SELENIUM

Selenium is used in the manufacture of colored glass (red, ruby, pink, orange) and in pigments, ceramics, semiconductors, electrodes and other electrical instruments, and photocells. It is used in photography, xerography, and telephotography. It is used as a vulcanizing agent for rubber, an alloy for steel and copper, and as a catalyst (ACGIH, 1991; Sittig, 1991).
NUTRITIONAL/SUPPLEMENT FORMS - Selenium supplements can occur in several different forms. Most supplements come in the form of selenomethionine, an amino acid. Blood selenium levels are usually due to the selenomethionine content of food in most individuals. The L-isomer of selenomethionine is considered the preferred form for supplements intended for human consumption (Schrauzer, 2001).

PRODUCT RECALL - In May 2008, a voluntary recall of an over-the-counter liquid nutritional supplement marketed as Total Body Formula and Total Body Mega Formula (distributed by Total Body Essential Nutrition, Atlanta, GA) was conducted due to extremely elevated levels of selenium, as well as moderately elevated chromium levels. Analysis of the product resulted in a selenium concentration of 800.50 mcg/mL instead of the purported selenium concentration of 7.33 mcg/mL per bottle (Sutter et al, 2008).

MEDICINAL/SHAMPOOS - Selenium sulfide is available as an anti-bacterial, antiseborrhic shampoo (Selsun(R), Excel(R)).
INTENTIONAL MISUSE - Two fatal cases of selenium toxicity have been reported, and were likely due to the use of selenium as a homicidal agent. Both individuals died within 24 hours of apparent exposure (Spiller & Pfiefer, 2007).

FORMS

Selenium is available in commercial grade as powder or lumps, or high purity grades up to 99.999% and in 40 and 200 mesh grades (HSDB , 1998; Lewis, 1993).
The most important toxicological selenium compounds include: selenium dioxide, selenious acid, sodium selenite, sodium selenate, and iron selenide. Elemental selenium has not been found to produce serious intoxication in humans although there have been reports of chronic selenium poisoning in animals following the ingestion of seleniferous plants.

SOURCES

Selenium is a non-metallic element with an atomic number of 34. Although widely distributed in nature, it generally occurs naturally in sulfide ores of heavy metals and as part of the minerals clausthalite, naumannite, and tiemannite but not in a pure elemental form. Selenium is an essential trace nutrient in the diets of animals and humans serving as a catalyst for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. However, selenium is toxic in larger amounts (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Elemental selenium is low in toxicity. All selenium salts may produce toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and percutaneous absorption.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

Acute selenium poisoning is potentially lethal due to cardiocirculatory failure and/or pulmonary edema. Garlic-like odor on the breath may be noted in patients with selenium poisoning.
Selenium dioxide and selenious acids and its salts are capable of penetrating the skin and can produce acute poisonings.
Selenium DUST is an eye and respiratory tract irritant, and can cause coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty, and headache. The FUME is also irritating to the eye, nose and throat, and can cause pulmonary edema, delayed in onset by 1 to 4 hours. INHALATION of selenium fumes caused bronchospasm, chills, fever, headache, and chemical pneumonitis; similar to symptoms associated with metal fume fever. Skin burns can also result from exposure to fumes.
Although no predictive nomogram currently exists, NO serious sequelae is anticipated with a blood selenium level under 1,000 micrograms/liter; levels over 2,000 micrograms/liter indicate potential serious effects.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Selenium DUST is an eye and respiratory tract irritant, and can cause coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty, and headache (Clayton & Clayton, 1993). The FUME is also irritating to the eye, nose and throat, and can cause pulmonary edema, delayed in onset by 1 to 4 hours. Inhalation of selenium fumes caused bronchospasm, chills, fever, headache, and chemical pneumonitis (ACGIH, 1992), symptoms similar to those of metal fume fever. Skin burns also may result upon exposure to fumes (ILO, 1983).

Radioactive 75-Se was taken up unidirectionally into the central nervous system in rats after infusion into the femoral vein (Pullen et al, 1995; Pullen et al, 1996).

Selenium was distributed among serum and plasma in healthy persons as follows: 53% associated with selenoprotein-P, 39% as glutathione peroxidase, and 9% associated with albumin (Harrison et al, 1996).

The acute effects of selenium dioxide may be due to the formation of SELENIOUS ACID upon contact with water (Friberg et al, 1986).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Occupational exposure to selenium has been associated with a garlic odor of the breath (from dimethyl selenium), a metallic taste, gastrointestinal disturbances, bronchitis, skin eruptions, pallor, lassitude, irritability, giddiness, and possible kidney or liver damage (Clayton & Clayton, 1993; ILO, 1983).

The DIOXIDE is a dermal sensitizer (ILO, 1983). It can cause a red, itchy, papular dermatitis and painful fingernail beds (Friberg et al, 1986). Chronic selenium poisoning can cause loss of nails and hair (ACGIH, 1992).

Chronic exposure to selenium dioxide dust or fume can cause ROSE EYE, a pink allergy of the eyelids often accompanied by swelling (ILO, 1983). Ingestion of approximately 5 mg per day of selenium has caused hair and nail damage, neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms, and (occasionally) jaundice and dermatitis (Friberg et al, 1986).

Cracked fingernails and loss of hair occurred in persons living in a region of China with high soil selenium levels. The mean LOAEL for dietary selenium was calculated as approximately 1540 +/- 653 mcg/day (28 mcg/kg body weight). The maximum safe dietary level was calculated to be 819 +/- 125 mcg/day (15 mcg/kg) (Whanger et al, 1996).

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was associated with a high-selenium environment in a study of 9 years' incidence of the disease in Reggio Emilia, Italy (Vinceti et al, 1996).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, blood, and spleen (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

Human data are not readily available to identify the estimated toxic dose of selenium compounds.
In rats, the median lethal dose of selenomethionine (a seleno amino acid) given by intraperitoneal injection was estimated to be 4.25 mg Se/kg body weight, which is comparable to selenite or selenate (Schrauzer, 2000).

CASE REPORTS

CASE SERIES - Although a predictive nomogram does not currently exist, a blood selenium concentration under 1,000 mcg/L would predict NO serious damage or mild toxicity; levels over 2,000 mcg/L are predictive of serious damage (Kise et al, 2004; Gasmi et al, 1997).
A 75-year-old man with prostate cancer had a cardiac arrest, which was unresponsive to resuscitation efforts approximately 6 hours after ingesting 10 g of selenium to treat his cancer. Postmortem blood selenium concentration was 3 mg/L (Williams & Ansford, 2007).
A 17-year-old died after ingesting 10 g selenium dioxide (estimated 100 mg Se/kg) (Nuttall, 2006).
A 22-year-old developed abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiovascular failure and died 15 hours after ingesting 20 mL of 42% sodium selenate (estimated 5 mg Se/kg) (Nuttall, 2006).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The recommended dietary allowance for selenium (Se) is 55 mcg daily. However, the average American adult may ingest approximately 80 to 150 mcg Se/d. The Reference Dose for Se from all nutritional sources for an adult (weighing 70 kg) has been established by the Environmental Protection Agency at 350 mcg/d. This corresponds to 5 mcg Se/kg body weight/day or 5 times the recommended dietary allowance (this would allow for an additional 200 mcg Se/d supplement in adult consuming a normal diet) (Schrauzer, 2001; Schrauzer, 2000).
The insoluble selenium sulfide is less toxic than the highly toxic soluble selenites, selenates, and organic selenium compounds (Henschler & Kirschner, 1969).

CASE REPORTS

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT/RECALLED

CASE SERIES: Selenium poisoning was identified in 201 cases across 10 states in the Southeastern US following the consumption of a dietary supplement manufactured in September 2007, that was incorrectly formulated and contained 200 times (40800 mcg/30 mL) the labeled concentration (200 mcg/30 mL) of selenium. The estimated selenium dose was 41749 mcg/day (recommended daily dietary allowance is 55 mcg/day). Initial serum selenium concentrations were obtained in 8 individuals at a median of 1 day (range: 0 to 33 days) after supplement cessation with a mean concentration of 761 mcg/L (range: 321 to 1550 mcg/L; 3 individuals were above 1000 mcg/L (normal reference mean: 125 mcg/L)). Symptoms reported frequently included: diarrhea (78%), fatigue (75%), hair loss (72%), joint pain (70%), nail discoloration or brittleness (61%) and nausea (58%). A follow-up questionnaire was sent to 150 patients after a median of 106 days from the onset of symptoms, persistent symptoms (90 days or more after cessation of the supplement) were as follows: nail changes (loss, discoloration) (52%), fatigue (35%), and hair loss (29%) (MacFarquhar et al, 2010).
A 55-year-old woman with persistent diarrhea developed progressive hair loss on her scalp, which eventually extended to total body hair loss after taking a liquid nutritional supplement containing selenium for approximately 7 weeks. Other symptoms included generalized muscle cramps, joint pain, nail changes, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. The nutritional supplement was analyzed and found to contain 800.50 mcg/mL of selenium instead of the purported 7.33 mcg/mL per bottle. Based on a daily intake of 30 mL/day, the patient's estimated dose of selenium was 24,015 mcg (304.14 mcmol), or an estimated 400 times the US recommended daily allowance of 55 mcg (Sutter et al, 2008).

SELENITE BROTH

A 23-year-old woman inadvertently ingested approximately 100 mL of selenite broth (selenite enrichment culture media, contains 4 g sodium selenite/L) and developed severe hemorrhagic gastritis and acute renal failure. Selenium level was 1.7 micromol/L (normal: 0.75 to 1.51 micromol/L). The patient was managed aggressively with multiple blood transfusions, fresh frozen plasma, and hemodialysis for 4 weeks. She was discharged to home at 5 weeks; no permanent sequelae was observed at 6 months (Kamble et al, 2009).

GENERAL

A 48-year-old female developed mildly altered consciousness and hematemesis (vomiting garlicky smelling blood) after ingesting 2000 mg of selenium dioxide (10 times the experimental lethal dose in animals). Endoscopy showed mucosal damage (necrotic tissue and deep ulcers) throughout the oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach. Within 3 to 6 hours after ingestion, serum and urinary selenium levels peaked above 2000 mcg/L and above 1000 mcg/L, respectively. Following supportive care and hemodialysis, she was discharged uneventfully on day 16 (Kise et al, 2004).
An adult reportedly ingested a 1.7 grams of sodium selenite resulting in abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea which resolved over one week (Gasmi et al, 1997).
A 15-year-old girl ingested sodium selenate containing sheep drench, estimated dose was 22.3 mg Se/kg. She developed a garlic odor and diarrhea, ECG revealed T wave inversion and QTc prolongation which reached a maximum at 3 days post ingestion and resolved at 2 weeks (Nuttall, 2006).

CASE SERIES

A report by Yang from the Republic of China described a major outbreak of apparent selenium toxicity. The disease was characterized by the loss of hair and nail and skin lesions on the back of the hands and feet and outer side of the legs. In regions of China with the most intense exposure, the residents had symptoms of a toxic polyneuritis. Individual daily intake in the area ranged from 3.2 milligrams to 6.69 milligrams (average 4.99 milligrams), and whole blood levels of selenium ranged from 1.33 micrograms/milliliter to 7.5 micrograms/milliliter (average 3.2 micrograms/milliliter) (Yang et al, 1983).
No clinical evidence of selenium toxicity was found in a group of 142 subjects half of whom had an average selenium intake of more than 200 micrograms/day (range 68 to 724 micrograms/day) (Longnecker et al, 1991).

CHRONIC THERAPY

No adverse effects were reported in individuals ingesting 750 to 850 mcg daily for prolonged periods. Intakes of this magnitude were the basis for the 'No Adverse Effect Level' (NOAEL). The Lowest Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) is thought to be between 1540 +/- 653 mcg/day (producing overt signs of toxicity), which is based on an average daily selenium intake (Schrauzer, 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7782-49-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Selenium and compounds, as Se
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Selenium and compounds, as Se
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Selenium and Compounds

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Selenium and selenium compounds

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Selenium and compounds (as Se)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Selenium and its inorganic compounds

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 5x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7782-49-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Selenium and compounds, as Se

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 78.96

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Selenium and compounds, as Se

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 78.96

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7782-49-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7782-49-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Selenium and compounds (as Se)
REL:

TWA: 0.2 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL and PEL also applies to other selenium compounds (as Se) except Selenium hexafluoride.]

IDLH:

IDLH: 1 mg Se/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Selenium compounds (as Se)
Table Z-1 for Selenium compounds (as Se):

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 0.2

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Selenium
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Selenium and compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Selenium Compounds

Additional Information:
Listed as: Selenium (D010)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information: Unlisted Hazardous Wastes Characteristic of Toxicity

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7782-49-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Selenium Compounds: Includes any unique chemical substance that contains selenium as part of that chemical's infrastructure
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

Listed as: Selenium
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7782-49-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7782-49-2 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Selenium

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2658 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2658 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7782-49-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Selenium should be stored in tightly closed containers that can be kept dry (Sittig, 1991). Storage areas for selenium should be constructed to prevent leaks. This substance should be kept cool or at room temperature and in a well-ventilated area (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991). Selenium should be kept away from strong oxidizers such as fluorine, bromine, and chlorine and strong acids (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Selenium should be stored in tightly closed containers that are kept dry (Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Selenium should be kept dry; storage areas for selenium should be constructed to prevent leaks. This substance should be kept cool or at room temperature and in a well-ventilated area (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Selenium should be kept away from strong oxidizers such as fluorine, bromine, and chlorine and strong acids (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Where there may be exposure to selenium or its compounds over permissible airborne limits, personal protective equipment should be worn to prevent skin or eye contact and respiratory protection (NIOSH , 1998; Sittig, 1991). Sittig (1991) emphasizes the need for good personal hygiene to prevent exposure to skin and possible sensitization. Contaminated clothing should be removed and not worn again until it has been de-contaminated (HSDB , 1998). ITI (1995) reports that rubber or plastic gloves should be replaced frequently because they may become saturated with selenium. Work areas where there may be exposure should be equipped with quick-drench showers or similar facilities (NIOSH , 1998).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7782-49-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
AAR (1996) reports that selenium powder burns with difficulty or not at all, so fire extinguishing agents should be used which are suitable for the surrounding fire. HSDB (1998) recommends water on fires involving selenium. Fires should be fought from upwind and personnel should avoid breathing vapors, since selenium may generate toxic fumes if involved in a fire. Run-off water should be contained and prevented from entering sewers or water sources (AAR, 1996). Selenium may react violently and possibly ignite on contact with other chemicals (Urben, 1995).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7782-49-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7782-49-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Use water on fires involving selenium (HSDB , 1998). AAR (1996) reports that selenium powder burns with difficulty or not at all, so fire extinguishing agents should be used which are suitable for the surrounding fire.

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Selenium will form explosive products with metal amides. Selenium may trigger the violent or explosive decomposition of nitrogen trichloride. Mixtures of sodium peroxide and selenium are explosive (Urben, 1995).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Selenium will emit toxic fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Selenium will form explosive products with metal amides and may trigger the violent or explosive decomposition of nitrogen trichloride. Mixtures of sodium peroxide and selenium are explosive. During conversion of selenium to the dioxide form with oxygen and heat, organic impurities caused an explosion (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995).

Selenium reacts violently with (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

Barium carbide
Bromine pentafluoride (may ignite on contact)
Calcium carbide
Chlorates
Chlorine trifluoride (reacts violently, often with ignition)
Chromic oxide
Chromium trioxide
Fluorine (ignites on contact)
Lithium carbide
Lithium silicide
Metals
Nickel
Nitric acid
Sodium
Oxygen
Potassium
Potassium bromate (aqueous solution will react violently with selenium)
Rubidium carbide
Zinc
Silver bromate
Strontium carbide
Thorium carbide
Uranium

The following substances and selenium react with incandescence (Lewis, 1996; Urben, 1995):

Hexalithium disilicide

Nickel (gentle heating)
Sodium
Potassium (mildly explosive)
Uranium (with heat)
Zinc (with heat)
Platinum sponge (vivid incandescence)
Phosphorous

Various metal acetylides (barium, calcium, strontium, thorium) will incandesce in selenium vapor upon heating (Urben, 1995).
Any chlorate (with the exception of alkali metals) mixed with selenium in the presence of moisture will become incandescent (Urben, 1995).

Rubidium acetylide and selenium vapors will burn. Mixtures of powdered barium peroxide and selenium will ignite at 265 degrees C. Silver(I) oxide when ground with selenium will ignite. The reaction of powdered tin and selenium at 350 degrees C is very exothermic (Urben, 1995).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7782-49-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7782-49-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Selenium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.2
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.6
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 1
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7782-49-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7782-49-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 1 mg Se/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 152 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In case of a selenium release, solid material should be contained in a pit or holding area and prevented from entering water sources. Powdered or solid selenium should be collected and placed in containers for recovery or disposal in a chemical waste landfill. A release of a liquid form of selenium should be contained in a pond or lagoon, while any surface flow should be diked with sand bags, soil, foamed concrete or foamed polyurethane. Spills may be absorbed using dry sand, vermiculite, cement powder, fly ash or a commercial sorbent. Recovery of selenium from liquids may be possible. If disposal is necessary, selenium compounds should be converted to insoluble forms prior to disposal (AAR, 1996; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1998).
In water, spilled selenium should be prevented from traveling by the use of spill control booms. Trapped material may be removed using suction hoses (AAR, 1996). Prevent persons without proper personal protective equipment from entering spill area (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Reclamation and recycling is preferable to disposal for selenium. In a particulate form, selenium may be recovered by filtration or sedimentation. Selenium and its compounds may be recovered from liquid waste streams by various precipitation processes. A chemical precipitant such as lime, iron or alum would be added to the waste. The precipitant and soluble selenium compounds would react to form an insoluble selenium compound which could be removed through settling. Removal of these compounds may be enhanced by a flocculation agent (Freeman, 1989; HSDB , 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Selenium and its compounds may be recovered from liquid waste streams by various precipitation processes. A chemical precipitant such as lime, iron or alum would be added to the waste. The precipitant and soluble selenium compounds would react to form an insoluble selenium compound which could be removed through settling. Removal of these compounds may be enhanced by a flocculation agent (Freeman, 1989; HSDB , 1998). Elemental selenium may also be recovered using sulfur dioxide as a precipitant (Freeman, 1989).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

In a particulate form, selenium may be recovered by filtration or sedimentation (HSDB , 1998).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

As an element, selenium occurs naturally in the environment and may enter the environment through volcanic eruptions and weathering of rocks and soil. Combustion of coal or oil, metal smelting and refining, selenium refining, mining and milling, sewage treatment, and various manufacturing operations are some of the manmade sources of selenium in the environment. Selenium is an essential nutrient for human health, but in large quantities may produce toxic effects (ATSDR, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In air, selenium particles may be bound to other particles or fly ash. Selenium dioxide, hydrogen selenide, dimethyl selenide, and dimethyl diselenide are the most common selenium compounds found in the atmosphere. Selenium dioxide is produced from burning fossil fuels and is likely to be reduced by sulfur dioxide to water and elemental selenium. It may also form selenious acid in the presence of water. Hydrogen selenide is very reactive and will oxidize rapidly. Selenium and its compounds may be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition (ATSDR, 1997).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Selenium enters surface water from runoff, sewage treatment, subsurface drainage, and atmospheric deposition. Elemental selenium is insoluble in water and so is unlikely to occur in that form. Rather, selenium will occur in water as one of the soluble selenium compounds. Selenite and selenate compounds would be the predominant species in water. The forms of selenium in water or soil depend on oxygen content, pH, other compounds present and microbial activity (ATSDR, 1997).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Selenium occurs naturally in soils and in greater concentrations where bedrock has a higher selenium concentration. Atmospheric deposition is also a source of selenium in soils. Soil pH and the oxidation-reduction potential regulate how selenium compounds are partitioned within the soil. Only soluble selenium compounds will be mobile in soil. Elemental selenium is not mobile since it is not water soluble. Soluble selenium compounds can be taken up by various plants. Some microorganisms can carry out methylation reactions with elemental or inorganic selenium compounds that will produce products which volatilize to the atmosphere (ATSDR, 1997).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Selenium is more concentrated in the visceral tissue than skeletal muscle tissue of fish. Bioaccumulation factors for selenium in the visceral tissue of fish have been reported from 1058 to 3980 and in skeletal muscle from 485 to 1746 (ATSDR, 1997).
Selenium does bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation factors ranging from 1746 to 3975 have been reported for freshwater. Selenium is more concentrated in the visceral tissue than skeletal muscle tissue of fish. Bioaccumulation factors for selenium in the visceral tissue of fish have been reported from 1058 to 3980 and in skeletal muscle from 485 to 1746. There is some evidence that selenium may biomagnify (increase in concentration in organisms higher up the food chain) under certain conditions in aquatic organisms (ATSDR, 1997).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Bioaccumulation factors estimated for algae range from 100 to 2600 (ATSDR, 1997).
- Deep-rooted plants which accumulate high levels of selenium include species of Astragalus, Machaeranthera, Haplopappus, and Stanleva (James et al, 1983). Plants growing on seleniferous soil can accumulate from less than 1 ppm to several thousand ppm of selenium (Anderson MS, Lakin HW & Beeson KC et al, 1961; Anon, 1976) Rosenfield, 1964).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Freshwater bioconcentration factors for freshwater have been reported ranging from 150 to 1850. Bioconcentration factors estimated from 35 to 1850 have been reported in the visceral tissue of fish (ATSDR, 1997).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Researchers found western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from seleniferous sites in the western US can tolerate relatively higher selenium tissue concentrations than mosquitofish from nonseleniferous sites. The study reported no adverse reproductive effects in mosquitofish from seleniferous sites with higher whole body levels (3.96-17.5 mcg/g dw in postpartum females; 5.35-29.2 mcg/g dw in fry) or those from nonseleniferous sites with lower levels (0.40-2.72 mcg/g dw in postpartum females; 0.61-4.68 mcg/g dw in fry) (Saiki et al, 2004).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

78.96

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Selenium exists in various forms. Amorphous forms, derived from rapid cooling of molten selenium, are vitreous solids and may be black to dark red-brown to bluish-black. The red or crystalline form consists of transparent, dark red monoclinic crystals. The most stable form is the gray or metallic which consists of gray to black shiny, hexagonal crystals. It also may be a brownish-red liquid (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

Form Not Specified

1 mmHg (at 356 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)
>0.001 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

Metallic: 4.81 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996; ITI, 1995)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

4.26-4.28 (ACGIH, 1991)
4.28 (ITI, 1995)
Crystals: 4.46-4.81 (ACGIH, 1991)
Crystalline, Red: 4.42 (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
4.82 kg/L (Ashford, 1994)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

4.3-4.8 (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Crystalline, Red (alpha): 4.46 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)
Amorphous: 4.28 g/cm(3) (Budavari, 1996)
Crystals: 4.5 g/cm(3) (Lewis, 1993)
4.26-4.81 (Lewis, 1996; HSDB , 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

392 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

MELTING POINT

Metallic: 217 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991)
Crystalline, Red

below 200 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
144 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)

Crystals: 170-217 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 1998)
Amorphous: softens at 50-60 degrees C; becomes elastic at 70 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

685 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1993; Sittig, 1991)

684.8 or 684.9 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

690 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

1265 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

688 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Selenium is insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Selenium is insoluble in alcohol, but slightly soluble in carbon disulfide (2 mg/100 ml). It is soluble in ether (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996). It is soluble in methylene iodide, benzene, and chloroform (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

OTHER

Selenium is soluble in concentrated nitric acid, and the liquid is soluble in caustic alkalies. It is soluble in aqueous potassium sulfite and aqueous potassium cyanide solutions as well as sulfuric acid (Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1993; Lewis, 1993). Amorphous selenium is soluble in quinoline (ACGIH, 1991).

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1996.

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SELENIUM

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents