SARIN

Sarin is a chemical warfare agent. It is more toxic to humans than tabun or soman. It has similar toxic effects to parathion, but effects are more severe (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998; Sittig, 1991).
Sarin is used by the military as a fast acting nerve agent ((EPA, 1987)).
Sarin was used in an attack on the Tokyo subway in March 1995 by a doomsday cult called Aum Shinrikyo. Twelve people were killed in the attack and 5500 were injured. In 1994, the same cult released Sarin into a Matsumoto neighborhood using a converted refrigerator truck. The resulting cloud entered nearby apartments and homes through open windows and doors, killing 7 and injuring 500 more ((CDC, 1999); (Mitretek, 1999); JB Tucker , 1999).

FORMS

Sarin, designated GB, is a colorless liquid and the most volatile of the G-agents. The vapor pressure and volatility make sarin a greater inhalation hazard rather than a contact hazard. It is completely miscible in water and if used on a large scale, could contaminate water sources (Munro et al, 1999a; (OPCW, 1997)).
Binary technology is used during transport of chemical weapons. This means that two initial substances are kept in separate containers until they are ready to be used. At that time, the contents of the containers are mixed and the nerve agent is formed. This technology is commonly used in warheads. The binary components of sarin are methylphosphoryldifluoride (DF) and isopropanol ((OPCW, 1997)).

SOURCES

Gerhard Schrader, a German chemist, synthesized sarin in 1938. However, it was not manufactured routinely at that time. Before 1945 only a half-ton of sarin was produced in a pilot plant ((OPCW, 1997)).
Between 1953 to 1957, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal was the only site in the United States where sarin was manufactured. The Department of Defense reports an inventory of sarin stockpiled as rockets, bombs, and projectiles at several U.S. Army depots. Sarin is also located in approximately 10 nonstockpile military sites in the United States (Munro et al, 1999a).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Sarin is a nerve gas. It is a typical cholinesterase inhibitor with an especially rapid onset of action, and on a weight basis is less potent than VX. It depresses both erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterases. It can be hazardous by any route of exposure.

The following are symptoms from organophosphates in general, which are due to the anticholinesterase activity of this class of compounds. All of these effects may not be documented for sarin, but could potentially occur in individual cases.

MUSCARINIC (PARASYMPATHETIC) EFFECTS may include bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, salivation, lacrimation, diaphoresis, vomiting, diarrhea, and miosis.

NICOTINIC (SYMPATHETIC AND MOTOR) EFFECTS may include tachycardia, hypertension, fasciculations, muscle cramps, weakness, and RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS.

CENTRAL EFFECTS may include CNS depression, agitation, confusion, psychosis, delirium, coma, and seizures. CNS effects may be slowly reversible or irreversible.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Based on its acute oral LD50 of 5.5 mg/kg in rats (RTECS , 1997), sarin is EXTREMELY TOXIC. The lowest toxic oral dose in humans is 2 mcg/kg, and the human LD50 is 28 mg/kg (RTECS , 1997). The lethal human dose is estimated to be 0.01 mg/kg (HSDB , 1997). It can be absorbed following inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact (Lewis, 1992; Lewis, 1993; EPA, 1985). A small drop of the liquid material on the skin may be lethal (Lewis, 1992).

Methylphosphonic difluoride ("difluoro"), an intermediate in the production of sarin, is very irritating to the eyes and may cause permanent damage (Grant, 1986).

Exposure to sarin vapor at a concentration of 0.09 mg/m(3) caused depressed cholinesterase levels and intense miosis in two workers (Rengstorff, 1985). Pupillary reflexes were abolished for 11 days, and normal pupillary dilatation required 30 to 45 days to return; no other abnormalities were detected (Rengstorff, 1985).

The only groups of civilians exposed to sarin were victims of two terrorist attacks on Japanese subways. In these persons sarin produced mainly nicotinic-dominant responses (Suzuki et al, 1995; Nozaki & Aikawa, 1995).
Victims of the terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway of March 20, 1995 most commonly exhibited miosis, fasiculations, flushing, reduced consciousness levels, tachycardia, hypertension, respiratory distress, flaccid paralysis, and depressed plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase. Excess secretions and bradycardia, which are commonly found with organophosphate poisoning, were not seen in this group (Suzuki et al, 1995).
Severely poisoned patients exhibited signs of sweating, frothing at the mouth, fasciculation, convulsions, cyanosis, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, pulmonary edema and severe combined acidosis (Nozaki & Aikawa, 1995) Yokoyama et al, 1995).

In addition to the antichlolinesterase properties of the organophosphates, in the presence of acids, sarin would be expected to be highly irritating or corrosive to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts due to release of HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.

Sarin exposure has resulted in persistent changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in acutely-exposed primates and humans (Burchfiel et al, 1976; Duffy et al, 1979).

The hallmark of organophosphate poisoning is inhibition of plasma pseudocholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (Namba, 1972).

Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, giddiness, vertigo, weakness, sensation of tightness in the chest (after inhalation exposure), excessive tearing, loss of accommodation, ocular pain, blurring or dimness of vision, miosis, loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, muscle fasciculations and twitching (particularly of tongue and eyelids), generalized profound weakness, mental confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, difficulty in breathing, excessive salivation and respiratory mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales and rhonchi, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, random jerking movements, incontinence, seizures, and coma (Hall & Rumack, 1997).

Death from organophosphate poisoning occurs primarily from respiratory arrest arising from failure of the respiratory center, paralysis of respiratory muscles, intense bronchoconstriction, or all three (HSDB , 1997). In severe cases where the patient has been unconscious for some time, brain damage can occur from lack of oxygen (ILO, 1983).

Some symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning, based upon experience with parathion, can persist for days to months afterwards. These include fatigue, ocular symptoms, EEG abnormalities, gastrointestinal complaints, excessive dreams, and intolerance to exposure to organophosphates (ILO, 1983).

Delayed effects may be most pronounced with highly lipid-soluble organophosphates, such as fenthion, or the phosphorothioates, such as chlorpyrifos. After an initial period of apparent recovery, clinical effects may reoccur for up to several weeks after an acute exposure (Minton & Murray, 1988).

Some organophosphates can induce delayed onset of a motor or combined sensory-motor peripheral polyneuropathy. Sensation of numbness or tingling in the extremities may appear several weeks after acute exposure. It is not clear if all organophosphates have this activity (Cherniack, 1986; Wadia et al, 1987). For example, coumaphos induced delayed neurological effects in the standard hen assay (HSDB , 1997; Abou-Donia et al, 1982), but these delayed effects have not been reported in coumaphos-exposed humans. Sarin is not known to induce clinically apparent delayed peripheral neuropathies. However, single fiber electromyographic changes in neuromuscular transmission have been demonstrated in otherwise asymptomatic normal volunteers exposed to a sufficient dose of sarin to depress erythrocyte cholinesterase activity to 60 percent of normal (Baker & Sedgwick, 1996). These electrophysical changes had resolved at the time of a 2-year follow-up.

Levels of cholinesterase which correspond to different clinical effects for sarin in rats are: 70 to 100 percent of normal, no obvious effects; 60 to 70 percent, salivation; less than 30 to 55 percent, fasciculations and disturbed ventilation; 15 to 30 percent, convulsions; less than 10 percent, death (Bajgar, 1992).

Approximately 600 people were exposed to sarin from a presumed terrorist attack in Matsumoto, Japan in 1994. Serum cholinesterase, triglycerides, serum potassium and chloride, and RBC acetylcholinesterase were all decreased, while increases were seen in leukocyte counts, serum creatine kinase, and urinary ketones. Fever and EEG abnormalities persisted for approximately 30 days and decreased RBC acetylcholinesterase for 3 months. Most victims had no permanent sequelae (Morita et al, 1995).

Ocular signs and symptoms of people exposed to sarin in a subway attack included miosis, conjunctival injection, and ocular pain. In most cases the signs and symptoms resolved spontaneously between 3 and 21 days after exposure (Kato & Hamanaka, 1996).

Symptoms of emergency medical personnel due to secondary exposure to sarin from victims of a subway attack included dim vision, severe miosis, rhinorrhea, dyspnea or chest tightness, and cough. Some cases required antidote treatment (Nozaki & Aikawa, 1995).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no studies were found on chronic sarin exposure in humans.

In general, chronic exposure to organophosphates can lead to cumulative depression of cholinesterase levels until a critical lack of activity causes symptoms of organophosphate poisoning to appear, in a pattern similar to that of acute poisoning (Coye et al, 1986). The level of chronic exposure which can be tolerated depends on the rate of uptake and degradation of the organophosphate in the body in relation to its potency in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, and the rate of the individual's replenishment of acetylcholinesterase activity.

Dogs who developed signs of anticholinesterase poisoning and depression of cholinesterase levels during chronic sarin vapor inhalation (6 months) completely recovered by 6 months after cessation of exposure (Jacobson et al, 1959).

The maximum tolerated oral dose of sarin in rats was 300 mcg/kg/day (15).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

The following information is for Organophosphate Compounds in general.
Severe toxicity may develop rapidly following exposure or may be delayed by 12 hours or more. Rapid removal from toxic environments, decontamination procedures, and specific therapy if required are essential.
First responders, emergency medical, and emergency department personnel should take proper precautions (wear rubber gowns, rubber aprons, rubber gloves, etc) when treating patients with organophosphate poisoning to avoid contamination. Emesis containing organophosphates should be placed in closed impervious containers for proper disposal.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Systemic effects can occur from dermal exposure to organophosphates.
DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

Inducing emesis is contraindicated because of possible early onset of respiratory depression and seizures.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Suction oral secretions.
ANTIDOTES

SUMMARY: Atropine is used to antagonize muscarinic effects. Oximes (pralidoxime in the US, or obidoxime in some other countries) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Use of oximes is usually indicated for patients with moderate to severe toxicity.
AUTOINJECTORS

INDICATION: Atropine-containing autoinjectors are used for the initial treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents and organophosphate or carbamate insecticides (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005). Pralidoxime use following carbamate exposure may not be indicated.
NOTE: The safety and efficacy of MARK I kit (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.), ATNAA, or DuoDote(R) has not been established in children. All of these autoinjectors contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011; Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002). Since the AtroPen(R) comes in different strengths, certain dose units have been approved for use in children (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
The AtroPen(R) autoinjector (atropine sulfate; Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc, Columbia, MD) delivers a dose of atropine in a self-contained unit. There are 4 AtroPen(R) strengths: AtroPen(R) 0.25 mg in 0.3 mL of solution (dispenses 0.21 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.25 mg of atropine sulfate), AtroPen(R) 0.5 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.42 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate), Atropen(R) 1 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 0.84 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 1 mg of atropine sulfate), and AtroPen(R) 2 mg in 0.7 mL of solution (dispenses 1.67 mg of atropine base; equivalent to 2 mg of atropine sulfate) (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).

AtroPen(R): DOSE: ADULT AND CHILDREN OVER 10 YEARS OF AGE: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Inject one 2 mg AtroPen(R) (green pen) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear, administer 2 additional 2 mg AtroPen(R) doses in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr. PEDIATRIC: Mild symptoms, in cases where exposure is known or suspected: dose for infants less than 7 kg (generally less than 6 months of age) = 0.25 mg (yellow pen), dose for children 7 to 18 kg (generally 6 months to 4 years of age) = 0.5 mg (blue pen), dose for children 18 to 41 kg (generally 4 to 10 years of age) = 1 mg (dark red pen), dose for children over 41 kg = 2 mg (green pen): inject one AtroPen(R) into the outer thigh as soon as symptoms appear; pralidoxime chloride may also be required. Severe symptoms: Administer 2 additional AtroPen(R) doses (see above) in rapid succession 10 min after receiving the first dose; pralidoxime chloride and/or an anticonvulsant may also be required, patients should be closely monitored for at least 48 to 72 hr (Prod Info ATROPEN(R) IM injection, 2005).
If pralidoxime is required, pralidoxime prefilled autoinjector delivers 600 mg IM (adult dosing); may repeat every 15 minutes up to 3 injections if symptoms persist. The safety and efficacy of pralidoxime auto-injector for use in nerve agent poisoning have not been established in pediatric patients (Prod Info pralidoxime chloride intramuscular auto-imjector solution, 2003)

ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector, Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) is currently used by the US military and provides atropine injection and pralidoxime chloride injection in a single needle. Each self-contained unit dispenses 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

ATNAA: DOSE: ADULT: One ATNAA into the lateral thigh muscle or buttocks. Wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect (Prod Info ATNAA ANTIDOTE TREATMENT – NERVE AGENT, AUTO-INJECTOR intramuscular injection solution, 2002).

MARK I: This device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) was used by the US military. (Note: the MARK I autoinjector kit was last produced by Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, MD in 2008. This product may still be available in some locations.) Each kit contains two autoinjectors: an atropine and a pralidoxime autoinjector. The atropine autoinjector delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL via intramuscular injection. The pralidoxime autoinjector delivers 600 mg pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL via intramuscular injection (Prod Info DUODOTE(TM) IM injection, 2006).
DuoDote(R) is a dual chambered device (Meridian Medical Technologies, Columbia, Maryland) that delivers 2.1 mg of atropine in 0.7 mL and 600 mg of pralidoxime chloride in 2 mL sequentially using a single needle for use in a civilian or community setting. It should be administered by Emergency Medical Services personnel who have been trained to recognize and treat nerve agent or insecticide intoxication (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
DuoDote(R): DOSE: ADULT: Two or more mild symptoms, initial dose, 1 injector (atropine 2.1 mg/pralidoxime chloride 600 mg) IM into the mid-lateral thigh, wait 10 to 15 minutes for effect; subsequent doses, if at any time severe symptoms develop, administer 2 additional injectors in rapid succession IM into the mid-lateral thigh and immediately seek definitive medical care; MAX 3 doses unless definitive medical care is available (Prod Info DuoDote(R) intramuscular injection solution, 2011).
Therapeutic plasma concentrations of pralidoxime exceeding 4 mcg/mL were achieved within 4 to 8 minutes after injection (Sidell & Groff, 1974).
DIAZEPAM Autoinjector (Meridian Medical Technologies): Contains 10 mg of diazepam in 2 mL for intramuscular injection for seizure control (Prod Info diazepam autoinjector IM injection solution, 2005).
These devices are designed for initial field treatment. Although autoinjector doses may be adequate for nerve agent exposures, ORGANOPHOSPHATE exposures may require additional atropine or pralidoxime doses in the hospital setting that exceed those in the available autoinjectors.
For medical questions concerning Meridian products, you can call 1-800-438-1985. For general product information, call 1-800-638-8093.

SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
CONTRAINDICATIONS - Succinylcholine and other cholinergic agents are contraindicated.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

To date, OSHA has not promulgated permissible exposure concentrations for sarin (SBCCOM, 1999).

PEDIATRIC

Note that CHILDREN MAY EXHIBIT DIFFERENT PREDOMINANT SIGNS of organophosphate poisoning from adults. In a study on 25 children poisoned by organophosphate or carbamate compounds, the major symptoms in most of them were CNS depression, stupor, flaccidity, dyspnea, and coma.
Other classical signs of organophosphate poisoning, such as miosis, fasciculations, bradycardia, excessive salivation and lacrimation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, were infrequent (Sofer et al, 1989).
Children tend to be more sensitive to organophosphates than adults (Zwiener & Ginsburg, 1988).

CASE REPORTS

OCCUPATIONAL

Exposure to sarin vapor at a concentration of 0.09 milligrams per cubic meter caused depressed cholinesterase levels and produced intense miosis in two workers (Grant, 1993; Rengstorff, 1985).

Pupillary reflexes were abolished for 11 days and normal pupillary dilatation required 30 to 45 days to return; no other abnormalities were detected (Grant, 1993).

GENERAL

Control of anticholinergic signs and symptoms, and levels of plasma pseudocholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase are more meaningful parameters than actual concentrations of sarin.

ACUTE

Acute toxicity depends strongly on kinetics of absorption (e.g., sudden absorption of low toxicity compound may have a great effect).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS107-44-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: (FAS, 1998; Lewis, 1998 Mitretek, 1998; OPCW, 1997; RTECS, 2001 (SBCCOM, 1999; U.S. Army, 1998
- ECt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- ECt50- (OCULAR)HUMAN:
- ICt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LC50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LCt50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CHICKEN:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)HAMSTER:
- LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)PIG:
- LD50- (SKIN)PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)PRIMATE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS107-44-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS107-44-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS107-44-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:100

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Sarin
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

10
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): d

d: Revised TPQ based on new or re-evaluated toxicity data, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS107-44-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS107-44-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS107-44-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, 1-methylethyl ester

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2810 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): D, G

D: identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may be inappropriate for international transportation under the provisions of international regulations (e.g., IMO, ICAO). An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when either domestic or international transportation is involved.
G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Compounds, tree killing, liquid or Compounds, weed killing, liquid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: NA2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: T14, TP2, TP13, TP27

T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB2, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB3, T7, TP1, TP28

IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 241

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone A

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 1, B9, B14, B30, B72, T22, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP44

1: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone A (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B30: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig: and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B72: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 34.47 Bar (500 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105J, 106, or 110.
T22: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 10 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP44: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads must be the greater of 7.62 mm (0.300 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.5 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 226
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Toxic, liquids, organic, n.o.s. Inhalation hazard, Packing Group I, Zone B

Symbol(s): G

G: identifies proper shipping names for which one or more technical names of the hazardous material must be entered in parentheses, in association with the basic description. (See 40 CFR 172.203(k).)

Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2810
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14, B32, B74, T20, TP2, TP13, TP27, TP38, TP45

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
B32: MC 312, MC 330, MC 331, DOT 412 cargo tanks and DOT 51 portable tanks must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of sxn. 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for tank shell and heads for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the lading at 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, MC 312 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must: a. Be ASME Code (U) stamped for 100% radiography of all pressure-retaining welds; b. Have accident damage protection which conforms with sxn. 178.345-8 of this subchapter; c. Have a MAWP or design pressure of at least 87 psig; and d. Have a bolted manway cover.
B74: Tank cars must have a test pressure of 20.68 Bar (300 psig) or greater and conform to Class 105S, 106, 110, 112J, 114J or 120S.
T20: Minimum test pressure (bar): 10; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 8 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): sxn. 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.
TP38: Each portable tank must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials may not promote corrosion to steel when wet.
TP45: Each portable tank must be made of stainless steel, except that steel other than stainless steel may be used in accordance with the provisions of 173.24b(b) of this subchapter. Thickness of stainless steel for portable tank shells and heads must be the greater of 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) or the thickness required for a portable tank with a design pressure at least equal to 1.3 times the vapor pressure of the hazardous material at 46 °C (115 °F).

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 227
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2810 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Toxic liquid, organic, n.o.s.
UN Number: 2810

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS107-44-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Use the buddy system when handling chemical agents. No smoking, eating, or drinking is permitted in areas where the chemical is present (SBCCOM, 1999).
"Locations where chemical agents and munitions are stored, handled, used, and processed require the use of chemical hazard symbols. These symbols shall be used by themselves or in conjunction with fire symbols as appropriate" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"When equipment, tools, or others items or materials come into contact with liquid agent they will be marked, tagged or segregated to indicate the degree of contamination." (U.S. Army, 1997).
For additional information refer to AR 385-61, the "Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Program," and DA Pam 385-61, "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards" (SBCCOM, 1999).

HANDLING

Decontamination equipment should be readily located and marked (SBCCOM, 1999).

Hands should be washed before meals. Personnel should shower thoroughly with special attention to hair, face, neck, and hands using plenty of soap and water before leaving at the end of the work day (SBCCOM, 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Sarin is stable in its pure form. Plant grade may be stabilized with tri-n-butylamine. This allows stable storage in steel containers, at 70 degrees C, for long periods of time. Without the addition of a stabilizer, sarin will build-up pressure within a few weeks (SBCCOM, 1999).
Sarin is stored in one ton containers, artillery shells, land mines, mortar projectiles, and rockets ((US Army, 1998)).
Containers should be inspected periodically (visual or detector kit inspection) (SBCCOM, 1999).
- Ton containers should be kept painted and free from rust to enhance visual detection of leakage at the valves and plugs. Some agents (Mustard, Lewisite, GB, VX) act as a solvent on most paints. This may cause peeling, dissolution, blistering, and discoloring at the leak area (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory agent containers should be stored in a single containment system within an approved laboratory hood (SBCCOM, 1999).
Storage of larger quantities should be in a double containment system (SBCCOM, 1999).
Large quantities should be stored in one ton steel containers, or other approved containers (SBCCOM, 1999; U.S. Army, 1997).
"Ton containers of bulk agents will be stored in a horizontal position with the container oriented so that the valves are in vertical alignment"(U.S. Army, 1997).
Glass is appropriate for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDTE) quantities (SBCCOM, 1999).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Exits must be clearly marked to allow for rapid evacuation (SBCCOM, 1999).
Chemical showers and eye wash stations must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999).
"Structures used for the storage of agent-filled items will have floors and floor surfacing which can de decontaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Sites should be selected that are not in proximity to surface water sources and which are not located over underground water sources that could become contaminated" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Construction materials such as wood or other porous materials that absorb agent are difficult to decontaminate and should not be used in the construction of buildings where agent is to be stored, handled, or processed" (U.S. Army, 1997).
"Buildings and/or equipment will be arranged according to the sequence of operations. Such an arrangement will make it possible to keep handling of agents at a minimum and will minimize the necessity for transferring of agents through non-agent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Sarin attacks tin, magnesium, some aluminum, and cadmium plated steel (SBCCOM, 1999).
It will slightly attack brass, copper, and lead (SBCCOM, 1999).
Acidic solutions can cause sarin to hydrolyze and form hydrogen fluoride (SBCCOM, 1999).
Basic conditions cause sarin to hydrolyze and form isopropyl alcohol and polymers (SBCCOM, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory operations require lab coats and gloves be worn. An approved respirator should be readily available. If handling contaminated animals, wear foot and head covers, and clean smocks (SBCCOM, 1999).

"The use of personnel protective clothing and equipment (PCE) is the least desirable method of complying with airborne exposure limits. Efforts will be made to reduce dependence upon PCE in agent operating environments through the increased use of engineering and administrative controls such as ventilation, isolation, remote operations, remove monitoring, and elimination of a nonessential entries into agent areas" (U.S. Army, 1997).

"Do not allow an individual to reenter the area to conduct the operation after the maximum wear time has been reached. However, the local medical authority may use discretion to vary the wear time" (U.S. Army, 1997).

Real-time, low-level monitors with an alarm are required. If a monitor is not present, it should be assumed the atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (SBCCOM, 1999).

Editor's Note: Refer to the following document for information regarding the U.S. Department of Defense's Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) procedures and chemical protective equipment (CPE). Particular information is provided on the MOPP IV CPE ensemble.

US ARMY - PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT. This document is an assembly of sections containing information about Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment from U.S. Army publication "Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards"; Document Number: PAM 385-61. Unclassified. 31 March 1997. It is not, and should not be considered a complete copy of this publication.

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Chemical goggles are minimal protection and should be worn. If there is a potential situation for splash hazards, use goggles and a face shield (SBCCOM, 1999).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection is required (SBCCOM, 1999).

When there is a potential danger of oxygen deficiency, and when directed by a chemical accident/incident operations officer or by a fire chief, a NIOSH- approved positive-pressure, full face piece self-contained breathing apparatus will be worn (SBCCOM, 1999).

"The protective mask canister/filter will not be used for more than two hours when the mask has been worn in an area known to be above the airborne exposure limit (AEL)" (U.S. Army, 1997).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 107-44-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >400
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 2 x 10(-6)
Notes: Tested using Military Standard, Method T-208(GB), for 12 hours at 100 g/m(2) (total coverage).
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 4.2 x 10(-7)
Notes: Tested using Mil-Std-282, Method T-208 (GB), for 12 hours at 10 g/m(2) at 22 degrees C
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >360
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.00012
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.000002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >720
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.0001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust is mandatory. It must to filtered and scrubbed to limit excessive concentrations, and meet local, state and federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory hoods need to have an average inward face velocity of 100 linear feet per minute plus or minus 20% with the velocity at any point not deviating from the average face velocity by more than 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).

Existing laboratory hoods should have an inward face velocity of 150 linear feet per minute, plus or minus 20% (SBCCOM, 1999).

Cross-drafts should not exceed 20% of the inward face velocity (SBCCOM, 1999).

Laboratory operations should be performed at least 20 cm inside the hood face (SBCCOM, 1999).

Visual smoke tests can be administered to evaluate the performance of the hood. Hood performance tests should be conducted semiannually, after any maintenance procedures, or after modifications have been installed (SBCCOM, 1999).

Recirculation of exhaust air from chemical areas is prohibited. Connection between areas through the ventilation system is also prohibited (SBCCOM, 1999).

Emergency back up power must be provided (SBCCOM, 1999).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999).
Contain warfare agent fires to prevent spreading to uncontrolled areas (SBCCOM, 1999).
When responding to fires where chemical agents are stored, full firefighter protective clothing should be worn. Rescue/reconnaissance personnel should wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (SBCCOM, 1999).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS107-44-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS107-44-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Fog, foam, water mist, and CO2 are effective fire extinguishing agents. Do not use any fire-fighting methods that may cause the agent to splash or spread (SBCCOM, 1999).

Fire may destroy most of the agent but measures must be taken to prevent the agent or contaminated liquids from entering the sewers and other areas (SBCCOM, 1999).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Sarin releases toxic and irritating fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus when heated to decomposition (EPA, 1985; Sax & Lewis, 1989).
Sarin can release HYDROGEN FLUORIDE when in contact with acids or possible acid vapors (EPA, 1985).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If hydrogen is present in a sarin fire, it can cause unusual fire conditions and explosive hazards (SBCCOM, 1999).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Sarin reacts with water and steam, to produce toxic and corrosive vapors (SBCCOM, 1999).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Sarin reacts with water and steam, to produce toxic and corrosive vapors (SBCCOM, 1999).

Sarin attacks tin, magnesium, some aluminum, and cadmium plated steel. It will slightly attack brass, copper, and lead (SBCCOM, 1999).

Acidic solutions can cause sarin to hydrolyze and form hydrogen fluoride (SBCCOM, 1999).

Basic solutions can cause sarin to hydrolyze and form isopropyl alcohol and polymers (SBCCOM, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 2810 - GB

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.7 kilometers (1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.4 kilometers (2.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 1000 meters (3000 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 11.0+ kilometers (7.0+ miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 11.0+ kilometers (7.0+ miles).

DOT ID No. 2810 - Sarin

when used as a weapon
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 150 meters (500 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1.7 kilometers (1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.4 kilometers (2.1 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 1000 meters (3000 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 11.0+ kilometers (7.0+ miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 11.0+ kilometers (7.0+ miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Evacuate all persons not involved in the fire-fighting efforts (SBBCOM, 1999).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS107-44-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS107-44-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Isopropyl methanefluorophosphonate; (Sarin, GB)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.00015
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.00048
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 0.006
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 0.022
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS107-44-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Nerve agent GB
Final Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.0012 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0069 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.00068 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0040 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00048 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0028 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00024 ppm
mg/m3: 0.0014 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.00017 ppm
mg/m3: 0.001 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Nerve agent GB
Final Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.015 ppm
mg/m3: 0.087 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.0085 ppm
mg/m3: 0.05 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.006 ppm
mg/m3: 0.035 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0029 ppm
mg/m3: 0.017 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0022 ppm
mg/m3: 0.013 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Nerve agent GB
Final Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.064 ppm
mg/m3: 0.38 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.032 ppm
mg/m3: 0.19 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.022 ppm
mg/m3: 0.13 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.012 ppm
mg/m3: 0.07 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.0087 ppm
mg/m3: 0.051 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS107-44-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Laboratory Spills: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spills: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: Use copious amounts of sodium hydroxide solution (a minimum 10 wt%) to decontaminate the area (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: If 10 wt% aqueous sodium hydroxide is not available for decontamination, the following decontaminants may be substituted, and are listed in order of preference: Decontaminating Agent (DS2), 10 wt % Sodium Carbonate, Supertropical Bleach Slurry (STB). 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, or 25 wt % monoethylamine (MEA) can also be substituted for the 10% wt sodium hydroxide (MEA must be completely dissolved in water before adding the agent) (SBCCOM, 1999).
DS2 is a combination of diethylenetriamine (70%), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (28%), and sodium hydroxide (2%) (SBCCOM, 1999). Inspect containers of DS2 in long-term storage for leaks due to the potential for formation of explosive peroxides in air.
Laboratory Spills: Use a minimum of 56 grams of decontamination solution for each gram of sarin. Allow mixture to agitate for one hour. (Agitation is not necessary after the first hour, but allow 3 hours of reaction time.) The pH level of the mixture must be above 11.5, and maintained for at least an hour. If the pH is below 11.5, add more decon solution and repeat the process until the pH level is just above zero (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL." (U.S. Army, 1997).
Laboratory Spills: Place the neutralized substance and contaminated clothing into a DOT- approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Laboratory Spills: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Field Procedures: "Areas where liquid agent has been spilled will be clearly identified and controlled to prevent inadvertent access by unauthorized personnel" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Field Procedures: Only personnel in full protective clothing are allowed in areas where there has been a spill or release of chemical agents (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: "Personnel who have been in areas of possible chemical agent exposure (normally, personnel downwind of an agent release or personnel who were in areas of known agent contamination) will remain at the installation for at least 30 minutes after leaving the area. They will then be observed for signs of agent exposure, and agent-related symptoms by the supervisor or his designated representative before departing the installation. If signs of possible exposure are noted the worker will be referred immediately to the medical family" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Field Procedures: Cover spills with diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, clay, fine sand, sponges, cloth or paper towels (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: Use copious amounts of sodium hydroxide solution (a minimum 10 wt%) to decontaminate the area. if 10 wt% aqueous sodium hydroxide is not available, the following decontaminants may be substituted, and are listed in order of preference: Decontaminating Agent (DS2), Sodium Carbonate, and Supertropical Bleach Slurry (STB) (SBCCOM, 1999).
DS2 is a combination of diethylenetriamine (70%), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (28%), and sodium hydroxide (2%) (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: Scoop the neutralized substance into a DOT-approved container, cover the material with the decontaminating solution, decontaminate the outside, and label the sealed container according to EPA and DOT regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: Leaking containers should be placed in a double containment system with a sorbent material between the interior and exterior container (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: Dispose of the decontaminate according to local, state and Federal regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
Field Procedures: "The material must be encapsulated so that the concentration of agent on the outside of the encapsulating material does not exceed the AEL" (U.S. Army, 1997).
Editor's Note: The decontamination solutions listed are not for dermal use.
Editor's Note: Do not mix DS2 and STB as a fire might result.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Some decontamination solutions are considered hazardous waste and must be disposed of according to RCRA and local health department regulations (SBCCOM, 1999).
A water solution of soda has been found to render Sarin harmless (OPCW, 1997c).
Detergents that contain perborates are effective at destroying nerve agents for purposes of decontamination (OPCW, 1997c).
Removal of topsoil is an effective way to decontaminate small areas of terrain. Covering contaminated soil with chlorinated lime powder, or sludge, is also a good means of chemical weapon decontamination. When chemical weapons are believed to have permeated the soil, decontamination can be accomplished by covering the soil surface with a layer of soil or gravel. This method is improved by adding bleaching powder to the soil or gravel to be applied. Plastic foil may be placed on contaminated seats in vehicles to prevent further contamination of people (OPCW, 1997c).
Diffusion and evaporation rates from surfaces are increased with hotter temperatures. Air temperatures of 130 degrees C accelerate decontamination of equipment. Boiling water may also be effective when poured directly on contaminated surfaces (OPCW, 1997c).
German Munster emulsion, which contains calcium hypochlorite, tetrachloroethylene (or xylene), emulsifier, and water, is used to decontaminate surfaces deeply penetrated by chemical warfare agents (OPCW, 1997c).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Open pit burning, or burying the chemical agent and items contaminated with the agent is strictly prohibited (U.S. Army, 1997).
Detoxified chemical agents (using recommended army procedures) can be destroyed in an EPA approved incinerator according to provisions listed by the Federal, State, or local Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulations (RCRA) (SBCCOM, 1999).
Congress passed Pub. L. 99-145 (50 USC 1512) which mandates the destruction of sarin, VX, tabun, lewisite, sulfur mustard, and (bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether) by September 30, 1994 (CDC, 1988).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

The stability of chemical agents is dependent on weather variables such as wind, temperature, temperature gradient, humidity, and precipitation. The magnitude of the effect of each variable depends upon the synoptic situation and is locally influenced by topography, vegetation, soil, and may also determine possible downwind hazards (U.S. Army, 1997).

Sarin Bomblets were discovered in 2000 at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. They were found in a scrap metal yard, which was not previously designated as a location to look for stored or buried munitions at the Superfund site. It is believed that Colorado's freeze and thaw cycles are capable of bringing to the surface munitions that are buried as much as 4 feet deep ((EPA, 2000)).

Between 11:26 PM on May 8, 2000 and 12:56 AM on May 9, 2000, a biphasic incident at the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF) in Tooele, Utah resulted in the release of GB. Peak concentrations were approximately 3.6 times the allowable stack concentration of 3X10(-4) mg/m(3)(CDC, 1988; CDC, 2000).

Samples collected in the Iranian village of Birjinni suggest that sarin was used during an Iraqi attack on the village on August 25, 1988 (Mitretek, 1999a).

The Department of Defense announced in 1996 that chemical warfare agents had been present at the Iraqi weapons-storage site in Khamisiyah, and that troops in the vicinity (within a 50 km radius) of this site may have been exposed to low-levels of these agents during its demolition in 1991. In addition, troops located 400-500 km south of the chemical weapons storage sites at Muhammadiyat and Al Muthanna may have been exposed to these agents when these sites were destroyed by Allied bombing at the beginning of the Gulf War (CDC, 1999).

On June 27, 1994, 7 people died and 500 people had to be treated in a hospital in the Japanese City of Matsumoto after members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult had released a cloud of sarin in a residential neighborhood (CDC, 1999).

On March 20, 1995, members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult released sarin in five different trains in the Tokyo subway system. Of the close to 3,800 people injured in this attack, almost 1,000 required hospitalization, and 12 people died (CDC, 1999).

Document reviews indicate that U.S. military dumped GB in U.S. coastal waters prior to 1970 at Colts Neck Naval Pier, Earle, NJ and at Sunny Point, NC (Mitretek, 2000c).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

"Weather (particularly temperature, temperature gradient, windspeed, and direction) directly influences the effectiveness and persistency of an agent" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- "The evaporation of liquid chemical agents increases as the temperature rises" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- "High winds increase the rate of evaporation of liquid chemical agents and dissipate chemical clouds more rapidly than low winds" (U.S. Army, 1997).
- "Wind controls the travel of chemical clouds" (U.S. Army, 1997).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- The Henry's Law constant, 5.4X10(-7), indicates volatilization from water may be slow (Munro et al, 1999).
- A volatilization half life of 7.7 hours was calculated using a surface deposition model (Munro et al, 1999).
- Hydrolytic half-lives are longer at a neutral pH than at either acidic or basic solutions (Munro et al, 1999).
- Acids are produced from the hydrolysis reaction and enhance the rate of hydrolysis (Munro et al, 1999).
- The hydrolysis rate is increased by ions in natural water, and metal cations such as copper and manganese in seawater (Munro et al, 1999).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) is a residue from sarin manufacturing. It has been found in the sampling wells on and off the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (Munro et al, 1999).
- Concentrations of 0.5 mcg/L-44,000 mcg/L were found in groundwater near the arsenal in 1974 (Munro et al, 1999).
- The hydrolysis product, phosphonic acid, biodegrades in the soil. Soil composition determines the extent to which sarin degradation products sorb to the soil (Munro et al, 1999).
- There is no information available on its biodegradation in soil (Munro et al, 1999).
- "Under stable conditions, chemical clouds tend to flow over rolling terrain around large hills and up and down valleys" (U.S. Army, 1997).

OTHER

OTHER
- "Agent clouds tend to pass around and over heavily wooded areas with little or no agent penetrating any depth into the woods" (U.S. Army, 1997).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Sarin is considered nonpersistant and will hydrolyze in both acidic and basic conditions. A volatilization half-life of 7.7 hours was calculated using a surface deposition model (Munro et al, 1999).

Sarin's degradation products are isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) (Munro et al, 1999).

BIODEGRADATION

There is no information available on its biodegradation in soil (Munro et al, 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

LC50 - (WATER) GREEN SUNFISH: 0.002 mg/L for 24H (Munro et al, 1999)

LC50 - (WATER) GREEN SUNFISH: 0.0095 mg/L for 24H at a constant pH of 8 (Munro et al, 1999)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

140.11

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Colorless, transparent, nearly odorless, volatile liquid (HSDB, 2006; (EPA, 1987); Lewis, 1998) SBCCOM, 1999)

Sarin is clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless ((US Army, 1998)).

VAPOR PRESSURE

2.86 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2006)

2.9 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) ((OPCW, 1997); SBCCOM Online , 2001; (US Army, 1998))

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.10 (4 degrees C/20 degrees C)(Merck & Co., 2003)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.0887 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2006)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-57 degrees C ((US Army, 1998))

MELTING POINT

-56 degrees C ((OPCW, 1997); SBCCOM Online , 2001)
-57 degrees C (HSDB, 2006)

BOILING POINT

158 degrees C; 316 degrees F (at 760 mmHg) (SBCCOM Online , 2001)

147 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2006)

56 degrees C (at 16 mmHg) (HSDB, 2006)

FLASH POINT

Did not flash to 280 degrees F (SBCCOM Online , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not applicable (SBCCOM, 1999)

UPPER

Not applicable (SBCCOM, 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Sarin is miscible in water (Mitretek, 1999a; (SBCCOM Online , 2001; (US Army, 1998))
1 x 10(6) mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2006)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Sarin is soluble in organic solvents (SBCCOM Online , 2001)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Kow = 0.299 (Munro et al, 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.4X10(-7) (Munro et al, 1999)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ORGANIC CARBON PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log Koc = 1.77 (Munro et al, 1999)

VISCOSITY

1.283 Centistokes at 25 degrees C (SBCCOM Online , 2001)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents