SILYMARIN

ORAL: Milk thistle (silymarin) has been used as a hepatoprotectant and as a supportive treatment of toxic liver damage by chemicals. In addition, it has been used to treat Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning, jaundice, chronic inflammatory liver diseases, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatitis and fatty infiltration by alcohol and industrial chemical, loss of appetite, dyspeptic and gallbladder complaints, hangover, diseases of the spleen, prostate cancer, pleurisy, malaria, depression, uterine complaints, stimulating breast milk flow, and stimulating menstrual flow (Arteel et al, 2003; Flora et al, 1998; Anon, 1997; Leng-Peschlow, 1996). Milk thistle may have a role as a renoprotective agent against such therapy as cisplatin and aminoglycosides that can induce nephrotoxicity (Dashti-Khavidaki et al, 2012).
PARENTERAL: Milk thistle (Silymarin) has been used as an antidote for Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning (Madaus Inc., 2009; Hruby et al, 1983).

Actual absorption of silymarin from the gastrointestinal tract is thought to be about 23% to 47%. Silymarin is best administered parenterally for maximum absorption (Anon, 1997; Tyler , 1994).
In a study of 60 patients with severe Amanita mushroom poisoning who were given 20 mg/kg of silybin (syn. silibinin) IV, no patients died (Vogel, 1981). Death rates for this type of mushroom poisoning vary widely but may reach up to 40% or 50%.
Hruby et al reported on a total of 18 cases of poisoning by Amanita phalloides that were treated by combined chemotherapy. After attempted primary elimination, all patients received silibinin (16 intravenously, 2 orally). All patients survived except one, who received a massive dose of toxin with suicidal intent. Using severe liver damage as a marker, silibinin given within 48 hours of mushroom ingestion appeared to be an effective prophylactic measure. The earlier the silibinin was given, the more benign the subsequent clinical course of mushroom poisoning. A dose of 20 to 50 mg/kg/day, given within the first 48 hours, may have helped prevent severe liver damage (Hruby et al, 1983; Hruby et al, 1983a).
Silymarin (syn. silibinin) and high-dose penicillin G were used to treat a 7-year-old girl with severe Amanita phalloides poisoning (prothrombin-time less than 10% and hepatic coma). The child responded favorably to the treatment (Rambousek et al, 1993).

FOOD USES: In Europe, the de-spined leaves have been used in fresh salads and as a spinach substitute. The pealed and soaked young stalks have been eaten like asparagus. In addition, the flower-heads were eaten like those of the artichoke. Milk thistle seeds (fruit) were used as a coffee substitute (Anon, 1997; Awang, 1993).
AMANITA PHALLOIDES MUSHROOM POISONING: The hepatoprotective and antagonist effects of silibinin against amatoxins have been confirmed in experimental models. Silibinin is thought to inhibit the penetration of the amatoxins into liver cells (Jahn et al, 1980; Faulstich et al, 1980a; Floersheim, 1987). The efficacy of silibinin is difficult to evaluate because it is often combined with other therapies, such as penicillin, ascorbic acid, and hemodialysis(Lheureux et al, 1992), however the results appear to be positive in the treatment of mushroom poisoning.

FORMS

PARENTERAL

Silibinin is not available as a licensed drug in the US. It is widely available, under a variety of trade names, in Europe and South America.
Silibinin (silybin) ampules for intravenous use are available (Legalon(R)SIL (Madaus AG, Germany):

CLINICAL TRIAL: An open-label, multicenter, clinical trial (start date: February 2010; anticipated end date December, 2015), sponsored by Madaus Inc, (a division of Madaus GmbH, Cologne, Germany), is evaluating the safety and efficacy of intravenous silibinin (Legalon(R) SIL) for treating patients with amatoxin mushroom poisoning diagnosed by history, GI symptoms, elevated liver enzymes, and/or diagnostic assay. Patients will be treated with 5 mg/kg loading dose of silibinin followed by 20 mg/kg/day via continuous infusion. Treatment will be discontinued when coagulopathy has resolved, and when liver enzyme concentrations have significantly improved. Patients will be monitored for 7 to 14 days after the end of silibinin therapy with follow up lab studies. For more information on this clinical trial, check the following website: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00915681 (Madaus Inc., 2009).
To obtain silibinin, a 24-hour hotline is available for physicians: 866-520-4412 (Madaus Inc., 2009).

ORAL

In the US, milk thistle extracts, tablets, capsules or tincture containing 70% to 80% silymarin, are available as commercial preparations (Thisilyn (Nature's Way)) (Javed et al, 2011; Anon, 1997).

Most clinical trials have used daily oral dosages of 420 to 480 mg silymarin, divided into 2 or 3 doses daily (Rainone, 2005).

HERBAL TEA

TEA: Silymarin is poorly soluble in water; thus it is generally less effective when water is used for extraction and administrations. A tea of Milk thistle would likely be less effective (Grauds, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: ANTIDOTE: Silybum marianum (also known as milk thistle) has been used intravenously (Legalon(R) SIL) as an antidote for Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. It is available in the US based on compassionate use under an FDA sanctioned Open Treatment IND. ORAL THERAPY: As an herbal supplement it is widely used for its hepatoprotective effect and has been used in the treatment of toxic liver damage (ie, commonly prescribed for cirrhosis and viral hepatitis). FOOD: The de-spined leaves, the young stalks of the plant and the flower-heads have all been used as a food source.

PHARMACOLOGY: Silybum marainum is part of the family Asteraceae. Silymarin is a lipohilic extract and the active part of the plant. It has been suggested that it acts as an antiinflammatory. Extracts of the plant usually contain 70% to 80% silymarin and contain 3 isomers of flavonolignans (ie, silybin, silydianin and silychristin) and 2 flavonoids (taxifolin and quercetin) and the remaining portion (20% to 30%) is made up of polyphenolic compounds.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is not common. Serious toxicity has not been reported.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

TOXICITY: No overdose data available.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

ADVERSE EFFECTS: Silymarin is usually well tolerated.
ORAL: Nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, abdominal bloating, fullness or pain, and anorexia have been reported. Urticaria and allergic reactions to silymarin may occur. INFREQUENT: Pruritus, headache, exanthema, malaise, asthenia and vertigo may develop. Intermittent episodes of sweating, nausea and vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, and collapse occurred in a woman following daily administration of milk thistle capsules for 2 months.
INTRAVENOUS: No serious adverse reactions have been reported with intravenous therapy. Flushing has been reported during infusion; effects have been mild.

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Acute toxicity has not been reported after silymarin overdose. Gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not indicated. Activated charcoal should only be considered after very large ingestions or exposures where more toxic coingestants are involved.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ORAL THERAPY

Most clinical trials have used daily oral dosages of 420 to 480 mg silymarin, divided into 2 or 3 doses daily (Rainone, 2005).
Silipide doses up to 360 mg (silybin equivalent) 3 times a day for 3 weeks have been given to normal volunteers without toxic effects (Marena & Lampertico, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS65666-07-1 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS22888-70-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)DOG:
- 300 mg/kg (Desplaces et al, 1975)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- Approximately 1000 mg/kg (Desplaces et al, 1975)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- 300 mg/kg (Desplaces et al, 1975)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- Approximately 900 mg/kg (Desplaces et al, 1975)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS65666-07-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS22888-70-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS65666-07-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS22888-70-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS65666-07-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS22888-70-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS65666-07-1 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS22888-70-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS65666-07-1 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS22888-70-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS65666-07-1 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS22888-70-6 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS65666-07-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS22888-70-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 65666-07-1.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 22888-70-6.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS65666-07-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS22888-70-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS65666-07-1 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS22888-70-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS65666-07-1 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS22888-70-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS65666-07-1 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS22888-70-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS65666-07-1 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

AEGL Values for CAS22888-70-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS65666-07-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS22888-70-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

SILICRISTIN 482.4

SILIBININ 482.4

SILIDIANIN 482.4

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Silymarin: poorly soluble in water (Anon, 1997).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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SILYMARIN

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents