SODIUM ARSENITE

Sodium arsenite is used as a pesticide and herbicide, although it is being replaced by less toxic organic compounds for such purposes (HSDB , 1993). It is also used as a wood preservative and corrosion inhibitor, and in textile drying (HSDB , 1993).
Between 1966 and 1979, 61 cases of accidental sodium arsenite poisoning, including 24 fatalities, were reported to the EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (PIMS) (EPA, 1988). In 1991, a mass poisoning of 718 persons in Argentina from sodium arsenite-contaminated meat was reported (Roses et al, 1991).

FORMS

Sodium arsenite is a white or greyish powder with a salty taste (HSDB , 1993). It is available in a technical grade of 90 to 95% purity and a commercial grade of 95 to 98% purity (EPA, 1985; Sax & Lewis, 1987) 1989; (Budavari, 1989).
Sodium arsenite is a TRIVALENT ARSENIC COMPOUND. Trivalent arsenic compounds are generally considered to be more toxic than pentavalent arsenic compounds on an equal dose basis (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989). Trivalent arsenic compounds are thought to produce their toxic effects by reversibly combining with sulfhydryl groups, resulting in inhibition of various enzyme systems (Hood, 1972; Byard, 1979). Arsenic inhibits enzymes required for cellular respiration, and has the effect of depleting cellular energy stores, leading to cellular death (Schoolmeester & White, 1980).
OSHA considers sodium arsenite to be a human carcinogen.
The ACGIH has established a Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for arsenic. Refer to the BIOMONITORING section for more information.
The following review is based on the toxic effects of arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds in general, with effects attributed specifically to sodium arsenite noted.

SOURCES

Sodium arsenite is formed from arsenic trioxide under moist conditions (Baselt & Cravey, 1989; Baselt, 1988). The commercial product is not a single substance, but is rather a solid solution of CAUSTIC SODA and ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (HSDB , 1993).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium arsenite is a trivalent, inorganic arsenical compound. It is a white or greyish powder solid.

Sodium arsenite can cause acute and chronic arsenic poisoning following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. It is a known human carcinogen and mutagen, and has caused teratogenicity and adverse reproductive effects in experimental animals. It is advisable to treat all arsenic compounds as highly toxic.

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but symptom onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food. A metallic or garlic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-water-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur. Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common. Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early event.

Systemic arsenic poisoning from occupational exposure is uncommon. Arsenic workers have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation and possibly perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver. Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers. Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with dust exposure.

Initially, the primary target organs are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys. Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged. Peripheral neuropathy appears similar regardless of the route of exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium arsenite is highly poisonous. It can cause acute arsenic poisoning following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but symptom onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food (Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985). A metallic or garlic taste and garlic-like odor of the breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur (Sittig, 1985; Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1988).

Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common (Morgan, 1989). Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign (Morgan, 1989; EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1993). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, but these may be secondary to electrolyte imbalances (Peterson & Rumack, 1977; Goldsmith, 1980; St Peter et al, 1970; Sittig, 1985).

Conjunctivitis, photophobia, dimness of vision, diplopia, and lacrimation may occur with acute exposure to arsenic compounds (Heyman et al, 1956; Grant, 1986). The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys (Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989; Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 1993). Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985; HSDB , 1993). Hemolysis, pancytopenia, and anemia may occur after acute arsenic poisoning (Kyle & Pease, 1965; Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

MEE'S LINES, transverse white lines in the nails, may be seen after acute exposure. Mee's lines commonly take 5 weeks to appear above the cuticle and advance 1 mm per week afterwards, allowing an approximation of the time of acute exposure (Heyman et al, 1956).

Permanent encephalopathy may ensue from acute exposure to arsenic compounds. The encephalopathy can result in atrophy of the cortex one to six months after exposure (Fincher & Koerker, 1987), causing loss of many higher functions.

Peripheral neuropathy of both the sensory and motor type can appear in a similar pattern regardless of the route of exposure to arsenic compounds (Finkel, 1983). It commonly begins one to 3 weeks later (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977; Heyman et al, 1956), usually as paresthesias of the soles of the feet, then the hands, progressing proximally over the next few days (Heyman et al, 1956).

Severe muscle weakness and wasting then develop, causing severe disability (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977). It may initially be confused with Guillain-Barre' syndrome (Donofrio et al, 1987). Paresthesias may be painful and are frequently described as severe burning pain in a "stocking and glove" distribution.

Physical findings of arsenic peripheral neuropathy usually include prominently decreased sensation to touch, pinprick, and temperature, frequently in a stocking and glove distribution (Heyman et al, 1956). Loss of vibration sense is also common. Profound muscle weakness and wasting, distal more so than proximal, is also seen (Donofrio et al, 1987; Heyman et al, 1956). Wrist drop, foot drop, and fasciculations may also occur with arsenic poisoning (Heyman et al, 1956).

In animal experiments, direct application or injection of sodium arsenite into the eye caused severe corneal injury in rabbits, but acute sodium arsenite poisoning in rats and rabbits did NOT cause retinal degeneration (Grant, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium arsenite can cause chronic arsenic poisoning with repeated exposure (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Workers chronically exposed to arsenic by inhalation and dermal contact have mainly developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation, possible perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver (ACGIH, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with dust exposure (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985).

Skin disorders after chronic ingestion have included: melanosis, depigmentation, keratosis, and hyperkeratosis (Das et al, 1995; (Lerda, 1994).

Chronic arsenic poisoning involves alopecia and enlarged livers in addition to the signs and symptoms mentioned in the ACUTE EXPOSURE section above (Finkel, 1983). Aplastic anemia has also been described after chronic arsenic exposure (Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

There is evidence that cumulative arsenic exposure of greater than 15 ppm-year increased the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus by an odds ratio of 10 in a population living in an area with endemically high levels of arsenic in groundwater (Lai et al, 1994).

Arsenic can cause cancer in humans. (Refer to the CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section for more information.)

Rats chronically exposed to sodium arsenite developed enlargement of the common bile duct and renal tubules (Byron et al, 1967). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans.

Chronic exposure to arsenic has long been known to induce TOLERANCE to further exposures. In mice, repeated treatment with arsinilic acid-ovalalmin complex induced tolerance against subsequent treatment with sodium arsenite, and was accompanied by production of antibodies active against sodium arsenite (Leikin et al, 1991). Antibodies against arsenic compounds could be the basis of tolerance. Another theory is that the enzymes which methylate inorganic arsenic are induced over time, leading to greater tolerance of arsenic exposure.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Following ingestion, measures to decrease absorption may be useful if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing while washing with an open faucet, hose, or shower for at least 15 minutes.
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).
No cases of systemic arsenic poisoning following only eye exposure have been reported.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

First responders treatment.

If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk (CHRIS , 1991).
If swallowed and victim is unconscious or having convulsions, do nothing except keep victim warm (CHRIS , 1991).

Because poisoning by ingested arsenic almost always results in profuse diarrhea, it is generally not appropriate to administer a cathartic (Morgan, 1989).
If treatment has been delayed, and if the victim remains fully alert, administer activated charcoal (Morgan, 1989).

Although arsenic is commonly listed as being effectively adsorbed to charcoal, data are lacking.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Administer intravenous fluids to restore adequate hydration, support urine flow, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Monitor intake/output continuously to guard against fluid overload if acute renal failure occurs.
Monitor blood electrolytes regularly.
Blood transfusions and oxygen by mask may be needed to treat shock.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

One to two mg/kg of ingested arsenic may be lethal in a child (Woody & Kometani, 1948; (HSDB , 2000).
As little as 20 mg of arsenic may produce life-threatening toxicity (Zaloga et al, 1970; Schoolmeester & White, 1980) Huttone & Christians, 1983).
An oral dose of 120 mg of arsenic trioxide may be fatal (Finkel, 1983).

CASE REPORTS

Between 1966 and 1979, 61 cases of accidental sodium arsenite poisoning, including 11 patients who were hospitalized and 24 fatal cases in adults and children, were reported to the EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (PIMS) (EPA, 1988).

ACUTE

Published Values (RTECS, 2000; (EPA, 1985) -

LDLo (ORAL) Human-Child 1mg/kg
LDLo (ORAL) Human-Child 2mg/kg
LDLo (IP) Rat 7mg/kg
LDLo (IV) Rat 6mg/kg
LDLo (ORAL) Rabbit 12 mg/kg
LDLo (ORAL) Rabbit 7.5 mg/kg
LDLo (IV) Rabbit 6 mg/kg

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

AVERAGE HUMAN ARSENIC INTAKE - 250 to 330 mcg/day (in food and water) (Gilman et al, 1985) Basalt & Cravey, 1989).
AVERAGE URINE LEVELS - Persons on non-seafood diets usually excrete 10 to 30 mcg/day (Finkel, 1983). Following a seafood meal, urine arsenic levels may temporarily rise to 200 to 1700 mcg/L, due to the presence of non-toxic organic "fish arsenic" in certain seafood (Baselt & Cravey. 1989; (Baselt, 1988).

For persons with a non-seafood diet, twenty-four hour composite urine samples above 100 mcg/d should be repeated and evaluated, and samples above 200 mcg/d should reflect a toxic intake (Morgan, 1989).

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE -

Arsenic trioxide in a solubilized form becomes sodium arsenite, which is more toxic than in an unsolubilized form.
A dose of 200 milligrams of arsenic trioxide ingestion by an adult may be lethal (Basalt & Cravey, 1989; Basalt, 1988).
CASE REPORTS

Acute ingestion of 9 to 14 milligrams of arsenic trioxide by a 16-month-old child produced classic gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning (Watson et al, 1981).
A 30-year-old man survived an ingestion of 6 ounces of "Blue Ball Rat Killer" containing 1.5% arsenous oxide (2,150 milligrams metallic arsenic per 6 ounces) with aggressive therapy (fluid resuscitation, chelation and hemodialysis) (Fesmire et al, 1988).

TRIVALENT/PENTAVALENT ARSENIC -

Trivalent arsenic (arsenite) is more toxic in animals than the pentavalent form (arsenate) (Morgan, 1989).
No definite evidence of intoxication was noted in a pharmaceutical plant with an average arsenic air concentration of 0.2 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

An increased incidence of cancer was reported in factories with airborne arsenic concentrations of 0.002 to 0.65 mg/m(3) in "light exposure areas" and 1.47 to 1.56 mg/m(3) in "medium and high exposure areas" (ACGIH, 1986).
Concentrations of arsenic in urine, blood and gastric fluid after admission in a worker buried in arsenic trioxide for about 10 minutes were 1.9, 3.4 and 550 mg/L, respectively (Gerhardsson et al, 1988).

Tissue concentration in mcg/g wet weight of arsenic at autopsy were: brain (frontal cortex) 0.3, myocardium (left ventricle) 1.2, kidney (cortex) 1.4, lung (peripheral) 2.9, liver 3.8, and blood 2.3 (Gerhardsson et al, 1988).

Chronically exposed workers with urinary arsenic excretions as high as 4.0 mg/L (4000 mcg/L) (average 0.8 mg/L; 800 mcg/L) complained of dermatitis, perforation of the nasal septum, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis (ACGIH, 1986).

No systemic toxicity was noted in this group of workers (Finkel, 1983).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7784-46-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Sodium arsenite

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 1 ; Listed as: Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds: Sodium arsenite

Category 1 : Substances that cause cancer in man and can be assumed to make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Epidemiological studies provide adequate evidence of a positive correlation between the exposure of humans and the occurence of cancer. Limited epidemiological data can be substantiated by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (RTECS, 2000; EPA, 1985
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7784-46-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7784-46-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7784-46-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium arsenite
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium Arsenite
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7784-46-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7784-46-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7784-46-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Arsenenous acid, sodium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1686 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium arsenite, aqueous solutions

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1686
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T7, TP2

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium arsenite, aqueous solutions

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1686
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP2

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2027 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium arsenite, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2027
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1686 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium arsenite, aqueous solution
UN Number: 1686

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2027 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium arsenite, solid
UN Number: 2027

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7784-46-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers must be airtight (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1991).
Solids shall be packed in tightly closed suitable inner receptacles of earthenware, glass, metal, or strong compatible plastic bottles not over 5lb capacity each or in sealed plastic bags not over one pound capacity each (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Solutions must be packed in earthenware, glass or compatible plastics in quantities not more than one pint or in metal receptacles of not more than one quart. Inner receptacles shall be packed in strong wooden, fiberboard or equally strong outer packaging. The maximum amount that may be carried in any one package is one quart (OHM/TADS , 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1991).
Inert atmosphere: No requirement (CHRIS , 1991).
Venting: Pressure-vacuum (CHRIS , 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Do NOT store or use in aluminum; arsine gas may be formed (HSDB , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7784-46-5.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: Information from more than one emergency response guide is associated with this material.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Toxic fumes and gases may be generated during a fire.
Since sodium arsenite does not easily burn, extinguish fire using an agent that is suitable for the surrounding fire.
Avoid contact with material by wearing appropriate respiratory and chemical protective clothing.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7784-46-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7784-46-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Sodium arsenite does not burn or burns with difficulty; extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (AAR, 1987; (EPA, 1985).

Protect against both inhalation and skin absorption (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Decontaminate fully or dispose of all equipment after use (OHM/TADS , 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic arsenic fumes and sodium oxide gas may be formed when sodium arsenite is heated to decomposition (EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1991).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation of sodium arsenite dust is highly toxic.

Sodium arsenite is an irritant of the skin, upper respiratory tract and eyes (Proctor et al, 1988).

The dust can produce a contact dermatitis or an allergic sensitivity reaction (Wahlberg & Maibach, 1981; Proctor et al, 1988; OHM/TADS , 1991; HSDB , 1991).

Sodium arsenite emits highly toxic and irritating fumes and gases when heated to decomposition (EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1991).

Prolonged exposure to low levels of sodium arsenite is characterized by weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbances, peripheral neuropathy and skin disorders.

Acute or chronic systemic poisoning by sodium arsenic is not common in the workplace (Proctor et al, 1988)

Arsenic is a skin carcinogen (IARC, 1973).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Sodium arsenite is not a reactivity hazard (EPA, 1985; CHRIS , 2000).

It does not react with water and it is stable during transport (EPA, 1985; CHRIS , 2000).

It is somewhat hygroscopic; absorbs C0(2) from air (Budavari, 1996).

Reactivity with common materials: Data not available (EPA, 1985)

Toxic and irritating fumes and gases are generated when sodium arsenite is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

In emergency situations, chemical protective clothing must be worn. If the conditions are IDLH or unknown a fully encapsulated chemical resistant suit must be worn (NIOSH , 1985).

Sodium arsenite is a high air pollution hazard (OHM/TADS , 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7784-46-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7784-46-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Sodium arsenite
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0173
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.25
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 8.67
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 8.67
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7784-46-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7784-46-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Do not touch spilled material and avoid exposure (EPA, 1985).
Do not handle the material without appropriate respiratory and chemical protective equipment (AAR, 1987).
Stop leak if you can do it without risk (EPA, 1985).
If the container is small, the leak may be stopped by repositioning the opening above the level of the material (EPA, 1985).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1987).
Apply water spray to suppress dust (AAR, 1987).
Liquids: Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material such as fly ash, cement powder, or commercial absorbent. Place into impervious containers for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Solids: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire-fighting water (AAR, 1987).
Solids: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move container(s) from spill area (EPA, 1985).
Sodium arsenite contaminated waste will have to be transported to a permitted storage, treatment or disposal facility (EPA, 1990).
Arsenic-elemental arsenic wastes should be placed in long-term storage or returned to suppliers or manufacturers for reprocessing (Sittig, 1985).
Treatment: Sodium arsenite can be removed from the water column by co-precipitation or adsorption onto iron oxides. Arsenite is adsorbed readily onto metal sulfides (HSDB , 1991).
Treatment: Alum floc ties up arsenic in an insoluble form (AAR, 1987).
Treatment: Anion exchangers are also effective (AAR, 1987).
Treatment: Alum floc can be obtained from a water treatment plant and anion exchangers from water softener suppliers (OHM/TADS , 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Land Spill: First dig a pit or holding area to contain the liquid or solid (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Dike the surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Absorb the bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Neutralize the spill with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Dam stream if possible to reduce the flow and retard further dissipation by water movement (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: Due to high solubility, dredging may be futile (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: Neutralize the spill with calcium hypochlorite, agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Add soda ash and adjust pH to 7 (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: If necessary, use mechanical lifts to remove masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 1987).
Contain all contaminated water and solid materials.
Remove the contaminated materials and soil and place in impervious containers.
If practical, transport material back to the supplier or chemical company to recover the heavy metal content and deactivation. If this is not practical, or facilities not available, the material should be encapsulated and buried in a specially designed chemical landfill.
Sodium arsenite contaminated material are not acceptable at the sewage treatment plant.
Treat and dispose as hazardous waste at a facility that is permitted by EPA for storage, treatment or disposal (EPA, 1989).
Seek professional assistance to cope with a large spill of sodium arsenite (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Sodium arsenite is toxic to birds, fish and aquatic invertebrate species.

Harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (CHRIS , 1991).

May be dangerous if it enters water intakes; notify operators of near-by water intakes (CHRIS , 1991).

Sodium arsenite is persistent as a water pollutant (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Threatened water uses include: potable supply, recreation, and fisheries (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenite is water soluble, so run-off from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (Budavari, 1989; OHM/TADS , 1991).

Water solubility increases with acidity (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenite is not acceptable at sewage treatment plants (OHM/TADS , 1991).

High air pollution hazard; dust is irritating to skin, eyes and lungs (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Poisons and irritants may be produced during fire (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Sodium arsenite is leached easily in soil (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenite will bioaccumulate in the food chain. It tends to be accumulated by oysters and molluscan shellfish (OHM/TADS , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- The environmental fate of sodium arsenite is not well documented. However, due to its solubility in soil moisture and its tendency to leach in soil, sodium arsenite could threaten water supplies (EPA, 1988; OHM/TADS , 1991).
- Sodium arsenite used to control macrophyte in Lake Michigan was most concentrated in the to 0.13 meters of lake sediment; concentrations decreased with depths to 0.32 meters. Arsenic-contaminated sediments originating in the wetlands were subjected to turbulent water causing their suspension and the down-slope movement of small particles (Siami et al, 1987).
- Forms of inorganic arsenic may change, depending on environmental conditions such as acidity (EPA, 1988).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER CONTAMINATION

Sodium arsenite is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (OHM/TADS , 1991)

Concentration Species Effect
35 ppm sunfish LC50
27 ppm minnow LC50
44.9 ppm goldfish LC50
31.2 ppm catfish LC50
(Exposure time = 96 hours)

Waterfowl toxicity is 32 mg/kg LDSO (CHRIS , 1991).
Sodium arsenite is toxic to aquatic plants at 0.1 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991).

SOIL CONTAMINATION

Sodium arsenite toxic to pineapples and oranges at 0.5 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Chronic plant toxicity is 0.01 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

129.91 (Lewis, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Sodium arsenite is odorless solid with a salty taste (EPA, 1985; CHRIS , 2000).

Sodium arsenite is colorless in water (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Sodium arsenite is a white or light-gray powder at 15 degrees C and one atm (CHRIS , 2000).

GRADES OF PURITY

Commercial: 95%-98% pure (Budavari, 1996)
Technical: 90-95% pure (EPA, 1985)
Sodium arsenite in solution (94%) is 75% arsenious oxide (Sax & Lewis, 1987)

VAPOR PRESSURE

as arsenic trioxide (As203): 5.6x10(8) mmHg; 0.45 mcg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C) (NIOSH, 1984)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 1.87 g/cm(3) (HSDB , 2000)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

615 degrees C (OHM//TADS, 1991)

BOILING POINT

decomposes (CHRIS , 1991)

FLASH POINT

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Not Applicable (CHRIS , 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Nonflammable (HSDB , 1991)

UPPER

Nonflammable (HSDB , 1991)

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