SODIUM ARSENATE

It is used as ant bait, a mordant, an assist in dyeing and printing operations, in the production of other arsenates, and as a germicide (EPA, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1989; AAR, 1987; EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1993).

FORMS

Sodium arsenate is a colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid (Budavari, 1989).
Sodium arsenate is a pentavalent arsenic compound. As such, it is less toxic than trivalent arsenic compounds on an equivalent dose basis; however, all arsenic compounds, regardless of valence, are capable of producing the same effects (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989). In mammalian systems, arsenate can be reduced to arsenite (Vahter & Envall, 1983) and arsenite oxidized to arsenate. Therefore, exposure to either compound can cause the same toxic symptoms. The following review is based on the toxic effects of arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds in general, with effects attributed specifically to sodium arsenate noted.
The related compound, SODIUM ARSENITE, is classified as a cancer hazard by OSHA (RTECS , 1993) OSHA, 1989).
Because sodium arsenate is odorless, ODOR DOES NOT PROVIDE ADEQUATE WARNING PROPERTIES FOR OVEREXPOSURE.
The ACGIH has established a Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for arsenic. Refer to the BIOMONITORING section for more information.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium arsenate is a colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid, pentavalent, inorganic arsenic compound. Arsenic is a human carcinogen, and sodium arsenate is an experimental tumorigen and teratogen. It has caused mutations in human lymphocytes. It is advisable to treat all arsenic compounds as highly toxic.

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but symptom onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food. A metallic or garlic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-water-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur. Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common. Hypovolemia from capillary leaking (third spacing of fluids) is a common early event.

Systemic arsenic poisoning from occupational exposure is uncommon. Arsenic workers have developed a hoarse voice; nasal irritation and possibly perforation of the nasal septum; irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes; and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver. Nausea and vomiting are infrequent. Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with dust exposure.

The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys. Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged. The peripheral neuropathy appears similar regardless of the route of exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sodium arsenate is expected to be capable of producing any or all of the signs of acute arsenic poisoning. In one case of attempted suicide, ingestion of 10 grams produced cardiovascular collapse, anuria, and liver disturbances (Mathieu et al, 1992).

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but symptom onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food (Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985). A metallic or garlic taste and garlic-like odor of the breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur (Sittig, 1985; Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1988).

Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common (Morgan, 1989). Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign (Morgan, 1989; EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1993). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, but these may be secondary to electrolyte imbalance (Peterson & Rumack, 1977; Goldsmith, 1980; St Peter et al, 1970; Sittig, 1985).

The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys (Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989; Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 1993). Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985; HSDB , 1993). Hemolysis, pancytopenia, and anemia may occur after acute arsenic poisoning (Kyle & Pease, 1965; Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

MEE'S LINES, transverse white lines in the nails, may be seen after acute exposure. Mee's lines commonly take 5 weeks to appear above the cuticle and advance 1 mm per week afterwards, allowing an approximation of the time of acute exposure (Heyman et al, 1956).

Permanent encephalopathy may ensue from acute exposure to arsenic compounds. The encephalopathy can result in atrophy of the cortex one to six months after exposure (Fincher & Koerker, 1987). This can cause loss of many higher functions.

Peripheral neuropathy of both the sensory and motor type can appear in a similar pattern regardless of the route of exposure to arsenic compounds (Finkel, 1983). It commonly begins one to 3 weeks later (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977; Heyman et al, 1956), usually as paresthesias of the soles of the feet, then the hands, progressing proximally over the next few days (Heyman et al, 1956).

Severe muscle weakness and wasting then develops, causing severe disability (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977). It may initially be confused with Guillain-Barre' syndrome (Donofrio et al, 1987). Paresthesias may be painful and are frequently described as severe burning pain in a "stocking and glove" distribution.

Physical findings of arsenic neuropathy usually include prominently decreased sensation to touch, pinprick, and temperature, frequently in a stocking and glove distribution (Heyman et al, 1956). Loss of vibration sense is also common. Profound muscle weakness and wasting, distal more so than proximal, is also seen (Donofrio et al, 1987; Heyman et al, 1956). Wrist drop, foot drop, and fasciculations may also occur with arsenic poisoning (Heyman et al, 1956).

Arsenic inhibits enzymes required for cellular respiration, and has the effect of depleting cellular energy stores, leading to cellular death (Schoolmeester & White, 1980). Arsenate specifically inhibits cellular respiration by substituting for phosphate during the formation of ATP. The resulting ADP-arsenate quickly hydrolyzes (arsenolysis) and the lack of ATP inhibits glycolysis pathways (Bhuvaneswaran, 1979).

In experimental animal studies, pustules developed at skin sites previously injured by a stab injury following topical application of sodium arsenate in rabbits, and may be a result of primary irritation (Wahlberg & Maibach, 1981). Renal tubular necrosis has been seen in dogs acutely administered sodium arsenate (Tsukamoto et al, 1983).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Little information is available specifically about chronic exposure to sodium arsenate. It is expected to cause typical signs of chronic arsenic poisoning.

One individual who chronically ingested a sodium arsenate ant bait in order to maintain a state of invalidism developed a progressive, severe myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy with gait difficulties (Hutton et al, 1982). These signs are typical of arsenic poisoning.

Workers chronically exposed to arsenic by inhalation and dermal contact have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation, possible perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver (ACGIH, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with arsenic dust exposure (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985).

Chronic arsenic poisoning involves alopecia and enlarged livers in addition to the signs and symptoms mentioned in the ACUTE EXPOSURE section above (Finkel, 1983). Aplastic anemia has also been described after chronic arsenic exposure (Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

Skin disorders after chronic ingestion have included: melanosis, depigmentation, keratosis, and hyperkeratosis (Das et al, 1995; (Lerda, 1994).

A study of Taiwanese living in an area with endemically high arsenic groundwater levels showed that a cumulative arsenic exposure of greater than 15 ppm-year increased the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus by an odds ratio of 10 (Lai et al, 1994).

Arsenic can cause cancer in humans. (Refer to the CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section for more information.)

Rats chronically fed sodium arsenate for two years developed marked enlargement of the common bile duct (Byron et al, 1967). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing while washing with an open faucet, hose, or shower for at least 15 minutes (HSDB , 1991).
Wear chemical protective clothing if necessary, to prevent self-exposure (HSDB , 1991).

EYE EXPOSURE

No cases of systemic arsenic poisoning following only eye exposure have been reported.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

First responders treatment

If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk (CHRIS , 1991).
If swallowed and victim is unconscious or having convulsions, do nothing except keep victim warm (CHRIS , 1991).

Because poisoning by ingested arsenic almost always results in profuse diarrhea, it is generally not appropriate to administer a cathartic (Morgan, 1989).
If treatment has been delayed, and if the victim remains fully alert, administer activated charcoal (Morgan, 1989).

Although arsenic is commonly listed as being effectively adsorbed to charcoal, data are lacking.

Administer intravenous fluids to restore adequate hydration, support urine flow, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Monitor intake/output continuously to guard against fluid overload if acute renal failure occurs.
Monitor blood electrolytes regularly.
Blood transfusions and oxygen by mask may be needed to combat shock.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE

One milligram/kilogram of ingested arsenic may be lethal in a child (Woody & Komentani, 1948).
As little as 20 milligrams of arsenic may produce life-threatening toxicity (Zaloga et al, 1970; Schoolmeester & White, 1980) Huttone & Christians, 1983).
An oral dose of 120 mg of arsenic trioxide may be fatal (Finkel, 1983).

CASE REPORTS

Between 1966 and 1979, 61 cases of accidental sodium arsenate poisoning in adults and children, including 11 patients who were hospitalized and 24 fatal cases, were reported to the EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (PIMS) (EPA, 1988).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

AVERAGE HUMAN ARSENIC INTAKE - 250 to 330 mcg/day (in food and water) (Gilman et al, 1985; Baselt & Cravey, 1989). Persons on non-seafood diets usually excrete 20 mcg/day; a seafood diet may result in 200 mcg/d or sometimes more. For persons with a NON-SEAFOOD DIET, twenty-four hour composite urine samples above 100 mcg/d should be repeated and evaluated, and samples above 200 mcg/d should reflect a toxic intake (Morgan, 1989).

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

Estimates of acute oral toxic doses of various arsenic compounds range from one milligram to 10 grams.
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE -

Arsenic trioxide in a solubilized form becomes sodium arsenite, which is more toxic than in an un-solubilized form.
Ingestion by an adult of 200 milligrams of arsenic trioxide may be lethal (Baselt & Cravey, 1989; Baselt, 1988).
CASE REPORTS

INFANT

Acute ingestion of 9 to 14 milligrams of arsenic trioxide by a 16-month-old child produced classic gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning (Watson et al, 1981).

In a case series of 149 arsenate ant-killer ingestions from Minnesota, mainly in children under age three, no treatment was provided and no adverse effects occurred on follow-up 4 to 6 months following exposure. In two cases, urine arsenic levels without chelation reached 3500 and 5819 mcg/24 hours and no sequelae were observed, suggesting that many small arsenate ingestions may remain asymptomatic (Kingston et al, 1993).

TRIVALENT/PENTAVALENT ARSENIC -

Trivalent arsenic (arsenite) is more toxic in animals than the pentavalent form (arsenate) (Morgan, 1989).
However, significant toxicity may occur with large amounts of pentavalent salts in humans.
Pentavalent arsenic may be converted in vivo to trivalent arsenic.

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

A 30-year-old man survived an ingestion of 6 ounces of "Blue Ball Rat Killer" containing 1.5% arsenous oxide (2,150 milligrams metallic arsenic per 6 ounces) with aggressive therapy (fluid resuscitation, chelation and hemodialysis) (Fesmire et al, 1988).

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

No definite evidence of intoxication was noted in a pharmaceutical plant with an average arsenic air concentration of 0.2 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986).
An increased incidence of cancer was reported in factories with airborne arsenic concentrations of 0.002 to 0.65 mg/m(3) in light exposure areas" and 1.47 to 1.56 mg/m(3) in "medium and high exposure areas" (ACGIH, 1986).
Concentrations of arsenic in urine, blood and gastric fluid after admission in a worker buried in arsenic trioxide for about 10 minutes were 1.9, 3.4 and 550 mg/L, respectively (Gerhardsson et al, 1988).

Tissue concentration in mcg/g wet weight of arsenic at autopsy were brain (frontal cortex) 0.3, myocardium (left ventricle) 1.2, kidney (cortes) 1.4, lung (peripheral) 2.9, liver 3.8, and blood 2.3 (Gerhardsson et al, 1988).

Chronically exposed workers with urinary arsenic excretions as high as 4.0 mg/L (4000 mcg/L) (average 0.8 mg/L; 800 mcg/L) complained of dermatitis, perforation of the nasal septum, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis (ACGIH, 1986). No systemic toxicity was noted in this group of workers (Finkel, 1983).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7631-89-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 1999 EPA, 1985
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7631-89-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7631-89-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7631-89-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium arsenate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sodium Arsenate
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7631-89-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7631-89-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7631-89-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Arsenic acid (H3AsO4), sodium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1685 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Sodium arsenate

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1685
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1685 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Sodium arsenate
UN Number: 1685

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7631-89-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Inert atmosphere: No requirement (CHRIS , 1991)
Storage containers: Bottles, multi-walled paper sacks, drums (OHM/TADS , 1991)
Packages of sodium arsenate (greater than one liter and less than 110 gallons) must be labeled INHALATION HAZARD (TDG, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1991)
Venting: Open (CHRIS , 1991)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7631-89-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7631-89-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7631-89-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Move container from fire area if it can be done without risk (EPA, 1985; AAR, 1987).

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind, keep out of low areas (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Wear positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and full chemical protective clothing (OHM/TADS , 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition at 150 degrees C, sodium arsenate will generate arsenic fumes and Na(2)O. Both are highly toxic respiratory irritants (Budavari, 1989; OHM/TADS , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Sodium arsenate will not ignite rapidly (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation if sodium arsenate dust is highly toxic; the compound also is an irritant of the skin, upper respiratory tract and eyes (Proctor et at, 1988).

The dust can produce a contact dermatitis or an allergic sensitivity reaction (Wahlberg & Maibach, 1981; Proctor et al, 1988; OHM/TADS , 1991; HSDB , 1991).

Arsenic is a skin carcinogen (IARC, 1973).

Use water spray to suppress suspension of contaminated dusts (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenate emits highly toxic and irritating fumes and gases when heated to decomposition (OHM/TADS , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Prolonged exposure to low levels of sodium arsenate is characterized by weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbances, peripheral neuropathy and skin disorders.

However, acute or chronic systemic poisoning by sodium arsenic is not common in the workplace (Proctor et al, 1988).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Sodium arsenate is not a reactivity hazard. It does not react with water and it is stable during transport (EPA, 1985; CHRIS , 2000).

Arsenate may be synergistic with selenium when it is present in drinking water (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Highly toxic vapors are released upon contact with acid or acid gases (OHM/TADS , 2000)

Stability: Shelf Life - effloresce in warm air (Budavari, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

Restrict access to affected waters (OHM/TADS , 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7631-89-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7631-89-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Sodium arsenate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0271
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 13.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 13.5
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7631-89-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7631-89-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Sodium arsenate and sodium arsenate containing compounds must be disposed as hazardous waste according to RCRA 29 CFR 40 26 0-6 1 (EPA, 1989).
Do not touch material (EPA, 1985).
Stop leak if you can do it without risk; if the container is small, reposition the opening above the level of the material (EPA, 1985).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1987).
Land Spill: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987).
Liquids: Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Water Spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCo(3)) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHC0(3)) (AAR, 1987).
With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move container from spill area (EPA, 1985).
Move container(s) from spill area (EPA, 1985).
Waste Treatment - Clean-Up Methods: Alum floc ties up arsenic in an insoluble form. Anion exchangers are also effective. Alum floc can be obtained from a water treatment plant and anion exchanger from water softener suppliers (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Waste Treatment - Clean-Up Methods: To separate sodium arsenate from water, dissolve in minimum hydrochloric acid (concentrated reagent). Filter if necessary. Dilute with water until white precipitate forms. Add just enough 5M HCL to redissolve. Saturate with hydrogen sulfide. Filter, wash the precipitate, dry, package and ship to the supplier or if the waste is of very little value, dispose according to RCRA (EPA, 1989).
Waste Treatment - Clean-Up Methods: Sodium arsenite can be removed from water by adsorption onto aluminum hydroxide and clays (HSDB , 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

For sodium arsenate, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for waste disposal (EPA, 1985).
With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area (EPA, 1985).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Contain all contaminated water; treat and dispose as hazardous waste (EPA, 1989).
If the spill occurs on land (AAR, 1987):
- First dig a pit or holding area to contain the liquid or solid.
- Dike the surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.
- Absorb the bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder.
- Neutralize the spill with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate.
For a water spill (AAR, 1987):
- Neutralize the spill with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate.
- Add soda ash and adjust pH to 7.
- If necessary, use mechanical lifts to remove masses of pollutants and precipitates.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Poisons and irritants may be produced during fire (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Sodium arsenate is water soluble, so runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (Budavari, 1989; OHM/TADS , 1991).

Water solubility increases with acidity (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Notify operators of near-by water intakes.

Restrict access to affected waters (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Threatened water uses include: potable supply, recreation, fisheries, irrigation, and food processing.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD): None (CHRIS , 1991).

High air pollution hazard (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenate has only limited potential to concentrate in the food chain or to bioaccumulate in aquatic life. Food chain bioconcentration is not likely in a spill situation (OHM/TADS , 1991; CHRIS , 1991).

Sodium arsenate is a cumulative poison in mammals (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Arsenic is strongly held by soils and moves slowly through the soil column (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Notify the proper authorities if the spill is a Reportable Quantity or 1000 pounds (RCRA not SARA quantity).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- The environmental fate of sodium arsenate is not well documented, although it is not predicted to leach significantly (EPA, 1988).
- Sodium arsenate is strongly retained in soils and it moves slowly through the soil column (OHM/TADS , 1991).
- High sodium levels can disperse soils.
- Forms of inorganic arsenic may change depending on environmental conditions such as acidity (EPA, 1988).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Concentrations as low as 1 mg/L may injure some plants.

At 5 ppm in a pond all plant species are threatened (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Concentrations in excess of 75 ppm will damage foliage (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Arsenic should not exceed 328 ppm in the top 12 inches of soil if cropping is proposed (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Sodium arsenate is slightly toxic to fish and moderately toxic to aquatic invertebrate (EPA, 1988).

Stripped bass embryos were relatively insensitive to an acute exposure to sodium arsenate.

Aquatic toxicity to fish in fresh water (CHRIS , 1991):

CONCENTRATION SPECIES EFFECT
234 ppm minnows lethal
250 ppm minnows survived
32 ppm (7 days) goldfish

No data on waterfowl (CHRIS , 1991).

Sodium arsenate is moderately toxic to birds (EPA, 1988).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

185.91 (Budavari, 1996)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Sodium arsenate is a clear, colorless, odorless crystal. It has a sweetish metallic or mild alkaline taste (EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 2000; CHRIS , 2000).

Sodium arsenate loses 29% water at about 50 degrees C and becomes anhydrous at 100 degrees C (Budavari, 1996).

Sodium arsenate is colorless in water (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus (Budavari, 1996).

GRADES OF PURITY

Technical grade 98-100% pure (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2000).
Technical grade sodium arsenate contains arsenic pentoxide, formulations contain from 0.92%-3.08% (EPA, 1988; Sax & Lewis, 1987).
Sodium arsenate contains 24% arsenic (EPA, 1988).

VAPOR PRESSURE

As203: 5.6x10(-8) mmHg; 0.45 mcg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C) (NIOSH, 1984)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

SOLID: 1.87 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

1.57 degrees C (when heated rapidly) (Budavari, 1989)

BOILING POINT

180 degrees C (decomposes at this temperature and 1 atm) (CHRIS , 1991)

FLASH POINT

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Not Pertinent (CHRIS , 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991; EPA, 1985)

UPPER

Nonflammable (CHRIS , 1991; EPA, 1985)

-REFERENCES

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65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

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