure (OTT, 1977).
- A 63-year-old man exposed to sodium hydroxide mist (as boiling lye solution) for 20 years had severe obstructive airway disease. This is the only known report of potential respiratory effects with chronic occupational sodium hydroxide exposure (Rubin et al, 1992).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
A dose of 1.95 g of sodium hydroxide may cause death in humans (OHM/TADS, 1997). An airborne concentration of 250 mg/m(3) is considered immediately dangerous to life or health (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Burning and redness of the eyes, nose, or throat was noted among workers when airborne concentrations of sodium hydroxide were between 0.005 and 0.7 mg/m(3). Solvents (including Stoddard solvent) were also present in concentrations as high as 780 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1991). Eye watering and/or irritation of the throat among persons cleaning ovens and exposed briefly at concentrations of 0.24, 1.86, and 0.8 mg/m(3) were reported. However, a similar exposure to 0.28 mg/m(3) produced no irritation (ACGIH, 1991). Skin biopsies from volunteers having 1 N sodium hydroxide applied to the arms for 15 to 180 minutes showed progressive changes beginning with dissolution of the cells in the horny layer and progressing through edema to total destruction of the epidermis in 60 minutes (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). A 63-year-old man developed severe obstructive airway disease after 20 years of occupational inhalation exposure to sodium hydroxide mist (Bentur & Rubin, 1991). Esophageal stricture and perforation have been reported in children living on farms who ingested dairy pipeline cleaners containing liquid sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (Edmonson, 1987). AUTOMOTIVE AIR BAG SYSTEMS - Swanson-Biearman et al (1991) reported 4 cases of dermal burns associated with the white powdery residue (talc and sodium hydroxide) from air bags found in the drivers compartment after a motor vehicle accident.
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1310-73-2 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sodium hydroxide EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sodium hydroxide MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1310-73-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1310-73-2 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1310-73-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1310-73-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1310-73-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1310-73-2 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1823 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1824 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1823 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1824 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1310-73-2 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
- Only persons wearing appropriate protective equipment should handle broken packages (AAR, 1994; HSDB, 1997).
- Sodium hydroxide is stable during transport (CHRIS, 1997).
STORAGE
This compound is usually shipped in: Bottles, cans, drums, tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges (NFPA, 1994). Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1988) OHM/TADS, 1997). Containers must be tightly closed to prevent the conversion of sodium hydroxide to sodium carbonate (by the carbon dioxide in air) (HSDB, 1997). "Nickel is the preferred metal for handling sodium hydroxide at all concentrations and temperatures...Mild steel is adequate for almost all caustic-handling applications. Plastics and plastic-lined steel are now available as construction materials. Fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks of Derakane vinyl ester resin are suitable for many applications. Polypropane is commonly used for lining pipe for protection against mechanical damage." (HSDB, 1997)
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Sodium hydroxide storage should be in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994). Containers are to be stored in rooms with trapped floor drains; the floors need to be slanted towards the drain. In the absence of floor drains, curbs or a drained gutter, covered with a grill, needs to be placed at door openings (HSDB, 1997). It can be stored at ambient temperature (CHRIS, 1997). Open venting is to be utilized (CHRIS, 1997).
Keep this compound separated from acids, easily ignitable materials, explosives, metals, organic peroxides, and water (or any moisture) (ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994). In the laboratory, volumetric sodium hydroxide solutions must be protected from air to avoid formation of carbonate (Budavari, 1996).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Appropriate, impervious, protective clothing (including gloves) should be worn to prevent skin contact. Immediately wash the skin, with copious amounts of soap and water, if contact occurs. Clothing which becomes significantly contaminated, or wet, should be removed as quickly as possible. Before leaving the job site, any contaminated clothing should be changed (AAR, 1994; (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ITI, 1988; NIOSH , 1997).
- Emergency responders should wear special protective clothing in conjunction with a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 1994; (NFPA, 1994).
- Protective equipment should not be made of aluminum, copper, soft iron, tin, or zinc (as well as alloys made from these metals) (OHM/TADS, 1997).
- Polyvinyl alcohol is not recommended as a glove material (OHM/TADS, 1997).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Use appropriate eye protection to prevent contact (dust-resistant or splash-proof safety goggles). In areas where there is any possibility that persons may be exposed to sodium hydroxide, eyewash fountains should be provided (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; NIOSH , 1997).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1310-73-2.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
- To reduce air concentrations of sodium hydroxide, local exhaust ventilation is to be used (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
- A facility for quickly drenching the body, or body parts, with water needs to be provided within the immediate work area. This is intended to quickly remove sodium hydroxide from any body areas likely to be exposed. In some instances a hose connected to a sink may be permissible, in others a full deluge shower may be required (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; NIOSH , 1997).
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
Sodium hydroxide is not combustible, but the solid form in contact with moisture or water may generate sufficient heat to ignite combustible materials (NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1997) OHM/TADS, 1997). It may cause fire when in contact with combustibles (CHRIS, 1997). The concentrated aqueous solution weighs more than water; it will sink and mix with larger quantities of water (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1997). This compound can melt and flow when heated (HSDB, 1997).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1310-73-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1310-73-2 (NFPA, 2002):
- Fight a fire involving this material using an agent suitable for the surrounding fire. Do not use water on the compound itself. As a fog, large quantities of water may be employed to cool fire-exposed containers/structures. Apply water from as great a distance as is feasible (AAR, 1994; (NFPA, 1994) OHM/TADS, 1997).
- Dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide can be used (AAR, 1994).
The toxic combustion products of this compound include carbonates, peroxides, and sodium oxides (HSDB, 1997; OHM/TADS, 1997).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Sodium hydroxide forms a potentially explosive reaction with the following (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):
- Sodium hydroxide reacts to form explosive products with the following (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):
Ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride) N,N'-Bis(trinitroethyl)urea (in storage) Cyanogen azide Glycols above 230 degrees C (eg, ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol) 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-yn-l-ol Trichloroethylene (forms dichloroacetylene)
- "Vigorous reaction with 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene has caused many industrial explosions and forms the extremely toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin." (Lewis, 1996)
- See the REACTIVITY HAZARD section of this document for more information.
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- The toxic combustion products of this compound include carbonates, peroxides, and sodium oxides (HSDB, 1997; OHM/TADS, 1997).
- Poisonous sodium oxide fumes are released when this compound is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali (base) (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994).
- As both a solid and concentrated solution, it is corrosive (NFPA, 1994).
- Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water with the release of considerable heat. Even concentrated aqueous solutions will dissolve in a greater quantity of water with the release of heat (AAR, 1994; (Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1994).
- When an aqueous solution is mixed with an acid the reaction is exothermic (Budavari, 1996).
- This compound reacts with/corrodes metals (ie, aluminum, tin, zinc, and related alloys), possibly producing hydrogen gas (ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1997).
Sodium hydroxide is slowly corrosive to copper and iron; also, it attacks leather and wool (OHM/TADS, 1997). Corrosive to aluminum in the presence of moisture (Budavari, 1996).
- Poisonous sodium oxide fumes are released when this compound is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).
- Mixtures with arsenic + aluminum compounds form the toxic gas arsine (Lewis, 1996).
- Under the proper conditions (pressure, temperature, state of division), sodium hydroxide may react violently or ignite with the following (Lewis, 1996) OHM/TADS, 1997; (Urben, 1995):
Single Compounds: Mixtures:
- See the EXPLOSION HAZARD section of this document for more information.
- Sodium hydroxide solutions precipitate alkaloids and most metals (as hydroxides) from water solutions of their salts (Budavari, 1996).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1310-73-2 (AIHA, 2006):
Listed as Sodium Hydroxide ERPG-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.5 ERPG-2 (units = mg/m3): 5 ERPG-3 (units = mg/m3): 50 Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No Definitions: ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor. ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action. ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS1310-73-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Sodium hydroxide TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.5 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 50 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS1310-73-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1310-73-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
IDLH: 10 mg/m3 Note(s): Not Listed
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Stay upwind to avoid breathing vapor/dust. Control the leak if this can be done without endangering anyone. Keep water away from the spill, and keep the spilled material out of sewers as well as water sources. Isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Dikes may be employed to contain the spill. Cleanup and removal should be done immediately. The solid can be shoveled into a suitable dry container (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1997; (NFPA, 1994). "At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB, 1997) LAND SPILL (AAR, 1994) To contain the spilled material, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area. Soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete can be utilized to dike surface flow. Fly ash or cement powder can be used to absorb bulk liquid. Neutralize with vinegar or other dilute acid. A plastic sheet can be used to prevent the solid from dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
WATER SPILL (AAR, 1994) AIR SPILL: Vapors can be knocked down by use of water spray/mist (AAR, 1994).
Solutions can be neutralized with 6M hydrochloric acid. The solid can be diluted with water (do not allow extreme heat to develop), and then neutralized (ITI, 1996; OHM/TADS, 1997).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Sodium hydroxide is, undoubtedly, released to the environment in waste from its widespread industrial manufacture and use (OHM/TADS, 1997).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
TERRESTRIAL "In the case of a solid, anhydrous sodium hydroxide spill on soil, groundwater pollution may occur if precipitation occurs prior to cleanup. Precipitation will dissolve some of the solid, with much heat given off, and create an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, which would then be able to infiltrate the soil. However, prediction of the concentration and properties of the solution produced would be difficult." (HSDB, 1997)
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- Freshwater Ecotoxicity Values (CHRIS, 1997; HSDB, 1997; OHM/TADS, 1997):
Lethal, Cyprinus carpio, 180 ppm/24 hours (25 degrees C) Lethal, Vector Snails, 150 to 450 ppm/24 hours (27 degrees C) Lethal, Daphnia, 100 ppm Lethal, Minnows, 100 ppm Lethal, Silver Salmon, 20 ppm Lethal, Brook Trout, 25 ppm/24 hours Lethal, Cutthroat Trout, 35 ppm Lethal, Creek Chub, 40 ppm/24 hours Lethal, King Salmon, 48 ppm Lethal, crabs and fish, 70 ppm/5 hours, stagnant water Lethal, Carp, Shiners, Suckers, 96 ppm/16 hours, tap water Lethal, Minnows, 100 ppm Lethal, Shiners, 100 ppm/120 hours Lethal, Bass and Goldfish, 100 ppm/3 to 20 hours TLm, Mosquito Fish, 125 ppm/96 hours, turbid TLm, Bluegill and Sunfish, 99 mg/L/48 hours, tap water
- Lethal pH in the Bluegill is 10.5, for the Goldfish it is 10.9 (OHM/TADS, 1997).
- Saltwater Ecotoxicity Values (CHRIS, 1997; OHM/TADS, 1997):
LC50, Cockle, 330 to 1000 ppm/48 hours, aerated LC50, Pogge, 33 to 100 ppm/48 hours, aerated LC50, Starfish, 33 to 100/48 hours, aerated LC50, Shrimp, 33 to 100/48 hours, aerated Lethal, Oysters, 180 ppm/23 hours, circulating Lethal, Oysters, 90 ppm/4.5 hours, circulating
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Sodium hydroxide exists as odorless, deliquescent, colorless to white flakes, pellets, sticks or solid cast (with crystalline fracture) (ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994; NIOSH , 1997).
- This compound will rapidly absorb carbon dioxide and water from air (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1988).
- The solution is an odorless, thick, colorless to slightly turbid liquid (CHRIS, 1997; (Lewis, 1996).
- The concentrated aqueous solution is a dark colored, thick liquid (AAR, 1994).
Upper: 50 ppm (OHM/TADS, 1997) Detection in Water: 8.00x10(-3) mol/L (HSDB, 1997)
PH
- approximately 12 (0.05% aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)
- approximately 13 (0.5% aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)
- approximately 13 (1% aqueous solution) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
- approximately 14 (5% aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- approximately 0 mmHg (NIOSH , 1997)
- 1 mmHg (at 739 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996)
- 100 mmHg (at 1111 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 1997)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
DENSITY
- NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg) SOLID: 2.13 g/cm(3) (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; NFPA, 1994)
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
SOLID: 2.13 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 1997; (Clayton & Clayton, 1993) AQUEOUS SOLUTION: 1.5 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 1997) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (70-73%): 2.0 g/cm(3) (at 15.5 degrees C) (HSDB, 1997) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 1.53 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 1.530 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (40%): 1.434 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (30%): 1.333 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (20%): 1.222 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (10%): 1.111 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (5%): 1.056 g/cm(3) (15/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
SOLID: 318 degrees C; 604 degrees C; 591 degrees K (CHRIS, 1997) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (70-73%): 62 degrees C (HSDB, 1997) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 13 to 16 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 12 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (40%): 15 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (30%): 1 degree C (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (20%): -26 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (10%): -10 degrees C (Budavari, 1996) AQUEOUS SOLUTION (5%): -4 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
SOLID: 318 degrees C; 604 degrees F (ITI, 1988; NFPA, 1994) SOLID: 318.4 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996) SOLID: 315 degrees C (Ashford, 1994) SOLID: 605 degrees F (NIOSH , 1997)
BOILING POINT
- SOLID: 1390 degrees C; 2534 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION: > 130 degrees C; > 266 degrees F; > 403 degrees K (CHRIS, 1997)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 144 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (50%): 140 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (40%): 125 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (30%): 115 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (20%): 110 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (10%): 105 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
- AQUEOUS SOLUTION (5%): 102 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
SOLUBILITY
Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1994) 1140 g/kg solution (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994) 480,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 1997) 42 g/100 mL (at 0 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993) 347 g/100 mL (at 0 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993) 111% by weight (NIOSH , 1997) One g of sodium hydroxide dissolves in 0.9 mL water, 0.3 mL boiling water (Budavari, 1996).
One g of sodium hydroxide dissolves in 7.2 mL absolute alcohol and 4.2 mL methanol (Budavari, 1996). Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in non-polar solvents (ACGIH, 1991). insoluble in acetone and ether (HSDB, 1997) It is also soluble in glycerol (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996). This compound is soluble in alcohol and methanol. It is soluble in aliphatic alcohols (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- This value is too low to be measured (possibly 0) (HSDB, 1997).
OTHER/PHYSICAL
74.35 dynes/cm (for a 2.72 wt% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 1997) 75.85 dynes/cm (for a 5.66 wt% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 1997) 83.05 dynes/cm (for a 16.66 wt% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 1997) 96.05 dynes/cm (for a 30.56 wt% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 1997) 101.05 dynes/cm (for a 35.90 wt% aqueous solution) (HSDB, 1997)
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