SODIUM CACODYLATE

Sodium Cacodylate is used as a non-selective herbicide, dofoliant, and silvicide and in medication (Budavari, 1996a; HSDB , 1997; Lewis, 1993a; Morgan, 1993)

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium cacodylate is an organic, pentavalent arsenical compound. It is a white or yellow, amorphous powder or crystalline solid which may be odorless or have a faint odor. It is advisable to treat all arsenic compounds as highly toxic.

Organic arsenic compounds are better absorbed by the dermal route than are inorganic arsenic compounds. The dust is irritating and corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, and elevated urinary arsenic levels have been observed after dermal contact. Organic arsenicals may be more toxic by mouth than injection due to the rapid release of inorganic arsenic by gastric acid. Chronic laryngitis and dermatitis may occur after chronic exposure.

In experimental animals, sodium cacodylate has caused fetal deaths and fetotoxicity. Sodium cacodylate is regarded as a human carcinogen.

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food. A metallic or garlic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-water-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur. Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common. Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign.

Systemic arsenic poisoning from occupational exposure is uncommon. Arsenic workers have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation and possibly perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver. Nausea and vomiting are infrequent. Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with dust exposure.

The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys. Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged. The peripheral neuropathy appears to be similar regardless of the route of exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

There is an extremely wide range of acute toxicity values for sodium cacodylate in different strains or species of experimental animals; the acute oral LD50 ranges from 4 to 3200 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. It is generally less acutely toxic than trivalent arsenical compounds (RTECS, 1993).

Sodium cacodylate can release inorganic trivalent arsenic after ingestion from contact with gastric acid (Budavari, 1989) HSDB, 1993). The dust is irritating to the skin and eyes (CHRIS, 1993; HSDB, 1993).

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food (Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985). A metallic or garlic taste and garlic-like odor on the breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur (Sittig, 1985; Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1988).

Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common (Morgan, 1989). Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign (Morgan, 1989; EPA, 1988) HSDB, 1993). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, but these may be secondary to electrolyte imbalances (Peterson & Rumack, 1977; Goldsmith, 1980; St Peter et al, 1970; Sittig, 1985).

The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys (Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989; Finkel, 1983) HSDB, 1993). Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985) HSDB, 1993). Hemolysis, pancytopenia, and anemia may occur after acute arsenic poisoning (Kyle & Pease, 1965; Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

MEE'S LINES, transverse white lines in the nails, may be seen after acute exposure. Mee's lines commonly take 5 weeks to appear above the cuticle and advance 1 mm per week afterwards, allowing an approximation of the time of acute exposure (Heyman et al, 1956).

Permanent encephalopathy may ensue from acute exposure to arsenic compounds. The encephalopathy can result in atrophy of the cortex one to six months after exposure (Fincher & Koerker, 1987). This can cause loss of many higher functions.

Peripheral neuropathy of both the sensory and motor type can appear in a similar pattern, regardless of the route of exposure to arsenic compounds (Finkel, 1983). It commonly begins one to 3 weeks later (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977; Heyman et al, 1956), usually as paresthesias of the soles of the feet, then the hands, progressing proximally over the next few days (Heyman et al, 1956).

Severe muscle weakness and wasting then develops, causing disability (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977). It may initially be confused with Guillain-Barre' syndrome (Donofrio et al, 1987). Paresthesias may be painful and are frequently described as severe burning pain in a "stocking and glove" distribution.

Physical findings of arsenic peripheral neuropathy usually include prominently decreased sensation to touch, pinprick, and temperature, frequently in a stocking and glove distribution (Heyman et al, 1956). Loss of vibration sense is also common. Profound muscle weakness and wasting, distal more so than proximal, is also seen (Donofrio et al, 1987; Heyman et al, 1956). Wrist drop, foot drop, and fasciculations may also occur with arsenic poisoning (Heyman et al, 1956).

Arsenic is a general cellular poison. Pentavalent arsenic compounds exert their toxic effects by "arsenolysis," with substitution of arsenic ions for phosphate ions in various reactions which can lead to the formation of unstable, spontaneously decomposing end products. A loss of high energy phosphate bonds can occur, and may contribute to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (Schoolmeester & White, 1980; Hood, 1972).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

As little as 3 to 4 mg of arsenic per day can cause chronic poisoning (HSDB, 1993). Pentavalent compounds, such as sodium cacodylate, are generally thought to be less toxic than trivalent compounds on an equivalent dose basis; however, they should all be regarded as highly toxic because of conversion from the pentavalent to the trivalent state in the body (Morgan, 1989; Tsukamoto et al, 1983; Bencko et al, 1976).

Effects of chronic arsenic poisoning include hyperpigmentation of the skin (especially on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet), BLACKFOOT DISEASE (gangrene), anemia, cirrhosis of the liver, hair loss, and nail changes (ILO, 1983) Finkel, 1983).

Workers chronically exposed to arsenic by inhalation and dermal contact have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation, possible perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver (ACGIH, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with chronic exposure to arsenic dust (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985).

Skin disorders after chronic ingestion have included: melanosis, depigmentation, keratosis, and hyperkeratosis (Das et al, 1995; Lerda, 1994).

Chronic arsenic poisoning involves alopecia and enlarged livers in addition to the signs and symptoms mentioned in the ACUTE EXPOSURE section above (Finkel, 1983). Aplastic anemia has also been described after chronic arsenic exposure (Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

There is evidence that cumulative arsenic exposure of greater than 15 ppm-year increased the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus by an odds ratio of 10 in a population living in an area with endemically high arsenic levels in groundwater (Lai et al, 1994).

When used as a reagent in electron microscopy, sodium cacodylate was implicated in the development of chronic laryngitis in one laboratory technician and chronic dermatitis in another (Weakley, 1977).

Arsenic compounds can cause cancer in humans. (Refer to the CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section below for more information.)

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Following ingestion, measures to decrease absorption may be useful if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. Rescue personnel and bystanders should avoid direct contact with contaminated skin, clothing, or other objects (Burgess et al, 1999). Since contaminated leather items cannot be decontaminated, they should be discarded (Simpson & Schuman, 2002).
Remove contaminated clothing while washing with an open faucet, hose, or shower for at least 15 minutes. Wear chemical protective clothing (gloves, etc) if necessary, to prevent self-exposure (HSDB , 1991).
Wash skin and hair with soap and water (HSDB , 1991).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
No cases of systemic arsenic poisoning following only eye exposure have been reported.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
First responders treatment.

If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk (CHRIS , 1991).
If swallowed and victim is unconscious or having convulsions, do nothing except keep victim warm (CHRIS , 1991).

Because poisoning by ingested arsenic almost always results in profuse diarrhea, it is generally not appropriate to administer a cathartic (Morgan, 1989).
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

If treatment has been delayed, and if the victim remains fully alert, administer activated charcoal (Morgan, 1989).

Although arsenic is commonly listed as being effectively adsorbed to charcoal, data are lacking.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Administer intravenous fluids to restore adequate hydration, support urine flow, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Monitor intake/output continuously to guard against fluid overload if acute renal failure occurs.
Monitor blood electrolytes regularly.
Blood transfusions and oxygen by mask may be needed to treat shock.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

One milligram/kilogram of ingested arsenic may be lethal in a child (Woody & Komentani, 1948).

As little as 20 milligrams of arsenic may produce life- threatening toxicity (Zaloga et al, 1970; Schoolmeester & White, 1980) Huttone & Christians, 1983).

An oral dose of 120 mg of arsenic trioxide may be fatal (Finkel, 1983).

Published Values (RTECS , 1997):

LDLo: (Subcutaneous) RABBIT - 300 mg/kg
LDLo: (Subcutaneous) GUINEA PIG - 300 mg/kg
LDLo: (IP) GUINEA PIG - 10 mg/kg

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Chronic dermal and possibly inhalation exposure to sodium cacodylate was associated with development of chronic laryngitis in one laboratory technician and chronic dermatitis in another. However, the exposures were not quantitated and it was questionable whether or not the arsenic compound was the etiologic agent (Weakley, 1977).

Estimates of acute oral toxic doses of various arsenic compounds range from one milligram to 10 grams.

Arsenic trioxide in a solubilized form becomes sodium arsenite, which is more toxic than in an unsolubilized form.

200 milligrams of arsenic trioxide ingestion by an adult may be lethal (Baselt & Cravey, 1989; Baselt, 1988). The probable oral lethal dose in humans is said to be .5 to 5 g/kg (Sittig, 1991).
Acute ingestion of 9 to 14 milligrams of arsenic trioxide by a 16-month-old child produced classic gastrointestinal symptoms of arsenic poisoning (Watson et al, 1981).
A 30-year-old man survived an ingestion of 6 ounces of "Blue Ball Rat Killer" containing 1.5% arsenous oxide (2,150 milligrams, metallic arsenic per 6 ounces) with aggressive therapy (fluid resuscitation, chelation and hemodialysis) (Fesmire et al, 1988).

Trivalent arsenic (arsenite) is more toxic in animals than the pentavalent form (arsenate) (ACGIH, 1996a; Morgan, 1993).

However, significant toxicity may occur with large amounts of pentavalent salts in humans.
Pentavalent arsenic may be converted in vitro to trivalent arsenic.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS124-65-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Sodium cacodylate

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2003
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)HAMSTER:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS124-65-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS124-65-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS124-65-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium Cacodylate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS124-65-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS124-65-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS124-65-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Arsinic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1688 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium cacodylate

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1688
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1688 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium cacodylate
UN Number: 1688

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS124-65-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Do not store near fertilizers, seeds, insecticides or fungicides (HSDB , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Every precaution must be taken to prevent exposure to leaking liquid or solid sodium cacodylate.

Respiratory and chemical clothing protection shall be required in areas where airborne concentrations of sodium cacodylate exceed the allowable standards or when in direct contact with sodium cacodylate in specific work areas, maintenance operations, and in emergency procedures.

Compliance by respirator use is allowable when environmental limits are exceeded, while proper engineering controls are being implemented (where feasible), during maintenance operations, and in emergency situations.

If breakthrough occurs during respirator usage, immediately discard the air-purifying filter and/or cartridge.

An encapsulating suit with self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn when working with high concentrations of sodium cacodylate.

All respiratory and chemical protective clothing should be thoroughly washed, sanitized, dried, and properly stored or disposed of after each use.

Barrier creams cannot be depended upon for protection, but they can provide an additional layer or protection under a more appropriate material.

Work time should be monitored for heat stress factors and limited, if necessary, when wearing chemical protective clothing (NIOSH, 1985).

Gloves should be inspected for damage or leaks prior to handling sodium cacodylate.

Eye protection should be worn when handling sodium cacodylate due to its irritant properties. Safety glasses with plastic lens and splash guards would be appropriate.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where sodium cacodylate is handled.

Wash hands and face prior to eating.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 124-65-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Toxic arsenic and sodium oxide fumes may be generated during a fire (Sax & Lewis, 1989; HSDB , 1991; CHRIS , 1991).
Sodium cacodylate is nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991).
Avoid contact with acids or acid gases to prevent emission of arsenic fumes (EPA, 1985).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS124-65-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS124-65-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Sodium cacodylate burns with a bluish flame, emitting a mild, garlic-like odor (Budavari, 1989).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Sodium cacodylate will decompose to toxic arsenic fumes and sodium oxide gas (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation of sodium cacodylate dust is highly toxic (CHRIS , 1991).

This compound is a strong irritant to the skin, upper respiratory tract and eyes (CHRIS , 1991).

Sodium cacodylate emits highly toxic and irritating fumes and gases when heated to decomposition or when in contact with acids (Sax & Lewis, 1989; CHRIS , 1991; EPA, 1985).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Avoid having sodium cacodylate come into contact with acid or acid gases; the reaction emits arsenic fumes (EPA, 1985).

Sodium cacodylate corrodes common metals (iron, aluminum, zinc), but the reaction is not hazardous (CHRIS, 1997; (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1997).

Reactivity with water: No reaction (CHRIS, 1997).

Stability: Not found (EPA, 1985)

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Sodium cacodylate and its thermal decomposition products are extremely toxic: Avoid any contact with material.

Access to contaminated areas should be restricted and persons in the immediate area should be evacuated if sodium cacodylate or its decomposition products are/or have the potential to become airborne.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS124-65-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS124-65-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Sodium cacodylate (Sodium dimethylarsenate)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 1.07
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.07
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS124-65-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS124-65-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Do not touch spilled material (EPA, 1985).
Do not handle the material without appropriate respiratory and chemical protective equipment (HSDB , 1991).
Stop leak if you can do so without risk (EPA, 1985).
If the container is small, the leak may be stopped by repositioning the opening above the level of the material (EPA, 1985).
Liquids: Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material, and place into containers for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Solids: With a clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover: Move container(s) from spill area (EPA, 1985).
Solids: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (EPA, 1985).
Sodium cacodylate can be removed by adsorption onto clays (HSDB , 1991).
Sodium cacodylate-contaminated waste will have to be transported to a permitted storage, treatment or disposal facility (EPA, 1989a).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Do not handle the material without appropriate respiratory and chemical protective equipment.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Contain all contaminated water; treat and dispose as hazardous waste (EPA, 1989a).
Do not handle the material without appropriate respiratory and chemical protective equipment.
Seek environmental engineering assistance from EPA's Environmental Response Team, Edison, NJ, 24-hour No 201-321-6660.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- SOIL

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The effect of low concentrations of sodium cacodylate on aquatic life is unknown (CHRIS , 1991).

LC50 (for fish and aquatic invertebrates) (HSDB , 1991):

SPECIES CONCENTRATION (mg/l) DURATION (hrs)
Bluegill 17 96
Gammarus fasciatus 100 96
Palaeminetes 28 96

No data on waterfowl (CHRIS , 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

159.98 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Sodium cacodylate is a colorless or white to light yellow amorphous powder with a slight odor. It can also be in the form of trihydrate crystals or granules (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1997; Lewis, 1993).

Deliquescent: Sodium cacodylate liquefies in its water of hydration at 60 degrees C and it becomes anhydrous at 120 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993).

Sodium cacodylate, when burned, emits a garlic-like odor and a bluish flame (Budavari, 1996).

Sodium cacodylate contains approximately 35% arsenic (47% in anhydrous form) (HSDB , 1997).

The commercial product contains 22-28% sodium cacodylate, 3-5% cacodylic acid, and the balance inert solids (or water) (CHRIS, 1997; (HSDB , 1997).

8-9 (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

No information found at the time of this review.

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: > 1 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (estimated) (CHRIS, 1997)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

60 degrees C (HSDB , 1991)

BOILING POINT

Not Applicable (CHRIS , 1991)

FLASH POINT

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991)

Sodium cacodylate may burn with difficulty and will not react rapidly (HSDB , 1991).

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991)

UPPER

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

200 g/100 cc (at 15-20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

40 g/100 cc alcohol (at 25 degrees) (HSDB , 1997)
100 g/100 cc alcohol (90%) (at 15-20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1997)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986, pp 37-38.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

AMA: American Medical Association: Drugs used in the treatment of poisoning, in: AMA Drug Evaluations, 6th ed, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1986, pp 1641-1643.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Anon: Health hazards of inorganic arsenic, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1979.

Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, et al: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS, part 2: ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:1332-1347.

Barlow SM & Sullivan FM: Arsenic and its compounds, in: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, London, England, 1982, pp 62-82.

Barrett S: Commercial hair analysis. Science or scam?. JAMA 1985; 254:1041-1045.

Baselt RC & Cravey RH: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 3rd ed, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, IL, 1989, pp 65-69.

Baselt RC: Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 2nd ed, PSG Publishing Company, Littleton, MA, 1988, pp 28-34.

Bencko V, Benes B, & Cikrt M: Biotransformation of As(III) to As(V) and arsenic tolerance. Arch Toxicol 1976; 36:159-162.

Bouhouch R, El Houari T, Fellat I, et al: Pharmacological therapy in children with nodal reentry tachycardia: when, how and how long to treat the affected patients. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8):766-769.

Brower RG, Matthay AM, & Morris A: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 11th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ, 1989, pp 1358-1359.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 12th ed, Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996a.

Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, et al: Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):205-212.

CHRIS : CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 1991; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Caravati EM, Knight HH, & Linscott MS: Esophageal laceration and charcoal mediastinum complicating gastric lavage. J Emerg Med 2001; 20:273-276.

Cataletto M: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute(ARDS). In: Domino FJ, ed. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2012, 20th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2012.

Chen CJ, Kuo TL, & Wu MM: Arsenic and cancers (Letter). Lancet 1988; 1:414-415.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al: Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43(2):61-87.

Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2A, Toxicology, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1981, pp 1517-1528.

Clayton GD & Clayton FE: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol 2C, Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1994.

Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Toxic Chemicals on the Reproductive System, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1985.

DFG: List of MAK and BAT Values 2002, Report No. 38, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 2002.

DiNapoli J, Hall AH, & Drake R: Cyanide and arsenic poisoning by intravenous injection. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:308-311.

Donofrio PD, Wilbourn AJ, & Albers JW: Acute arsenic intoxication presenting as Guillain-Barre'-like syndrome. Muscle & Nerve 1987; 10:114-120.

EPA: EPA chemical profile on sodium cacodylate, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985.

EPA: Pesticide Fact Handbook, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1988.

EPA: Search results for Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Chemicals. US Environmental Protection Agency, Substance Registry System, U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.epa.gov/srs/.

ERG: Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Washington, DC, 2004.

Elliot CG, Colby TV, & Kelly TM: Charcoal lung. Bronchiolitis obliterans after aspiration of activated charcoal. Chest 1989; 96:672-674.

FDA: Poison treatment drug product for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monograph. FDA: Fed Register 1985; 50:2244-2262.

Fesmire FM, Schauben JL, & Roberge RJ: Survival following massive arsenic ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 1988; 6:602-606.

Fincher RME & Koerker RM: Long-term survival in acute arsenic encephalopathy. Follow-up using newer measures of electrophysiologic parameters. Am J Med 1987; 82:549-552.

Finkel AJ: Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 4th ed, John Wright, PSG Inc, Boston, MA, 1983, pp 17-24.

Fournier L, Thomas G, & Garnier R: 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment of heavy metal poisoning in humans. Med Toxicol 1988; 3:499-504.

Freeman JW & Couch JR: Prolonged encephalopathy with arsenic poisoning. Neurology 1978; 28:853-855.

Gerhardsson L, Dahlgren E, & Eriksson A: Fatal arsenic poisoning - a case report. Scand J Work Environ Health 1988; 14:130-133.

Gerhardt RE, Hudson JB, & Rao RN: Chronic renal insufficiency from cortical necrosis induced by arsenic poisoning. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:1267-1269.

Giberson A, Vaziri ND, & Mirahamadi K: Hemodialysis of acute arsenic intoxication with transient renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136:1303-1304.

Gilman AG, Goodman LS, & Rall TW: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th ed, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1985, pp 1614-1617.

Goldfrank LR, Howland MA, & Kirstein RH: Heavy Metals, in Golfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA et al (eds): Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 3rd ed, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, CT, 1986, pp 609-618.

Goldsmith S: Arsenic-induced atypical ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:1096-1098.

Golej J, Boigner H, Burda G, et al: Severe respiratory failure following charcoal application in a toddler. Resuscitation 2001; 49:315-318.

Gousios AG & Adelson L: Electrocardiographic and radiographic findings in acute arsenic poisoning. Am J Med 1959; 659-663.

Graff GR, Stark J, & Berkenbosch JW: Chronic lung disease after activated charcoal aspiration. Pediatrics 2002; 109:959-961.

Grande GA, Rogers AA, & Ling LJ: Urine spot test as guide to treatment in acute pentavalent arsenic ingestion. Vet Hum Toxicol 1987; 29:73-74.

Grant WM: Toxicology of the Eye, 4th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1993.

Graziano JH, Cuccia D, & Friedheim E: The pharmacology of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and its potential use in arsenic poisoning. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978; 207:1051-1055.

Greenberg C, Davies S, & McGowan T: Acute respiratory failure following severe arsenic poisoning. Chest 1979; 76:596-598.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 1991; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

HSDB : Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD (Internet Version). Edition expires 1997; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Haas CF: Mechanical ventilation with lung protective strategies: what works?. Crit Care Clin 2011; 27(3):469-486.

Harris CR & Filandrinos D: Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1470-1473.

Heyman A, Pfeiffer JB Jr, & Willett RW: Peripheral neuropathy caused by arsenical intoxication: a study of 41 cases with observations on the effects of BAL (2,3-dimercapto-propanol). N Engl J Med 1956; 254:401-409.

Hilfer RJ & Mendel A: Acute arsenic intoxication diagnosed by roentgenograms: report of a case with survival. N Engl J Med 1962; 266:663-664.

Hood RD & Harrison WP: Effects of prenatal arsenite exposure in the hamster. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982; 29:671-678.

Hood RD: Effects of sodium arsenite on fetal development. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1972; 7:216-222.

Hutton JT & Christians BL: Sources, symptoms, and signs of arsenic poisoning. J Fam Pract 1983; 17:423-426.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide), 97, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2008.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2006.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying, 95, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010a.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, 89, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans : IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, 92, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2010.

IARC: Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol 2, Some inorganic and organometallic compounds, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1973, pp 48-73.

IARC: List of all agents, mixtures and exposures evaluated to date - IARC Monographs: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, Volumes 1-88, 1972-PRESENT. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, FranceAvailable from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html. As accessed Oct 07, 2004.

ICAO: Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2003-2004. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002.

ILO: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed, Vols 1 & 2, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1983.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: list of classifications, volumes 1-116. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Lyon, France. 2016. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php. As accessed 2016-08-24.

International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. Available from URL: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. As accessed 2015-08-06.

Jackson R & Grainge JW: Arsenic and cancer. Canad Med Assoc J 1975; 113:396-401.

Jenkins RB: Inorganic arsenic and the nervous system. Brain 1966; 89:479-498.

Kersjes MP, Maurer JR, & Trestrail JH: An analysis of arsenic exposures referred to the Blodgett Regional Poison Center. Vet Hum Toxicol 1987; 29:75-78.

Kjeldsberg & Ward: Leukemia in arsenic poisoning. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77:935.

Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl.3):S876-S908.

Kollef MH & Schuster DP: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:27-37.

Kosnett MJ & Becker CE: Dimercaptosuccinic acid as a treatment for arsenic poisoning (Abstract 23), AACT/AAPCC/ABMT/CAPCC Annual Scientific Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, 1987.

Kreppel H, Reichl FX, & Forth W: Lack of effectiveness of D-penicillamine in experimental arsenic poisoning. Vet Human Toxicol 1989; 31:1-5.

Kyle RA & Pease GL: Hematologic aspects of arsenic intoxication. N Engl J Med 1965; 273:18-23.

Lander H, Hodge PR, & Crisp CS: Arsenic in the hair and nails: its significance in acute arsenical poisoning. J Forens Med 1965; 12:52-67.

Le Quesne PM & McLeod JG: Peripheral neuropathy following a single exposure to arsenic. Clinical course in four patients with electrophysiological and histological studies. J Neurol Sci 1977; 32:437-451.

Lenz K, Hruby K, & Druml W: 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid in human arsenic poisoning. Arch Toxicol 1981; 47:241-243.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1993.

Lewis RJ: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1993a, pp 967.

Lewis RJ: Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 9th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, a Division of International Thomson Publishing Inc, New York, NY, 1996.

Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, et al: Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S444-S464.

Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, & McCaffrey FM: Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 2: Atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31(11):1347-1359.

Lugo, Cassaty, & Palmisano: Acute maternal arsenic intoxication. Am J Dis Child 1969; 117:328.

Mackell MA, Poklis A, & Gantner GE: An unsuspected arsenic poisoning murder disclosed by forensic autopsy. Am J Forens Med Pathol 1985; 6:358-361.

Mandapati R , Byrum CJ , Kavey RE , et al: Procainamide for rate control of postsurgical junctional tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 2000; 21(2):123-128.

Marcus SM: Survival after massive arsenic trioxide ingestion (Abstract), AACT/AAPCC/ABMT/CAPCC Annual Scientific Meeting, Vancouver, BC, 1987.

Massmann VW & Opitz H: Experimental investigations of EKG changes with chronic arsenic poisoning. Zeitschrift fur Kreislaufforschung 1954; 48:704-713.

Mersch J, Beauvais MN, & Nagel P: Induction of micronuclei in haemocytes and gill cells of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, exposed to clastogens. Mutat Res 1996; 371:47-55.

Morgan DP: Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 4th ed, Global Professional Publications, Englewood, Co, 1993, pp 85.

Morgan DP: Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 4th ed. EPA-540/9-88-0015, US Environmental Protection Agency, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1989.

Murer AJL, Abildtrup A, & Poulsen OM: Estimation of the method evaluation function for the determination of hydride-generating arsenic compounds in urine by flow-injection atomic-absorption spectrometry. Talanta 1992; 39:469-474.

NFPA: Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002.

NHLBI ARDS Network: Mechanical ventilation protocol summary. Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.ardsnet.org/system/files/6mlcardsmall_2008update_final_JULY2008.pdf. As accessed 2013-08-07.

NIOSH: Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1985.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 1, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 2, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 3, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2003.

NRC: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals - Volume 4, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

Naradzay J & Barish RA: Approach to ophthalmologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90(2):305-328.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Butylene Oxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648083cdbb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,2-Dibromoethane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802796db&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d68a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037904e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Acrylonitrile (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648028e6a3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Adamsite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Agent BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ad507&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-18.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Allyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039d9ee&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Arsenic Trioxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480220305&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Automotive Gasoline Unleaded (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cc17&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Biphenyl (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1b7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bis-Chloromethyl Ether (BCME) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648022db11&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Boron Tribromide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae1d3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromine Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648039732a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Bromoacetone (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187bf&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Calcium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803ae328&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Carbonyl Sulfide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648037ff26&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Chlorobenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064803a52bb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Cyanogen (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809187fe&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Dimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbf3&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Diphenylchloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091884e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyl Phosphorodichloridate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480920347&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethylbenzene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809203e7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ethyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hexafluoropropylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801ea1f5&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Ketene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ee7c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Aluminum Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Magnesium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Malathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064809639df&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Mercury Vapor (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a087&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Isothiocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a03&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963a57&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064802a4985&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methylchlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5f4&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Methyldichlorosilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c646&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN1 CAS Reg. No. 538-07-8) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006a. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN2 CAS Reg. No. 51-75-2) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006b. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Mustard (HN3 CAS Reg. No. 555-77-1) (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6cb&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Tetroxide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008n. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648091855b&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Nitrogen Trifluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009l. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Parathion (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008o. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963e32&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perchloryl Fluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e268&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Perfluoroisobutylene (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008p. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dd58&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006d. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020cc0c&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phenyldichloroarsine (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2007k. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020fd29&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phorate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008q. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096dcc8&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene (Draft-Revised). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a8a08a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Phosgene Oxime (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e26d&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Potassium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005c. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Propargyl Alcohol (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec91&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Silane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006g. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d523&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Cyanide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7cbb9&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sodium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Strontium Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Sulfuryl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006h. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec7a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tear Gas (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008s. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e551&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tellurium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7e2a1&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tert-Octyl Mercaptan (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008r. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5c7&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Tetramethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-17.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethoxysilane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006i. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d632&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethyl Phosphite (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2009j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480a7d608&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Trimethylacetyl Chloride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008t. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648096e5cc&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Zinc Phosphide (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2005e. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020c5ed&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for n-Butyl Isocyanate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008m. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064808f9591&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-12.

National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute: Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute. Bethesda, MD. 2007. Available from URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 2007.

National Research Council : Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 5, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 6, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2008.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 7, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009.

National Research Council: Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals, 8, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

Neumar RW , Otto CW , Link MS , et al: Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S729-S767.

None Listed: Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42(3):243-253.

Offergelt JA, Roels H, & Buchet JP: Relation between airborne arsenic trioxide and urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49:387-393.

Peate WF: Work-related eye injuries and illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2007; 75(7):1017-1022.

Peberdy MA , Callaway CW , Neumar RW , et al: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science. Part 9: post–cardiac arrest care. Circulation 2010; 122(18 Suppl 3):S768-S786.

Peterson RG & Rumack BH: D-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning. J Pediatr 1977; 91:661.

Pollack MM, Dunbar BS, & Holbrook PR: Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:528-529.

Proctor NH, Hughes JP, & Fischman ML: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 2nd ed, JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1988, pp 80-82.

Product Information: Cordarone(R) oral tablets, amiodarone HCl oral tablets. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc (per FDA), Philadelphia, PA, 2015.

Product Information: Lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution, lidocaine HCl intravenous injection solution. Hospira (per manufacturer), Lake Forest, IL, 2006.

Product Information: dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection, dopamine hcl, 5% dextrose IV injection. Hospira,Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 2004.

Product Information: norepinephrine bitartrate injection, norepinephrine bitartrate injection. Sicor Pharmaceuticals,Inc, Irvine, CA, 2005.

Product Information: procainamide HCl IV, IM injection solution, procainamide HCl IV, IM injection solution. Hospira, Inc (per DailyMed), Lake Forest, IL, 2011.

RTECS : Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH (Internet Version). Edition expires 1997; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

Ratnasamy C, Rossique-Gonzalez M, & Young ML: Pharmacological therapy in children with atrioventricular reentry: which drug?. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8):753-761.

Rau NR, Nagaraj MV, Prakash PS, et al: Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. Br Med J 1988; 297:918-919.

Renwick JH, Harrington JM, & Waldron HA: Long-term effects of acute arsenical poisoning. J Soc Occup Med 1981; 31:144-147.

Rin K, Kawaguchi K, & Yamanaka K: DNA-strand breaks induced by dimethylarsinic acid, a metabolite of inorganic arsenics, are strongly enhanced by superoxide anion radicals. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18:45-48.

Sax NI & Lewis RJ: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 7th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 1989, pp 1932.

Schoolmeester WI & White DR: Arsenic poisoning. South Med J 1980; 73:198-208.

Selzer PM & Ancel MA: Chronic arsenic poisoning masquerading as pernicious anemia. West J Med 1983; 139:219-220.

Shum S, Skarbovig J, & Habersang R: Acute lethal arsenite poisoning in mice: effect of treatment with N-acetylcysteine, D-penicillamine and dimercaprol on survival time. Vet Hum Toxicol 1981; 23(Suppl 1):39-42.

Simpson WM & Schuman SH: Recognition and management of acute pesticide poisoning. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65(8):1599-1604.

Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2nd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985, pp 86-90.

Sittig M: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1991.

St Peter J, Gross C, & Victoria BE: Ventricular fibrillation caused by arsenic poisoning. Am J Dis Child 1970; 120:367-371.

Stolbach A & Hoffman RS: Respiratory Principles. In: Nelson LS, Hoffman RS, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th ed. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, NY, 2011.

Tsukamoto H, Parker HR, & Peoples SA: Metabolism and renal handling of sodium arsenate in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:2331-2335.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management: Protective Action Criteria (PAC) with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs: Rev. 26 for chemicals of concern. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.hss.doe.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/Chem_Safety/teel.html. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project : 11th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC. 2005. Available from URL: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEXA5E1.HTM?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932. As accessed 2011-06-27.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities 2010b; 40CFR(261.33, e-f):77-.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2011. Available from URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList&list_type=date. As accessed 2011-06-21.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of Radionuclides. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010a. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-sec302-4.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: The list of extremely hazardous substances and their threshold planning quantities (CAS Number Order). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2010c. Available from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol27/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol27-part355.pdf. As accessed 2011-06-17.

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Part 1910 - Occupational safety and health standards (continued) Occupational Safety, and Health Administration's (OSHA) list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Subpart Z - toxic and hazardous substances. CFR 2010 2010; Vol6(SEC1910):7-.

U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA): Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 29 CFR 2010 2010; 29(1910.119):348-.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Vinyl Acetate (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020d6af&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

Vale JA, Kulig K, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, et al: Position paper: Gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:933-943.

Vale JA: Position Statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:711-719.

Vaziri ND, Upham T, & Barton CH: Hemodialysis clearance of arsenic. Clin Toxicol 1980; 17:451-456.

Wagner SL & Weswig P: Arsenic in blood and urine of forest workers as indices of exposure to cacodylic acid. Arch Environ Health 1974; 28:77-79.

Wagner SL, Maliner JS, & Morton WE: Skin cancer and arsenical intoxication from well water. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115:1205-1207.

Walsh EP , Saul JP , Sholler GF , et al: Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29(5):1046-1053.

Watson WA, Veltri JC, & Metcalf TJ: Acute arsenic exposure treated with oral D-penicillamine. Vet Hum Toxicol 1981; 23:164-166,1205-1207.

Weakley BS: How dangerous is sodium cacodylate?. J Microscopy 1977; 109:249-251.

Willson DF, Truwit JD, Conaway MR, et al: The adult calfactant in acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) trial. Chest 2015; 148(2):356-364.

Wilson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:470-476.

Zaloga GP, Deal J, & Spurling T: Case report: unusual manifestations of arsenic intoxication. Am J Med Sci 1970; 289:210-214.

de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al: Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S526-S542.

FeedBack

SODIUM CACODYLATE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents