SILVER

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

171-SUBSTANCES (LOW TO MODERATE HAZARD)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Bingham et al, 2001a; Budavari, 2000; HSDB, 2002; Lewis, 2000a; RTECS, 2002)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Silver is used for: dental alloys; electrical contacts; printed circuits; electroplating; high-capacity batteries; and solder (ACGIH, 2001).
Silver is second only to gold in malleability and ductility. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity (Budavari, 2000).
Because of these above mentioned properties, silver is used in electrical products such as switches, circuits, contacts, batteries, and solders (Bingham et al, 2001a).
Coinage has been a common use for silver, although coins made from silver have been removed from general circulation in the United States since 1970 (ATSDR , 1997).
One of the largest uses of silver is in photography. Various silver salts are photosensitive and are applied in emulsions to photographic films and papers. Silver is used to make cutlery, jewelry, mirrors, medical and dental equipment. It is used in dental amalgams and in medicines (ATSDR , 1997).
Silver may be used as a sterilant and in water purification (ATSDR , 1997).
Silver is also used as a catalyst in chemical processes such as hydrogenation and oxidation (Lewis, 2001).
A silver acetate-containing chewing gum, which gives tobacco smoke an unpleasant taste, has been used as a smoking deterrent (Jensen et al, 1988).
With increasing concerns about resistant bacterial infections, silver coatings are being applied to a number of medical devices such as artificial heart valves, and is also being used topically in burn treatment (Carrel et al, 1998; Illingworth et al, 1998; Wright et al, 1998).
Colloidal silver and hydrolyzed silver have been used in alternative medical therapies, herbal teas, dietary supplements, and naturopathic remedies touted for their antibacterial, immune boosting or anti-allergy properties (Gulbranson et al, 2000; Newman & Kolecki, 2001; Hori et al, 2002; McIntyre et al, 2001).

FORMS

Silver is available in the following forms: powder, grains, pieces, wire, foil, sheet, tubing, and as ingots. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver. Silver may be alloyed with cadmium, and is often alloyed with copper (Ashford, 1994).
Silver is an element that occurs naturally in the earth's crust with an average abundance of 0.1 ppm. It is also present in seawater with an abundance of 0.01 ppm. Silver has an atomic number of 47. Considered to be a precious metal, silver can occur in its pure metallic form but is more likely to be found as a sulfide mineral such as argentite, proustite, or pyrargyrite. Cerargyrite is a chloride mineral of silver (Budavari, 2000).
Silver can also occur in ores of lead, copper, zinc, and gold (Bingham et al, 2001a; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001). In recent years, much silver has been recovered and reclaimed from photographic processes and other waste streams because overall consumption has exceeded silver production (ATSDR , 1997; Bingham et al, 2001a).
COLLOIDAL SILVER: Produced by suspending tiny silver particles in a liquid and sold as dietary supplement and homeopathic remedy. It is available in health food stores and on the internet. The product purportedly can be used for multiple conditions and to boost the immune system.

A manufacturer has produced a micro-particle colloidal silver generator (the Silver Edge(R)) that can be used in the home to produce colloidal silver for ingestion. The product contains pure (.999) fine silver rods. Distilled water is added to the generator and reportedly produces silver particles as small as .0008 microns (compared to health food store colloidal silver that may contain silver particles of 20 microns). A 3 hour batch of micro-particle colloidal silver can produce a concentration of 7 to 10 ppm, using a quart container (http://www.thesilveredge.com/howto.shtml) (The Silver Edge, 2013).
The site also describes the use of a home nebulizer machine to create nebulized colloidal silver (by adding the colloidal silver liquid created by the generator to the chamber of a hand held nebulizer) for the treatment of respiratory conditions (http://www.thesilveredge.com/howto.shtml) (The Silver Edge, 2013).

SOURCES

Silver can be extracted from ore using cyanidation/reduction (Ashford, 1994).
Silver is extracted and refined from ore and then may be formed into ingots, bullion, plates, sheets, wires, tubes, castings, moss, or powder. It can also be formed into whiskers, single crystals, or a colloidal form. Grades of silver may include pure, high purity (less than 100 ppm impurities), various alloys, or sterling, an alloy containing 7.5 percent copper (Bingham et al, 2001a; Lewis, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Silver is a natural element used in the manufacturing of ornaments, jewelry, utensils and industrial manufacturing. In addition, silver compounds are used in film processing, disinfectants, and microbiocides (eg, silver sulfadiazine). Colloidal silver is manufactured by suspending silver particles in a liquid, which is sold as a dietary supplement and homeopathic remedy.

PHARMACOLOGY: Silver has no known biological functions in humans. Silver sulfadiazine is bacteriostatic; it competitively inhibits bacterial or fungal dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing PABA conversion to folic acid. Upon contact with skin surface, silver sulfadiazine separates into sulfadiazine and silver, and the silver is absorbed into the blood circulation.

TOXICOLOGY: Other than argyria, systemic silver toxicity is rare due to rapid binding of silver to various proteins and precipitation of silver chloride. Tissue damage only occurs when this binding ability is overwhelmed by a massive dose.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hundreds of exposures to silver (colloidal and silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver oxide batteries) are reported to poison centers every year. Exposures rarely cause significant symptoms and are never fatal.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Most patients remain asymptomatic. Patients require chronic exposure for significant absorption to occur. Argyria, a blue-grey discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and conjunctiva, cornea, or lens that is not associated with clinical symptoms, can develop after chronic exposure. Silver salts such as silver oxide or silver nitrate are irritating and corrosive. Chronic inhalation has been associated with mild chronic bronchitis. Unusual or rare complications of medicinal treatment with silver or silver salts include leukopenia, anemia, hemorrhage and elevated liver enzymes.
SEVERE TOXICITY: One case report exists of a workman exposed to high concentration of heated metallic silver vapor for 4 hours developing acute lung injury with pulmonary edema. There are rare cases of patients with neurologic symptoms after large exposures to silver, including symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, decreased mental status, and seizures.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

ADVERSE EFFECTS: Adverse effects from the us of topical silver preparations such as silver sulfadiazine include a temporary painful burning sensation and the formation of aseptic exudates on the wound's surface. In addition, hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria can result from silver exposure. Finally, incorporation of silver ions into the skin can lead to localized argyria, especially in the setting of UV radiation.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation of material may be harmful.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Inhalation of Asbestos dust may have a damaging effect on the lungs.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Some liquids produce vapors that may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Silver is a natural element used in the manufacturing of ornaments, jewelry, utensils and industrial manufacturing. In addition, silver compounds are used in film processing, disinfectants, and microbiocides (eg, silver sulfadiazine). Colloidal silver is manufactured by suspending silver particles in a liquid, which is sold as a dietary supplement and homeopathic remedy.
PHARMACOLOGY: Silver has no known biological functions in humans. Silver sulfadiazine is bacteriostatic; it competitively inhibits bacterial or fungal dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing PABA conversion to folic acid. Upon contact with skin surface, silver sulfadiazine separates into sulfadiazine and silver, and the silver is absorbed into the blood circulation.
TOXICOLOGY: Other than argyria, systemic silver toxicity is rare due to rapid binding of silver to various proteins and precipitation of silver chloride. Tissue damage only occurs when this binding ability is overwhelmed by a massive dose.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hundreds of exposures to silver (colloidal and silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver oxide batteries) are reported to poison centers every year. Exposures rarely cause significant symptoms and are never fatal.
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Adverse effects from the use of topical silver preparations such as silver sulfadiazine include a temporary painful burning sensation and the formation of aseptic exudates on the wound's surface. In addition, hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria can result from silver exposure. Finally, incorporation of silver ions into the skin can lead to localized argyria, especially in the setting of UV radiation.
OVERDOSE: MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Most patients remain asymptomatic. Patients require chronic exposure for significant absorption to occur. Argyria, a blue-grey discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and conjunctiva, cornea, or lens that is not associated with clinical symptoms, can develop after chronic exposure. Silver salts such as silver oxide or silver nitrate are irritating and corrosive. Chronic inhalation has been associated with mild chronic bronchitis. Unusual or rare complications of medicinal treatment with silver or silver salts include leukopenia, anemia, hemorrhage, and elevated liver enzymes. SEVERE TOXICITY: One case report exists of a workman exposed to high concentration of heated metallic silver vapor for 4 hours developing acute lung injury with pulmonary edema. There are rare cases of patients with neurologic symptoms after large exposures to silver, including symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, decreased mental status, and seizures.

Silver can be absorbed topically, through mucous membranes, by ingestion or inhalation (ACGIH, 2001). Silver is not acutely toxic, but some of the salts such as the oxide and nitrate are irritating or corrosive (Bingham et al, 2001a).

Small amounts of silver can be absorbed following ingestion, and it can be deposited in the lungs and skin following inhalation or dermal exposures; a silver "tattoo" of the nasal mucosa occurred following silver nitrate cautery in one case (Mayall & Wild, 1996).

When ingested, silver is found in the organs throughout the body, with the highest amount in the liver and spleen (Friberg, 1986). Fecal excretion is the primary route that silver is eliminated from the body (Bingham et al, 2001a). Silver NITRATE has been fatal by both the oral and injection exposure routes, probably because of its caustic action (Friberg, 1986; Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Ingestion of gram quantities of silver nitrate can cause gastrointestinal distress, abdominal pain and rigidity, vomiting, convulsions and shock (Hathaway et al, 1996), but whether or not these effects are due to the silver moiety is questionable.

Acute inhalation of silver vapor produced pulmonary edema in one massive exposure (Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 2001).

Silver DUST would be predicted to be an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant from frictional action. Exposure to silver NITRATE can cause conjunctivitis and blindness (Harbison, 1998).

Silver used in topical antimicrobial preparations can be absorbed through open wounds and can potentially delay healing of wounds (Hollinger, 1996).

The current theories of silver toxicity have been reviewed (Hollinger, 1996).

Silver, in the form of silver nitrate, can induce autoantibodies in mice, by a mechanism strictly dependent upon T-cell function. While the response is somewhat similar to that seen with mercury, in the case of silver the autoimmune response is more narrow, targeting the nucleolar antigen fibrillarin (Hultman et al, 1995).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Experimental animals chronically exposed to silver, developed TOLERANCE to otherwise lethal doses (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Chronic exposure in humans has caused many cases of ARGYRIA, a gray-blue pigmentation of the skin or organs due to accumulation or impregnation of metallic silver (Hathaway, 1996). Silver can also be deposited in the eyes and cornea (a condition called "argyrosis") (Friberg, 1986; Bingham et al, 2001a).

Argyria can be produced by inhalation of a total dose of 1 to 8 grams of silver (Friberg, 1986). Exposure by ingestion or inhalation produces generalized argyria. Silver containing particles are distributed and deposited throughout body tissues. This condition does not resolve after exposure ceases, but otherwise appears to have no adverse biological effect (Harbison, 1998).

Localized argyria can occur from extended skin contact with metallic silver (seen in silversmiths) from a "tattooing" effect of fine silver particles (Harbison, 1998); a silver "tattoo" of the nasal mucosa occurred following silver nitrate cautery in one case (Mayall & Wild, 1996). As with systemic argyria, the local form is also not reversible.

Convulsive seizures occurred in a schizophrenic patient who had been addicted for 40 years to antismoking pills containing silver; extremely high serum levels of silver were seen in this case (Ohbo et al, 1996).

Argyrosis of the respiratory tract has been described in 2 workers involved in silver nitrate manufacturing; the only other noted adverse effects were mild chronic bronchitis (Hathaway et al, 1996).

A woman who had taken silver nitrate for 9 years, perhaps as much as 124 grams of silver, complained of loss of strength, skin discoloration, dizziness and gait disorders. In her case silver was deposited on the membranes and nerves in the form of silver sulfide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Chronic occupational silver compound exposure has been linked with possible renal toxicity; urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was elevated in 4 workers, in relation to blood silver concentrations and age (Bingham et al, 2001a).

In chronic exposure studies in experimental animals, silver salts have affected the heart, liver, and blood (Friberg, 1986).

While silver may have no known biological role, it may alter the status of other minerals in the body. Silver in the form of silver nitrate injected intraperitoneally in rats at a dose of 9.3 mcmol Ag/kg for 6 successive days, was present in all tissues, but concentrated in the pancreas. Simultaneous administration of ZINC caused increased concentrations of silver in the heart, lung, and kidney. Silver caused a 40 percent reduction in the level of COPPER in the serum (Hirasawa et al, 1994).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

INGESTION: GI decontamination is not indicated as absorption is minimal; toxicity has only been reported after long term chronic ingestion.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Wash exposed skin with soap and water.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID TREATMENT

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE: Flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Nasal septum, skin, and eyes (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; Chemsoft(R) , 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

GI decontamination is not indicated as acute absorption is minimal; toxicity has only been reported after long term chronic ingestion.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

INTRAVENOUS: Acute intravenous administration of 50 mg or more of metallic silver is fatal in humans. It can lead to pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and necrosis of bone marrow, liver and kidneys (Lai Becker, MW & Ewald, 2011).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

Silver exhibits low toxicity and minimal risk following clinical exposures due to inhalation, ingestion or dermal use. Chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver-containing products can produce the deposit of silver particles in the skin, eye and other organs, leading to the characteristic gray/blue (argyria) discoloration (Lansdown, 2006).

RISK OF EXPOSURE

CHRONIC EXPOSURE: The estimated safe exposure level to which humans may be chronically exposed to silver (the US EPA Reference Dose) is 350 mcg/day (Bingham et al, 2001a).
INGESTION: The minimal oral dosage necessary to cause systemic argyria has been estimated to be about 25 to 30 g over 6 months (Gettler et al, 1927).

Silver serum concentrations increased over baseline levels during 12 weeks in 21 adults using a silver acetate chewing gum as a smoking deterrent. Although the number of silver granules in skin biopsies had increased, no patient developed clinical signs of argyria (Jensen et al, 1988).
When average exposures to silver have ranged from 40 to 60 mcg/m(3) with values as high as approximately 150 mcg/m(3), there have been no adverse effects including any cases of argyria (skin discoloration) (ACGIH, 1991).

INHALATION: Cases of argyria or other adverse effects have not resulted from silver concentrations in air averaging 0.04 to 0.06 mg/m(3). Values as high as 0.15 mg/m(3) were reported in this study (ACGIH, 1991).
TOPICAL: Application of topical silver can lead to bone marrow depression and the potential development of leukopenia or aplastic anemia (Lai Becker, MW & Ewald, 2011).

CASE REPORTS

INGESTION

PEDIATRIC: Argyria was noted in a 14-year-old who abused a silver-containing pulveriser to treat a sore throat (Capoen et al, 1989).
ADULT: A 60-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder and noncompliance with his medications had a history of ingesting colloidal silver proteins (CSP) for about 10 years. He developed a generalized silvery sheen that was limited to his face and neck and blue-gray sclera. In addition, the pigment of the skin around the scrotum also lacked normal pigmentation due to self-injection of silver nitrate; the patient believed it would fight infection (Schrauben et al, 2012).
ADULT: A patient who ingested greater than 20 mg of silver daily for 40 years developed argyria and generalized seizures associated with elevated serum silver levels (Ohbo et al, 1996).
ADULT: A 79-year-old man ingested sugar particles coated with silver for 15 years and subsequently reported a 3-year history of a grey-brown discoloration of his skin. The discoloration was more noticeable on the sun-exposed areas of his face, neck, and the back of his hands. Lunulae of his nail beds were blue. A skin biopsy showed pigmented granules in the basal lamina of the secretory glands and elastic fibers in the dermis. X-ray microanalysis showed a single peak for silver in these granules (Hanada et al, 1998).
ADULT: Seizures developed in a schizophrenic adult after ingesting greater than 20 mg silver daily for 40 years; silver serum concentration was 12 mcg/L. Seizure activity stopped with the discontinuation of silver therapy (Lai Becker, MW & Ewald, 2011).

INHALATION

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: A 27-year-old man worked as a technician plating with aerosolized silver (composed of alcohol, acetone and silver; concentrations not specified) at a mobile telephone industry and gradually developed blue-gray discoloration of his face over 4 months. He reported no medication use. Although a protective mask was recommended during work, the patient did not wear a mask or gloves. Serum silver concentration was 15.44 mcg/dL (normal: 1.1 to 2.5 mcg/dL) and urinary silver was 243.2 mcg/L (normal 0.4 to 1.4 mcg/L). A punch biopsy of the face demonstrated silver granules in the epidermal basal layer (Cho et al, 2008).

TOPICAL

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: A 75-year-old albino man had a 30 year history of localized argyria (ie, small, round blue lesions on the forearm) after working as a silversmith during that period. He reported that he never wore gloves or a long sleeve shirt and often rested his forearms against his work surface. Biopsies of the lesions confirmed the histologic presence of silver-black granules consistent with argyria (Sendagorta et al, 2011).

MEDICINAL SILVER CONTAINING PRODUCTS

Below is a list of silver containing products that may be used by the topical or ophthalmic route (Lai Becker, MW & Ewald, 2011):

Silver nitrate (1% AgNO3): Ophthalmic
Silver nitrate (10% AgNO3): Cutaneous
Silver Sulfadiazine (0.2%, 1%, micronized silver sulfadiazine): Cutaneous

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-22-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Silver, metal, dust and fume
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Silver, soluble compounds, as Ag
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Silver

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds, as Ag)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002
- LD- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TD- (IMPLANT)RAT:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (IMPLANT)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-22-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Silver, metal, dust and fume

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Argyria
Molecular Weight: 107.87

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Silver, soluble compounds, as Ag

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Argyria
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-22-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-22-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds, as Ag)
REL:

TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 10 mg Ag/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag)
Table Z-1 for Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.01

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Silver
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Silver and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Silver (D011)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-22-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Silver Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains silver as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Silver
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-22-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-22-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Silver

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-22-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Personnel handling silver should be equipped with protective clothing and equipment in order to prevent skin and eye contact. Appropriate respiratory protection should also be used. Store silver away from incompatible materials (HSDB , 2002).

HANDLING

Personnel handling silver should be equipped with protective clothing and equipment in order to prevent skin and eye contact. Appropriate respiratory protection should also be used to prevent possible exposure. Promptly wash contaminated skin if exposure occurs and decontaminate clothing or equipment prior to re-use (HSDB , 2002).

There should be no eating or smoking in work areas (ITI, 1995).

If there is any possibility that workers could be exposed, workers should have access to eyewash fountains (NIOSH, 2002).

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Areas used to store silver should be adequately ventilated (ITI, 1995).
Heat will contribute to silver's instability (HSDB , 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Silver is incompatible with (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2002; Urben, 2000):
- Acetylene
- Acetylene compounds
- Ammonia
- Aziridine
- Bromoazide
- 3-Bromopropyne
- Carboxylic acids
- Chlorine
- Chlorine trifluoride
- Chromic acid
- Copper and ethylene glycol
- Electrolytes and zinc
- Ethanol and nitric acid
- Ethyleneimine
- Ethylene oxide
- Ethylhydroperoxide
- Hydrochloric acid
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Iodoform
- Metal cyanides (in air)
- Nitric acid
- Oxalic acid
- Ozonides
- Peroxomonosulfuric acid
- Peroxyformic acid
- Sulfur
- Sulfuric acid
- Tartaric acid
Any contact with acetylene, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, or ethyleneimine should be avoided. Silver will react violently with these materials (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Workers who may be exposed to silver should wear chemical protective clothing including gloves and dust and splash-proof goggles. Workers should use appropriate respiratory protection. Employers should provide eyewash facilities in the workplace. Any contaminated skin should be washed promptly and contaminated clothing should be removed and decontaminated prior to re-use (HSDB , 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Workers should wear dust and splash-proof goggles or other face protection (eight inch minimum face shield) when working with powdered silver or liquid silver compounds (HSDB , 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-22-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Some may burn but none ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Some may be transported hot.
Metallic silver is not flammable, however, powdered silver poses a moderate flammability hazard when exposed to flame or chemical action. Silver may also form explosive mixtures with the following compounds (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; NIOSH, 2002; Urben, 2000):
- Acetylene
- Acetylene compounds
- Ammonia
- Aziridine
- Bromoazide
- 3-Bromopropyne
- Carboxylic acids
- Chlorine
- Chlorine trifluoride
- Chromic acid
- Copper and ethylene glycol
- Electrolytes and zinc
- Ethanol and nitric acid
- Ethyleneimine
- Ethylene oxide
- Ethylhydroperoxide
- Hydrochloric acid
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Iodoform
- Metal cyanides (in air)
- Nitric acid
- Oxalic acid
- Ozonides
- Peroxomonosulfuric acid
- Peroxyformic acid
- Sulfur
- Sulfuric acid
- Tartaric acid

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-22-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not scatter spilled material with high pressure water streams.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-22-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Silver and acetylene will form an explosive acetylide. Ammonia and silver will form fulminate-like compounds. When dried, these compounds can explode. Silver foil and bromoazide will explode on contact. Explosive silver fulminate may be formed if silver is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethanol. Silver and ethyleneimine will form explosive compounds. Hydrogen peroxide and powdered or finely divided silver can explode. Finely divided silver will also cause the explosive decomposition of 92% permonosulfuric acid. Silver and 3-bromopropyne can form explosive acetylides. Ethylene oxide and silver may also form acetylides capable of detonation. Ozonides may explosively decompose with powdered silver. Colloidal silver when combined with peroxyformic acid may result in an explosive reaction (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

When silver mixes with hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, or acetylene, an explosive compound may form (HSDB , 2002).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Silver and chlorine trifluoride will react violently in the presence of carbon. An incandescent reaction can occur between iodoform and finely divided silver (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Silver and acetylene will form an explosive acetylide. Ammonia and silver will form fulminate-like compounds. When dried, these compounds can explode. Silver foil and bromoazide will explode on contact. Explosive silver fulminate may be formed if silver is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethanol (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Silver and ethyleneimine will form explosive compounds. Hydrogen peroxide and powdered or finely divided silver can explode. Finely divided silver will also cause the explosive decomposition of 92 percent permonosulfuric acid. Silver and 3-bromopropyne can form explosive acetylides (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

Ethylene oxide and silver may also form acetylides capable of detonation. Ozonides may explosively decompose with powdered silver. Colloidal silver when combined with peroxyformic acid may result in an explosive reaction (NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

AMMONIACAL SILVER SOLUTION: Explosive silver fulminate (AgONC) is formed by the aid of sunlight and heat during storage; a triggering shock is required. Such an explosion can be prevented by addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203) (Senba, 1987).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171(ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-22-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-22-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Silver
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.01
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 0.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 10
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-22-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-22-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 10 mg Ag/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent dust cloud.
- Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
In case of a spill of powdered silver or soluble silver compounds, collect spilled material and place in appropriate sealed containers. Keep the spill area well ventilated. Liquids should be sorbed using sand, vermiculite or soil (HSDB , 2002). In water, dissolved silver may be precipitated by chloride and carbonate salts (OHM/TADS , 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Take up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 171 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Reclamation and recycling are preferable to disposal (HSDB , 1999; OHM/TADS , 2002).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Silver is a naturally-occurring element and may be found in soils and water. It is released into the environment in quantities over background levels through mining, ore processing and smelting. Solid waste incineration, petroleum and coal combustion, iron, steel and cement production may also release silver into the atmosphere. Silver may be present in water from leaching of natural deposits, effluent from industrial processes (photographic production and processing), and from atmospheric deposition. Silver may leach into groundwater from soil or wastes depending on drainage and pH conditions (ATSDR , 1997).

Cloud seeding operations, which utilize silver iodide, may also contribute to silver in the environment (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Silver can be released into the atmosphere in its metallic form as fine particles or in an aerosol form. Often, silver is likely to be released as sulfide, sulfate, carbonate, or halide compounds. Large particles of silver will settle out of the air close to the source of emission. Fine aerosol particles may be transported for long distances before being deposited by precipitation (ATSDR , 1997).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In water, conditions favoring oxidation or reduction determine the predominant form of silver. The free metal would exist under reducing conditions. Major forms of silver in water may include ions of sulfate and bicarbonate, and silver may also form complexes of sulfate and chlorides. Adsorption of silver to particulate matter and sediments is significant in the partitioning of silver in aquatic systems. Sorption to manganese dioxide is also a significant process depending on pH and the oxidation-reduction conditions (ATSDR , 1997).
- One of the most dominant controls on the mobility of silver in water is sorption by manganese dioxide and precipitation with halides. The processes of sorption and precipitation reduce the concentration of dissolved silver. This will result in higher concentrations of silver in bed sediments (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- A number of factors influence the mobility of silver in soils. Soil pH, the oxidation-reduction conditions, manganese oxide and free iron content, clay content, particle size, organic matter content all affect silver distribution. The pH and oxidation-reduction conditions determine the reactivity of silver with complexes of manganese and iron. Silver tends to be readily removed from well-drained soils, while high organic matter content tends to reduce mobility since it forms complexes with silver(ATSDR , 1997).
- Biodegradation is not a significant removal process in soil. In loamy sand soil at pH 5, silver concentrations of 10 ppm caused a 43% decrease in microbial respiration while a concentration of 100 ppm caused a 72% decrease(ATSDR , 1997; Dragun, 1988).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Silver may occur in the atmosphere in its metallic form as fine particles or an aerosol; it may also exist as sulfide, sulfate, carbonate, or halide compounds. Fine aerosol particles may be transported for long distances before deposition. In water, redox conditions determine the predominant form of silver, with the free metal typically existing under reducing conditions. Major forms in water include sulfate and bicarbonate ions or sulfate and chloride complexes. Mobility reduction in water by adsorption to particulate matter and sediments is a significant fate process, as are sorption to manganese dioxide and precipitation with halides. Numerous factors influence silver's mobility in soils, including pH, redox conditions, manganese oxide and free iron content, clay content, particle size, and organic matter content (HSDB, 2004; ATSDR , 1997).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Studies of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of silver in aquatic organisms including fish indicate there is little potential for biomagnification in the food chain. A bioconcentration factor of less than 1 was reported for bluegills that had been exposed to silver nitrate for 28 days. Bioaccumulation factors of 4-6 were calculated for bluegill based on a 6-month study while factors of 2-10 were reported for large mouth bass exposed to silver nitrate for 4 months. Biological half-lives were estimated at 26.4 days for silver elimination in the Pacific oyster and 149.1 days in the American oyster (ATSDR , 1997).
Trout taken from Lake Cayuga in New York contained 0.48-0.68 mg/kg dry weight silver (HSDB, 2004).
Mollusks from coastal areas have been found with a silver concentration of up to 2.0 mg/kg (HSDB, 2004).
Fathead minnows will accumulate silver. As animals at a higher tropic level will not accumulate silver via the food chain, it appears there is no food chain magnification (HSDB, 2004).
Silver accumulation in gills and consequent inhibition of whole body Na+ uptake are among the principal adverse effects that lead to mortality in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Morgan et al, 2004).
- Results from a static system study (24H) using freshwater rainbow trout (1-5 g) in synthetic soft water (1.92 mcg/L silver) showed(Morgan et al, 2004):

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Concentration of silver in algae is attributed to adsorption rather than to uptake. Bioconcentration factors ranging from 13,000-66,000 have been reported for algae (ATSDR , 1997).
- Algae, daphnia, and fresh water mussels will all accumulate silver. As animals at a higher tropic level will not accumulate silver via the food chain, it appears there is no food chain magnification (HSDB, 2004).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

A bioconcentration factor of less than 1 was reported for bluegills that had been exposed to silver nitrate for 28 days. Bioconcentration factors have been estimated for the following organisms after 10-week exposures: algae, 96-150; Daphnia, 12.2-26; mussels, 5.9-8.5; fish, 1.8-28 (ATSDR , 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

A field study on Great tit (Parus major) nestlings examined possible toxic effects from heavy metals exposure on bird condition and health. Sampling occurred along a pollution gradient (0-4000 m) near a large non-ferrous smelter in Belgium over three consecutive breeding seasons. Nestlings' excrement from nest sites closest to the smelter had significantly higher silver, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations (Janssens et al, 2003).

Nestlings from the most contaminated nest site showed significant reduction in body mass and condition.
Nestlings' legs in three nests near the smelter had growth abnormalities.
Measures of other toxic endpoints (tarsus length, wing length, hematocrit values) were not significantly different among nest sites.
Mean silver fecal levels (3.5 mcg/g-dry wt) at closest nests were nearly 30 times higher than farthest nests (0.1 mcg/g-dry wt).

Silver is among the most acutely lethal metals for freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Morgan et al, 2004).

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

FRESHWATER

LA50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss), juvenile (6.3 g mean wt): 129 ng/g (1.2 nmol/g) for 3H and 191 ng/g (1.8 nmol/g) for 24H (silver as AgNO3) -- calculated median lethal gill accumulation values using flow-through synthetic soft water (approx. hardness 10 mg CaCO3/L), temp 10 +/- 2 deg C, pH 7.0 (Morgan & Wood, 2004)
LC - MICRO LIFE: 0.01-0.1 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - GUPPIES: 0.0043 mg/L (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss), juvenile (6.3 g mean wt): 13.3 mcg/L (total Ag) for 96H (95%CI=10.8 -16.3) and 3.3 mcg/L (dissolved Ag) for 96H (95%CI=2.6-4.1) -- calculated values using flow-through synthetic soft water (approx. hardness 10 mg CaCO3/L), temp 10 +/- 2 deg C, pH 7.0 (Morgan & Wood, 2004)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss): 6.5 -13 mcg/L for 96H -- at low levels of organic matter (Morgan et al, 2004)
LC50 - STICKLEBACKS: 0.004 mg/L for 168H; 0.01 mg/L for 96H; 0.1 mg/L for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
TC - ALGAE: 2 ppm for 72H -- colloidal 33% nitrate (OHM/TADS , 2002)
THRESHOLD - DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.03 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2002)

SALTWATER

LC - FISH, Unspecified: 0.1 ppm for 24H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC - FISH, Unspecified: 0.003 ppm for 240H (OHM/TADS , 2002)
LC90 - BALARIUS BALANOIDES: 0.4 ppm for 48H (OHM/TADS , 2002)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

107.868

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Silver is a soft and malleable lustrous, white metal. A naturally occurring element, silver has an atomic number of 47 and is present in the earth's crust at 0.1 ppm. It does not oxidize readily, but forms a black sulfide tarnish by reacting with sulfur in air (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).

The only metal more malleable and ductile than silver is gold. Silver is also an excellent conductor of electricity and heat (Budavari, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

approximately 0 mmHg (NIOSH, 2002)

Liquid: 100 mmHg (at 1865 degrees C) (ATSDR , 1997)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

10.50 (ACGIH, 1991)
10.49 (NIOSH, 2002)
10.53 (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

10.49 g/cm(3) (at 15 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
10.50 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR , 1997; Lewis, 2000)
Hard Drawn: 10.43 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR , 1997)
Annealed: 10.49 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR , 1997)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

10.53 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

1761 degrees F (NIOSH, 2002)

MELTING POINT

960.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)
961 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001)
961.93 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ATSDR , 1997)
960.8 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2002)

BOILING POINT

Approximately 2000 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)

2163 degrees C (Lewis, 2000)

3632 degrees F (NIOSH, 2002)

2212 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991; ATSDR , 1997; Lewis, 2001)

FLASH POINT

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2002)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2002)

UPPER

Not Applicable (NIOSH, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Silver is not soluble in or attacked by water (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001)

OTHER

Silver is soluble in dilute nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Silver is soluble in the presence of air with fused alkali hydroxides and peroxides and in alkali cyanides in the presence of oxygen or air (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2001).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Silver is odorless (Bingham et al, 2001a).

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

High (Ashford, 1994)
1.01 cal/cm/sec/C (Lewis, 1997)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents