SODIUM FLUORIDE

Sodium fluoride is used in the fluoridation of municipal water (1 ppm), in chemical cleaning, and as an insecticide (roaches and ants), rodenticide, and fungicide, but is not approved for insecticidal use in barns, grain bins, or poultry houses (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996). This compound is used for de-gassing steel and frosting glass (Budavari, 1996).
Sodium fluoride is also used in vitreous enamel and gas mixes; toothpastes; dental prophylaxis; cryolite manufacture; pastes and mucilage; and in the manufacture of coated paper (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). It is also used in resmelting aluminum, pickling stainless steel, and as a component of laundry sours (HSDB , 1999).
Other uses include: chemical cleaning, electroplating, fluxes (rimmed steel, aluminum, and magnesium), glass manufacture, in heat-treating salt compositions, and as an agent in ore flotation (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1993). It is also used in breweries and distilleries for disinfecting fermentation apparatus (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). Sodium fluoride can also be used in the preservation of wood, timber, and adhesives (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1993). Sodium fluoride is used to remove hydrogen fluoride from exhaust gases to reduce air pollution (Budavari, 1996).
Sodium fluoride can also be used as an anti-coagulant in vitro for blood; sodium fluoride 2 mg/mL of blood. Other medical uses include oral administration to increase bone density and in the relief of bone pain in the treatment of a variety of metabolic and neoplastic bone diseases. It is also used as a veterinary medicine (HSDB , 1999).
The single crystals are used as windows in UV and infrared radiation detecting systems (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).

FORMS

Impurities include sodium, aluminum fluoride, sulfates, and iron (HSDB , 1999). Commercial grades are 98% pure. This compound is available commercially as tablets or solutions for oral administration and in dentifrices. It is also found in pastes, gels, or rinsing solutions for topical administration (HSDB , 1999).

SOURCES

This compound is formed by adding sodium carbonate to 40% hydrogen fluoride (instantaneous precipitation; crystal size depends on pH, with too much hydrogen fluoride yielding sodium bifluoride) (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). It is also prepared by fusing cryolite with sodium hydroxide (Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Sodium fluoride is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Signs and symptoms of exposure may include nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, diarrhea, weakness, paresthesia, tremors, seizures, coma, dyspnea, respiratory arrest, hypotension, ECG changes, cardiovascular collapse, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, metabolic and/or respiratory acidosis, albuminuria, anuria, hematemesis and melena, and diseases of the respiratory tract and heart.
Chronic ingestion may cause osteosclerosis and mottling of tooth enamel.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Sodium fluoride is highly toxic by ingestion. It can produce severe toxicity at doses of less than 1 gram, and death at 5 to 10 grams (Budavari, 1996).
Symptoms of sodium fluoride poisoning by ingestion include salivation, perspiration, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, nervousness, seizures, muscle pain, hypotension, shock, CNS depression (dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination), GI bleeding (HSDB), muscle weakness, collapse, breathing difficulty, difficulty speaking, motor unrest (fitfulness), muscle spasms, thirst, weak pulse, disturbed color vision, and loss ofconsciousness (HSDB; (Hathaway et al, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Death is usually from respiratory or cardiac failure (HSDB).
Sodium fluoride exerts direct toxicity on the myocardium (HSDB). It is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (HSDB). Inhalation of the dust can produce respiratory tract irritation and sometimes epistaxis (at airborne levels greater than 10 mg/m(3)) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982). It is also a strong irritant of the skin and eyes.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Toxicity data from occupational exposure to sodium fluoride is minimal or nonexistent (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Exposures to sodium fluoride (and all inorganic fluorides) at doses greater than 6 mg per day can produce FLUOROSIS, a condition of excess fluoride characterized by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea or constipation, anemia, weakness, and joint stiffness.
Chronic exposures can produce OSTEOSCLEROSIS, sometimes with a latent period as long as 20 years (ACGIH, 1986). Calcification of ligaments can also be involved, making movement stiff and painful.
The daily intake of fluoride can be significant, especially by vegetarians and persons living in areas where high fluoride content in the drinking water is endemic. The concentration of fluoride in the plasma increases with age (Hanhijarvi, 1975). It decreases during pregnancy and is elevated in hemodialysis patients (Hanhijarvi, 1975). In one epidemiological study, there was a correlation between fluoride content in the drinking water and heart disease (Jansen & Thomson, 1974).
Other effects noted with chronic exposure to sodium fluoride are allergic dermatitis and asthma (Saric, 1986).

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

Ingestion of sodium fluoride over a period of 3 to 12 months for treatment of otosclerosis produced gastrointestinal symptoms, petechiae, and erosions and erythema of the upper gastrointestinal tract (Das et al, 1994).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Other measures are usually unnecessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, skeleton, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

FLUORIDE BINDING - Attempt immediate administration of a fluoride binding substance. Options include milk (one-half to one glassful), chewable calcium carbonate tablets, or milk of magnesia. Avoid large amounts of liquid, as this may induce vomiting.
EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

Do not induce vomiting.

NASOGASTRIC SUCTION

Consider careful nasogastric suction or lavage with a soft tube for patients with significant ingestions who present within 90 minutes of exposure and have not spontaneously vomited. CALCIUM GLUCONATE 1 percent may be added to the lavage fluid. The risk of systemic fluoride toxicity from absorption of fluoride in the stomach may outweigh the risk of gastric perforation secondary to the procedure.

CALCIUM

Patients with significant exposures are at a high risk to develop hypocalcemia. It has been suggested that 20 milliliters of 10 percent CALCIUM GLUCONATE be added to the first liter of intravenous fluids prophylactically. Further therapy is guided by serial serum calcium levels.

HYPOCALCEMIA

Hypocalcemia in the absence of clinical tetany may occur following ingestion or dermal exposure. Check patient for a positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign. Correct known or suspected hypocalcemia with intravenous CALCIUM GLUCONATE (10 percent) 0.1 to 0.2 milliliter/kilogram up to 10 milliliters/dose or intravenous CALCIUM CHLORIDE. Repeat dose if necessary.
Monitor ECG continuously and serial calcium, magnesium, and potassium serum levels hourly during therapy. Suspect hypocalcemia and/or hypomagnesemia if QT interval is prolonged.

HYPOMAGNESEMIA

May develop after dermal exposure or ingestion and has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Correct known and suspected hypomagnesemia with intravenous magnesium sulfate, 2 grams in adults and 25 to 50 milligrams/kilogram in children diluted to less than 10 milligrams/milliliter. Repeat dose as necessary.
Follow serial magnesium serum levels during therapy and monitor ECG continuously.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

Death has occurred from doses of 5 to 10 grams (Budavari, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7681-49-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Sodium fluoride (as F)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 1996 HSDB, 1999 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1999
- LD50- (ORAL)GOAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)SHEEP:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRADERMAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRADUODENAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7681-49-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7681-49-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7681-49-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Sodium fluoride (as F)
REL:

TWA: 2.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL and PEL also applies to other inorganic, solid fluorides (as F).]

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium fluoride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7681-49-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7681-49-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7681-49-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Sodium fluoride (NaF)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1690 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium fluoride, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1690
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3415 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium fluoride solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3415
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP1

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1690 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium fluoride
UN Number: 1690

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3415 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7681-49-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Sodium fluoride should be stored in a cool, dry, well ventilated area. Keep separated from acids and alkalies (NFPA, 1994).
Sodium fluoride reacts with acids to form hydrogen fluoride (NFPA, 1994). This compound is incompatible with strong oxidizers (NIOSH , 1999). Sodium fluoride, when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of disodium oxide and hydrogen fluoride (HSDB , 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Drums and multi-wall bags are usual shipping containers (NFPA, 1994). Aqueous solutions will etch glass containers, but dry crystals or powder may be stored in glass containers (Budavari, 1996). Sodium fluoride, in solution, may be stored in plax (plastic), paraffin lined, or pyrex bottles (HSDB , 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Sodium fluoride should be stored in a cool, dry, well ventilated area. Keep separated from acids and alkalies (NFPA, 1994).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Sodium fluoride reacts with acids to form hydrogen fluoride (NFPA, 1994). This compound is incompatible with strong oxidizers (NIOSH , 1999). Sodium fluoride, when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of disodium oxide and hydrogen fluoride (HSDB , 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

When working with sodium fluoride, persons should wear appropriate protective clothing, protective eye equipment, and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1994; (NIOSH , 1999). Immediately wash affected areas with copious amounts of soap and water. Workers should remove and replace wet or contaminated clothing. Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed and isolated before leaving the site (AAR, 1996; (NIOSH , 1999). Persons should not wear contact lenses when working with sodium fluoride (HSDB , 1999; NIOSH , 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7681-49-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480*
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.28
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, saturated solution in water
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.06
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Sodium fluoride does not burn or burns with difficulty (AAR, 1996). Fires involving this compound should be extinguished using a suitable agent for the surrounding fire (NFPA, 1994). Water, in flooding quantities, can be used as a fog. Alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may also be used when fighting fires involving this compound (AAR, 1996).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7681-49-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7681-49-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Sodium fluoride, when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of hydrogen fluoride and disodium oxide (HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, this compound emits toxic fumes of disodium oxide and hydrogen fluoride (HSDB , 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Sodium fluoride reacts with acids to form hydrogen fluoride (NFPA, 1994). This compound is corrosive to aluminum (AAR, 1996). In aqueous solutions, an alkaline reaction is caused by partial hydrolysis (Budavari, 1996). Sodium fluoride, when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of disodium oxide and hydrogen fluoride (HSDB , 1999).

HSDB (1999) reports that all alkali fluorides (except lithium salt) absorb this compound to form acid fluorides of MHF2 type (M is the alkali metal).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7681-49-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7681-49-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Sodium fluoride
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5.53
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 5.53
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 5.53
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7681-49-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7681-49-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
If sodium fluoride is involved in a spill or leak, shovel into a suitable dry container for disposal (NFPA, 1994). Keep runoff out of sewers and other water sources (AAR, 1996). Runoff should be controlled and isolated for proper disposal (NFPA, 1994). Dikes may be used to control runoff. Ponds, pits, lagoons, soak holes, or other holding areas may be used to contain spills and should be covered with an impermeable flexible membrane liner (AAR, 1996; (HSDB , 1999). Solids should be covered with plastic sheets to prevent from dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1996). Soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete may be used to dike surface flows. Bulk liquid can be absorbed with fly ash or cement powder. Agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate may be used to neutralize spills (HSDB , 1999).
If sodium fluoride is spilled in water, it can be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (AAR, 1996). Mechanical dredges or lifts may be used to remove immobilized masses of pollutants or precipitates. The pH should be neutralized (pH=7) (HSDB , 1999).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Slowly add sodium fluoride to a large container of water. "Stir in slight excess of Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate). If fluoride is present add Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide) also. Let stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another container and neutralize with 6m HCl (hydrochloric acid) before washing down with large excess of water. The sludge may be added to landfill" (HSDB , 1999).
"Industry wastes with a high fluoride concentration are treated in two phases. By adding CaO (calcium oxide), the soluble fluorides are precipitated as CaF2 (calcium fluoride) until the concentration has been reduced to 10 mg/L. The compact sludge is disposed of in special waste dumps" (HSDB , 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

"Sodium fluoride (not more than 0.25% pesticide formulation) is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops" (HSDB , 1999).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Sodium fluoride is dangerous to aquatic life in high concentrations and therefore may be a danger if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 1999).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

41.99

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Sodium fluoride exists as odorless, clear, lustrous, cubic, or tetragonal crystals, or as a white powder or balls with a salty taste (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; NIOSH , 1999). It also exists as the solid dissolved in a liquid (AAR, 1996). The household insecticide grade is tinted Nyle blue (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993). Sodium fluoride sinks in water (CHRIS , 1999).

7.4 (freshly prepared saturated solutions) (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 1077 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

0 mmHg (approximately) (NIOSH , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 2.79 (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1999)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.56 for sodium flouride (NFPA, 1994)
2.78 for sodium flourid (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

2 kg/L (at 41 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
2.558 kg/L (at 41 degrees C) (Lewis, 1993)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.8 kg/L (Ashford, 1994)
2.78 kg/L (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

1819 degrees F (NIOSH , 1999)

MELTING POINT

993 degrees C; 1819 degrees F (Budavari, 1996) NFPA, 1994)
996 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
988 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
992-993 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

BOILING POINT

1695 degrees C; 3083 degrees F (Lewis, 1996) NFPA, 1994)

1704 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

3099 degrees F (NIOSH , 1999)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Sodium fluoride is moderately soluble in water (42 g/L at 10 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1996).
4.0 g/100mL (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
4.3 g/100 mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
5.0 g/100 mL (at 100 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)
NFPA (1994) reports that sodium fluoride is not soluble in water.

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Sparingly soluble in ethylalcohol; very slightly soluble in alcohol (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, 1996).
Budavari (1996) reports that sodium fluoride is insoluble in alcohol.

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS , 1999)

HEAT OF FUSION

166.7 cal/g (CHRIS , 1999)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.336 (HSDB , 1999)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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SODIUM FLUORIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents