ANTIMONY

Antimony is widely used in the production of alloys to impart increased hardness, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and a low coefficient of friction. Some of these alloys include: babbitt, pewter, white metal, hard lead, Britannia metal and bearing metal (used in bearing shells), printing-type metal. It is also used in storage battery plates, collapsible tubes and foil, cable sheathing, solder, ornamental castings, and ammunition (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Sittig, 1991). Antimony is also used for thermoelectric piles, blackening iron, coating metals, and is used in semiconductor technology, roofing materials, and radiation protection (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001). Antimony has low thermal conductivity (Lewis, 2001).
Pure antimony compounds can be used as abrasives, pigments, flameproofing compounds, plasticizers, and catalysts in organic synthesis; they are also used in the manufacture of tartar emetic, paints, lacquers, glass, pottery, enamels, glazes, pharmaceuticals, pyrotechnics, matches, and explosives. In addition, they are used in dyeing, for blueing steel, and in coloring aluminum, pewter, and zinc (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

FORMS

Antimony has a bluish tinge, and is either coarsely laminated or has a granular structure (HSDB , 2002).
Antimony has a hexagonal (rhombohedral) crystal structure (HSDB , 2002).
Antimony is available as a stable metal as well as two allotropes: yellow crystals and amorphous black modifications (Lewis, 2001).
There are two naturally occurring isotopes of antimony, 121 (57.25%) and 123 (42.75%). There are also several artificial radioactive isotopes (112-120; 122; 124-135). Isotopes 122 and 124 are used as radioactive tracers (Budavari, 2000). Isotopes are fission products of plutonium (HSDB , 2002).
Antimony is available as cast cakes, ingots, broken pieces, granules, shot and single crystals (HSDB , 2002).
Common antimony compounds include: antimony trioxide; antimony trisulfide; antimony trichloride; antimony pentoxide; antimony pentasulfide; and antimony pentachloride (Hathaway et al, 1996).
There are over 90 antimony-containing minerals. Pure antimony is extremely rare (IRPTC, 1984).

SOURCES

Antimony occurs naturally, with commercial ores containing between 5% and 60% antimony. The antimony content of the ore determines the method of recovery. Low grade ores (5%-25%) are volatilized as oxides; mid grade (25%-40%) are smelted in a blast furnace; and high grade (45%-60%) are treated by iron precipitation or liquidated. Antimony recovery from some ores takes place by leaching and electrowinning (HSDB , 2002).
The estimated world production of antimony is 65,500 metric tons. Smelting and refining of ores, especially lead ores, yields antimony-bearing wastes. "Antimony is obtained by roasting stibnite (Sb2S3) in air to form senarmontite (SbSO3). The metal is subsequently recovered by reducing the oxide with carbon or by heating trivalent sulfide to obtain the antimony tetroxide and then reducing it with carbon" (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Reports concerning antimony prior to 1960 involved ores that contained appreciable amounts of sulfur, arsenic, lead, copper and selenium. The suggested order of toxicity (in descending order) is metallic antimony, trisulfide, pentasulfide, trioxide, pentoxide (Finkel, 1983).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Antimony is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Antimony's principle toxic properties mimic those of arsenic, and signs and symptoms of exposure may include abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea which may be bloody, and a metallic taste. Exposure to the dust and fumes may cause gingivitis, rhinitis, chest tightness, shortness of breath, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, headache, and dizziness.

Signs and symptoms of chronic exposure may include ECG changes, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, ulceration of the nasal septum and larynx, and contact allergy to metal. Skin contact with antimony compounds can cause papules and pustules around sweat and sebaceous glands. QT prolongation and T wave changes have been reported on ECG.

Acute oral exposures are unusual as there are few oral preparations. Antimony compounds are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Antimony shows slow renal excretion following parenteral injection. Most exposures are of a chronic occupational nature.

Trivalent and pentavalent antimony compounds have also been used as anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drug treatments. Tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) and antimony sodium tartrate were used to treat schistosomiasis infections (liver fluke). PRAZIQUANTEL, a less toxic oral agent, and other drugs have replaced these trivalent antimony compounds. Antimony sodium tartrate was also used as an emetic and expectorant.
MEGLUMINE ANTIMONIATE (Glucantime(R)) and SODIUM STIBOGLUCONATE (sodium antimony gluconate, Pentostam(R)) are pentavalent antimony compounds used for the treatment of leishmaniasis, a protozoan parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. Meglumine antimoniate is a drug of choice for cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis; the drug is not available in the US. Sodium stibogluconate is only available in the United States from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.

STIBINE - Avoid conditions in which nascent hydrogen will react with antimony to form extremely toxic stibine (SbH3). Effects of stibine exposure include nausea, vomiting, headache, hemolysis, hematuria, abdominal pain, and death.

EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS - Acute antimony poisoning in experimental animals is characterized by marked weight loss, hair loss, dry scaly skin, eosinophilia, and myocardial failure. Exposure to antimony salts may result in irritation of skin and mucous membranes. Chronic exposure has resulted in extensive pneumonitis; fatty degeneration of the liver; hypertrophy of splenic follicles; and decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte, eosinophil, and white blood cell counts.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard.
Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Antimony is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (Hathaway et al, 1996). Antimony was formerly used as an emetic, obtained by soaking wine in antimony cups (Friberg et al, 1986). Antimony compounds in general produce symptoms of weight loss; hair loss; dry scaly skin; eosinophilia; and heart, liver, and kidney congestion (Bingham et al, 2001). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are symptoms of antimony ingestion (Friberg et al, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Occupational exposure to antimony has caused a type of dermatitis called ANTIMONY SPOTS (Bingham et al, 2001). These are pruritic papules and pustules around sweat and sebaceous glands which resemble chicken pox and are transient in nature (Hathaway et al, 1996). Chronic inhalation of antimony and its compounds can cause pneumoconiosis, which may lead to obstructive lung disease (Friberg et al, 1986; (HSDB , 2002).

There is some evidence that FATAL effects on the heart have occurred from occupational exposure to antimony trisulfide (Friberg et al, 1986; (Hathaway et al, 1996). EKG changes occurred in 37 of 75 workers examined (49%) (ACGIH, 1991). Other effects of chronic exposure include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and gastric ulcers (Friberg et al, 1986).

Chronic exposure to antimony dust can produce chronic eye irritation, itching, a burning sensation, and excessive tearing (HSDB , 2002). Chronic exposure may produce rhinitis. Nasal septal perforation has been reported (HSDB , 2002).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

It is not known whether activated charcoal adsorbs antimony. Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients who are awake and able to protect their airway.
CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory and cardiovascular systems (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

It is unknown whether activated charcoal adsorbs antimony, but administration is recommended.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Acute poisoning due to antimony is rare, but death can result within several hours (Harbison, 1998).
Authors of different studies have found the average lethal dose of high-purity metallic antimony to be between 10 and 11.2 mg/100 g (ILO , 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

An oral reference dose (RfD) of 4x10(-4) mg/kg/day has been established by the EPA. This was based on a chronic oral bioassay in which 5 ppm of potassium antimony tartrate was administered to rats in their drinking water. In this study, only one species and one dose level were used, causing the confidence in this study to be low (EPA , 1991).
WORKPLACE AIR - Concentrations of antimony in the air have ranged from 1 to 10 milligrams/cubic meter. Working zone concentrations have ranged from 4.7 to 10.2 milligrams/cubic meter in smelters (Friberg, 1979).
Workers exposed to air having about 3 milligrams of antimony per cubic meter showed urinary values ranging from 0.8 to 9.6 milligrams/liter (Friberg, 1979).
CASE REPORT - Profuse vomiting and diarrhea and severe abdominal pain were reported in a 19-year-old man who intentionally ingested 500 mg of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) as chemical aversion therapy for alcohol dependence. Initial laboratory analyses showed a potassium level of 6.1 mEq/L and an elevated serum creatinine level of 2.4 mg/dL. With supportive care, the patient became asymptomatic and his serum creatinine level nomalized to 1.1 mg/dL (Tarabar et al, 2004).
An estimated toxic amount of the organic antimony tartar emetic (not elemental antimony) is 0.12 to 1 gram (IRPTC, 1984).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-36-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Antimony and compounds, as Sb
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Antimony
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Antimony and compounds (as Sb)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 4x10(-4) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

Budavari, 2000 HSDB, 2002 ITI, 1995 Lewis 2000 RTECS 2002
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-36-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Antimony and compounds, as Sb

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Skin and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 121.75

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-36-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-36-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Antimony and compounds (as Sb)
REL:

TWA: 0.5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL also applies to other antimony compounds (as Sb).]

IDLH:

IDLH: 50 mg Sb/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Antimony and compounds (as Sb)
Table Z-1 for Antimony and compounds (as Sb):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Antimony
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Antimony and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Antimony Compounds

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-36-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Antimony Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains antimony as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Antimony
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-36-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-36-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Antimony

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2871 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Antimony powder

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2871
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP3, T1, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP3: Flexible IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or must be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T1: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 213
Bulk packaging: 240

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 100 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 200 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2871 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Antimony powder
UN Number: 2871

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Worker exposure to antimony may occur during many processes: mining, smelting or refining, alloy and abrasive manufacturing, and typesetting in printing (Sittig, 1991).
Adequate ventilation should be provided where antimony is handled (ITI, 1995).
It is recommended that exposed workers receive physical examinations every six months (ITI, 1995).

HANDLING

Persons should not handle broken packages of antimony unless appropriate personal protective equipment is used (AAR, 2000).

Skin contact should be avoided. If skin does become contaminated, it should be washed immediately (NIOSH , 2002).

Controlling dust and fume formation is the essence of any safety program dealing with the prevention of antimony poisoning (ILO , 1998).

It is imperative that personal hygiene measures are strictly followed. Adequate sanitary facilities need to be provided to allow workers to wash before meals and prior to leaving the site. No food or beverages should be consumed in areas containing antimony (ILO , 1998).

Wet methods of processing are preferred (ITI, 1995).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Adequate ventilation should be provided where antimony is handled (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Antimony is incompatible with oxidizers, acids, and halogenated acids (Sittig, 1991). Keep this substance away from sparks, flames, and other ignition sources (AAR, 2000).
Antimony reacts with (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; Urben, 1999):
- Aluminum (powdered; violent reaction)
- Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (below 200 degrees C; violent reaction)
- Bromine (spontaneously flammable)
- Brominoazide (BrN3) (explosion)
- Bromine pentafluoride (violent reaction; ignition often occurring)
- Bromine trifluoride (BrF3) (incandescent reaction, even at -10 degrees C)
- Chloric acid (HClO3) (explosion)
- Chlorine (gaseous) (burns spontaneously)
- Chlorine (liquid) (ignites at 33 degrees C)
- Chlorine monoxide (ClO) (violent explosion on contact)
- Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) (vigorous reaction)
- Dichlorine oxide (explosion)
- Disulfur dibromide (violent reaction)
- Fluorine (spontaneously flammable)
- Iodine (spontaneously flammable)
- Iodine pentafluoride (incandescent reaction)
- Nitric acid (HNO3) (with finely-divided antimony; violent reaction)
- Nitrosyl fluoride (incandescence)
- Perchloric acid (hazardous reaction)
- Potassium dioxide (incandescence)
- Potassium nitrate (KNO3) (with powdered antimony; explosion when heated)
- Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (ignites on grinding)
- Potassium peroxide (K2O2) (oxidizes with incandescence)
- Seleninyl chloride (powdered antimony; ignites on contact)
- Sodium (strong explosion)
- Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (explosion when heated)
- Sodium peroxide (oxidizes with incandescence)

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

To prevent skin contamination, persons should wear a combination of protective clothing, barrier creams, and gloves, and practice good personal hygiene. Facilities for washing and showering should be available and persons should not be permitted to eat in areas where antimony exposure may occur. Dust masks and air respirators should be readily available. Persons should wear appropriate eye protection and workers should wash contaminated skin and promptly change contaminated work clothing (NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991). Workers should change into clean clothing before leaving the work site (NIOSH , 2002).

Personal protective equipment should include chemical goggles, rubber gloves, aprons and protective shoes (ITI, 1995).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-36-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- May react violently or explosively on contact with water.
- Some are transported in flammable liquids.
- May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames.
- Some of these materials will burn with intense heat.
- Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
In the form of dust or vapor, antimony is a moderate fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2002). Powdered antimony may burn and emit toxic fumes if heated or exposed to flames (AAR, 2000).
When fighting fires involving this substance, a self-contained breathing apparatus should be used (Sittig, 1991). Fires involving antimony may be extinguished using an agent suitable for the surrounding fire as antimony itself does not burn, or burns with difficulty. Persons should avoid breathing dusts and fumes from burning material (AAR, 2000).
Any containers of antimony involved in a fire should be cooled with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.).
Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride based extinguishers, G-1® or Met-L-X® powder.
Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-36-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fires involving antimony may be extinguished using an agent suitable for the surrounding fire as antimony itself does not burn, or burns with difficulty. Water, in flooding quantities, may be used as a fog. Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide may be used. Run-off should be kept out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 2000).

Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated or on contact with acid, antimony emits toxic fumes of stibine (SbH3) (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Antimony reacts with (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 1999; Urben, 1999):

Brominoazide (BrN3) (explosion)
Chloric acid (HClO3) (explosion)
Chlorine monoxide (ClO) (violent explosion on contact)
Dichlorine oxide (explosion)
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) (with powdered antimony; explosion when heated)
Sodium (strong explosion)
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (explosion when heated)

Antimony powder mixed with an alkali nitrate will explode when heated (NFPA, 1997).

"Electrolysis of acid sulfides and stirred antimony yields explosive antimony" (Lewis, 2000).

As a dust, antimony presents a moderate explosion hazard (OHM/TADS , 2002).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Antimony is a moderate fire and explosion hazard,in the forms of dust and vapor, when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000). Stibine, a highly toxic gas, may be released when antimony is exposed to nascent hydrogen. Stibine can be liberated from storage batteries when nascent hydrogen reacts (in an acid medium) with battery plates which contain antimony (Budavari, 2000; NIOSH , 2002; Sittig, 1991).

When heated or in contact with acid, antimony is moderately dangerous and will emit toxic fumes (OHM/TADS , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Antimony is incompatible with oxidizers, acids, and halogenated acids (Sittig, 1991). Keep this substance away from sparks, flames, and other ignition sources (AAR, 2000).

Antimony reacts with (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2002; OHM/TADS , 2002; Urben, 1999):

Aluminum (powdered; violent reaction)
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (below 200 degrees C; violent reaction)
Bromine (spontaneously flammable)
Brominoazide (BrN3) (explosion)
Bromine pentafluoride (violent reaction; ignition often occurring)
Bromine trifluoride (BrF3) (incandescent reaction, even at -10 degrees C)
Chloric acid (HClO3) (explosion)
Chlorine (gaseous) (burns spontaneously)
Chlorine (liquid) (ignites at 33 degrees C)
Chlorine monoxide (ClO) (violent explosion on contact)
Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) (vigorous reaction)
Dichlorine oxide (explosion)
Disulfur dibromide (violent reaction)
Fluorine (spontaneously flammable)
Iodine (spontaneously flammable)
Iodine pentafluoride (incandescent reaction)
Nitric acid (HNO3) (with finely-divided antimony; violent reaction)
Nitrosyl fluoride (incandescence)
Perchloric acid (hazardous reaction)
Potassium dioxide (incandescence)
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) (with powdered antimony; explosion when heated)
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) (ignites on grinding)
Potassium peroxide (K2O2) (oxidizes with incandescence)
Seleninyl chloride (powdered antimony; ignites on contact)
Sodium (strong explosion)
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (explosion when heated)
Sodium peroxide (oxidizes with incandescence)

Antimony powder mixed with an alkali nitrate, explodes when heated (NFPA, 1997).

Antimony is oxidized by nitric acid; it is not attacked by hydrochloric acid in the absence of air (Lewis, 2001). Antimony may react with strong oxidizers, acids, halogenated acids. When antimony is exposed to nascent hydrogen, stibine is formed (NIOSH , 2002). Antimony, when heated or on contact with acids, emits toxic fumes of stibine (Lewis, 2000). It is not affected by cold dilute acids, but is attacked by hot, concentrated sulfuric acid and is readily attacked by aqua regia. Nitric acid (depending on the concentration), will convert antimony to antimonous or antimonic oxide. When antimony is finely divided, it reacts with hot concentrated hydrogen chloride (Budavari, 2000).

"Electrolysis of acid sulfides and stirred antimony yields explosive antimony" (Lewis, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Stay upwind.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-36-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-36-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Antimony
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 20
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 50
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-36-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-36-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 50 mg Sb/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 170 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Lime or sodium bicarbonate may be used to precipitate out the basic salt. Ion exchangers may be used to pick up dissolved antimony (OHM/TADS , 2002).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Scrap antimony and spent catalysts which contain antimony can be recovered and recycled (Sittig, 1991).
Antimony can be dissolved in a minimum amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Water should then be added until white precipitate appears. It should then be dissolved again in 6M hydrochloric acid. Next, the material should be saturated with hydrogen sulfide, and then filtered. The precipitate can then be washed and dried, then packaged and returned to suppliers (ITI, 1995).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Antimony and its compounds exist naturally in the earth's crust. Releases to the environment occur through natural discharges such as windblown dust, volcanic eruption, sea spray, forest fires, and biogenic sources, as well as anthropogenic activities (metal smelting and refining, coal-fired power plants, coal combustion, sludge combustion, and refuse incineration). Antimony from manufacture, processing, and use was released to land (92.2%); air (4.4%); water (2.0%) and underground injection (0.6%) (ATSDR, 1992).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In air, antimony is expected to volatilize during combustion processes and condense on suspended particulates (less than 1 mcm). These fine particles are less efficiently trapped by pollution control devices and tend to settle out slowly. These particles are expected to be removed by dry and wet deposition. Emitted particles are not expected to undergo changes in chemical composition, particle size, or morphology, but sulfate may coat the surface of the particles (ATSDR, 1992).
The average atmospheric half-life of antimony is 1.9 days. The half-life for submicron particles may be as long as 30 days. Antimony can be transported far from its source. When antimony is released as an aerosol, it is believed to be oxidized to antimony trioxide by atmospheric oxidants (ATSDR, 1992).
Antimony will rapidly condense on suspended particulates, therefore it is thought that the residence time in the air ranges from 30 to 40 days (Harbison, 1998).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Antimony, a natural constituent of soil, is transported into streams and waterways from natural soil weathering and from anthropogenic sources. In ambient waters, antimony occurs infrequently. In groundwater, antimony concentrations are similar to surface water concentrations. Photochemical reactions do not appear to be significant (ATSDR, 1992).
- Antimony will sink in water. Most of its salts are insoluble. It will persist until it hydrolyzes and precipitates out as an oxide. If discharged to natural waters, dissolved antimony (rarely found pure) is expected to precipitate (as Sb2O3 or Sb2O5 or as sulfide) and be removed by sedimentation and/or adsorption. This metalloid can be concentrated by certain marine life to over 300 times its concentration in surrounding waters. This substance should be kept away from food processing waters (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- At hazardous waste sites, groundwater concentrations of antimony were 35 ppb and surface water concentrations were 27 ppb. In anaerobic freshwater and seawater, antimony occurs in the +5 oxidation state, but may occasionally occur in the +3 oxidation state. In anaerobic water, antimony in the +3 oxidation state is dominant. Microorganisms in anaerobic sediments can reduce and methylate antimony, releasing volatile methylated antimony into the water. In natural water, methylstibonic acid and dimethylstibonic acid occur, with the monomethyl species being more abundant (ATSDR, 1992).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Soil concentrations of antimony range from less than 1 to 8.8 ppm (mean of 0.48 ppm). Not much information is available regarding the adsorption of antimony to soil. Studies indicate that antimony may be fairly mobile under a variety of environmental conditions. Antimony forms anionic species and adsorption is greatest under acidic conditions. Adsorption to soil and sediment correlates with the iron, manganese, and aluminum content. It is expected to coprecipitate with hydroxylated oxides of these elements (ATSDR, 1992).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Antimony has the potential to concentrate up to 300 times marine life (OHM/TADS , 2002).
"Although antimony concentrations have been found in some freshwater and marine invertebrates, it does not biomagnify in the environment" (Bingham et al, 2001).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Antimony has the potential to concentrate up to 300 times in marine life (OHM/TADS , 2002).
- "Although antimony concentrations have been found in some freshwater and marine invertebrates, it does not biomagnify in the environment" (Bingham et al, 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The food chain concentration potential for antimony is high (OHM/TADS , 2002).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Antimony in soil has a negative effect on microorganism processes. Ten ppm of antimony in a loamy sand, with a pH of 5, caused an 18% decrease in microbial respiration. One hundred ppm in the same sand caused a 31% decrease in respiration (Dragun, 1988).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

121.75

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Antimony exists as a silver-white, lustrous, hard, brittle metal with a scale-like crystalline structure. It may also exist as a dark gray, lustrous powder (HSDB, 2005; NIOSH, 2005; Budavari, 2000) .

Besides the stable metal, there are two allotropes, yellow crystals and amorphous black modifications (Lewis, 2001).

At 900 degrees C in presence of oxygen, antimony gives off fumes with garlic smell (HSDB , 1999).

In dry air, antimony is not tarnished, but in moist air, it tarnishes very slowly (Budavari, 2000).

The gaseous form of antimony hydride is known as stibine (Bingham et al, 2001).

At room temperature, antimony is stable. When antimony is heated, it will burn brilliantly and give off dense white fumes of antimony oxide. This has a garlic-like odor (ILO , 1998).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at 886 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Lewis, 2000)

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2005)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

6.69 (NIOSH, 2005)
6.691 (OHM/TADS, 2005)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

6.684 g/cm(3) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Lewis, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

6690 kg/m(3) (IRPTC, 1984)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

1166 degrees F (NIOSH, 2005)

MELTING POINT

630 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000)
630.7 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
630.5 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2005; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001)

BOILING POINT

1635 degrees C; 2975 degrees F (NIOSH, 2005; ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2001)

1440 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

1380 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2005)

1750 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2005)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2005)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Antimony is insoluble in water (NIOSH, 2005; ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000) .
Antimony is insoluble in hot and cold water (HSDB, 2005).

OTHER

Antimony is soluble in hot concentrated H2SO4 (Lewis, 2000).
It is insoluble in cold, dilute acids (ACGIH, 1991).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Stibine gas is odorless (Bingham et al, 2001).

HEAT OF FUSION

19,874 J/mol (HSDB, 2005)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

25.5 watt/meter.Kelvin (at 0 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

-REFERENCES

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65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed, Am Conference of Govt Ind Hyg, Inc, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents