SILICA, CRYSTALLINE

Diatomaceous earth is a light-tan powder which absorbs water and is used in clarifying liquids, packings, polishes, and insulators. Fused silica is used in reinforced plastics, aerospace applications, and special lenses. Precipitated or silica gel is crystalline, but is covered with a layer of amorphous silica and is used in paint, rubber, and paper fillers, as a grease thickener, and as a carrying agent for catalysts (Lewis, 1993).
Cristobalite is used in glass, abrasives, ceramics, and enamels (ACGIH, 1992). Quartz is the most important type of silica in occupational exposures, and is used in glass, bricks, mortar, abrasives, paints, wood fillers, and electronics (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

FORMS

SILICA, also called SILICON DIOXIDE, occurs in several different physical forms which have different toxicities. CRYSTALLINE SILICA includes QUARTZ, CRISTOBALITE, TRIDYMITE, and TRIPOLI (ACGIH, 1992). The CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE type includes CHALCEDONY. The AMORPHOUS type includes OPAL, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, SILICA GEL, FUMED SILICA, and FUSED SILICA (ILO, 1983; Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996).
Silica occurs as colorless or white, odorless, tasteless crystals (Lewis, 1993). Silica is unreactive and insoluble in most chemical reagents except hydrofluoric acid (ACGIH, 1992).
The remainder of this review focuses mainly on crystalline quartz, as it is the most prevalent occupational exposure in this family of substances and has the most widely-studied effects. The toxicology of crystalline quartz has been reviewed (Anon, 1983).

SOURCES

Silica, especially QUARTZ, can occur as a contaminant or component of many other naturally-occurring substances, such as ores and coal. Thus, many occupations may entail exposure to some form of silica.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Acute exposure to high levels of silica dust could irritate the eyes, nose, respiratory tract, and possibly even the skin from mechanical action.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Exposure to silica dust for several months or more eventually causes silicosis. The disease passes through progressive stages: cough, breathing difficulty, wheezing, recurrent chest complaints, decrements in pulmonary function, fatigue, breathlessness (in the later stages even without exertion), and secondary cardiac damage (cor pulmonale) (Hathaway et al, 1991).

The onset and progression of the disease are related to the type, pattern, and duration of silica exposure. Higher-level exposures for a minimum of 3 months produce a more rapid onset and course of development (so-called ACUTE SILICOSIS). With lower-level exposures, the latency to onset is longer (Clayton & Clayton, 1992; ACGIH, 1992).

The major concern with silica exposure is SILICOSIS, the most important form of pneumoconiosis (ACGIH, 1992; (Hathaway et al, 1991) Clayton & Clayton, 1994). In silicosis, fibrotic nodules form in the lung around silica deposits. There is a progressive decrease in pulmonary function, which may continue even if exposure ceases. Silicosis greatly increases the risk of tuberculosis, and most silicotics have died of the latter disease. Silicosis has been reviewed (Jones, 1983).
The presence of silicosis and/or chronic exposure to silica increases the risk for other diseases, such as tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, scleroderma (Erasmus syndrome), and Grave's disease (Saiyed et al, 1995; Paret et al, 1995) Koeger et al, 1996; (Wu, 1985; Ebihara, 1982; Bonomo & Grimaldi, 1962). Silicosis may progress without further exposure to silica (Hathaway et al, 1991).

Systemic lupus erythematosus has been linked with heavy exposure to silica dust; estimated prevalence in uranium miners was 93 in 100,000. Middle to high titers of autoantibodies were detected in 3.2% of miners with no clinical symptoms, and in 20.6% with some symptoms of connective tissue disease (Conrad et al, 1996).

Higher levels of antibodies to myeloperoxidase were seen in persons chronically exposed to silica, than in healthy unexposed persons. Levels were comparable to those seen in persons with connective tissue disease such as progressive systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (Wichmann et al, 1996).

Extensive animal studies duplicating silicosis under controlled conditions in the laboratory are not reviewed here, except as they increase the understanding of the disease in humans. Chronic inhalation of silica dust suppressed the immune response in mice (Scheuchenzuber, 1985), and a decreased immune response has also been shown in silicotics (Barlogova, 1981).

The effect of silica on the immune mechanism may be mediated by its toxicity to pulmonary macrophages, a critical component of the immune response, and may have implications for the increased susceptibility of silicotics to respiratory infections, particularly tuberculosis.

The electrical charge on silica particles may be related to toxicity. In one study, silica particles collected in foundries were found to be highly positively charged. These particles elicited production of collagenase in mouse pulmonary macrophages, a step thought to be one of the precursors of silicosis (Bagchi, 1992).

Inhaled crystalline silica particles induced several signs of pulmonary injury and inflammation in rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 50 mg/m(3) for 6 hours per day for 5 days. Neutrophils, fibronectin release, lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and lymphocytes were all increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or alveolar macrophages (Driscoll et al, 1991).

Freshly milled quartz particles induced greater increases in all pulmonary responses than aged particles in rats exposed to an airborne concentration of 30 mc/m(3) for 5 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks (Shoemaker et al, 1995). Crystalline silica was more potent than amorphous or colloidal silica for producing pulmonary toxicity in rats (Warheit et al, 1995).

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7631-86-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Silica, amorphous

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Silica, amorphous
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7631-86-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7631-86-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7631-86-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Silica, amorphous
REL:

TWA: 6 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 3000 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7631-86-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7631-86-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7631-86-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Silica

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7631-86-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7631-86-9.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7631-86-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7631-86-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7631-86-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7631-86-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Silica, amorphous hydrated
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 6
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 18
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 100
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7631-86-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7631-86-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 3000 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Editor's Note: An ERG guide with information appropriate to this material does not exist.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

144.11

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Germane (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2008j. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480963906&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-15.

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents