ROTENONE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

DESIGNATIONS

EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE:71003 (Rotenone); 71004 (Cube resins other than rotenone); 71001 (Derris resins)

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C23-H22-O6

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

151-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(HSDB , 1998; OHM/TADS , 1998; RTECS , 1998; Lewis, 1996; EPA, 1990)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Rotenone is used in insecticides, fish poisons, flea powders, fly sprays, lotions for chiggers, moth-proofing agents, and emulsions for scabies (S Sweetman , 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1997; Hathaway et al, 1996).
Some of the specific uses of rotenone include its use on fruit trees to control aphids, bag worms, coddling moths, Japanese beetles, leaf hoppers, and maggots; its use on cattle, goats, horses, sheep, swine, cats, and dogs to control grubs, ticks, fleas, and lice; and its use on vegetable crops, berries, tree nuts, and sugarcane. It is also used on non-food crops such as shade trees, tobacco, and turf (ACGIH, 1991; EPA, 1990).

FORMS

Rotenone is available in the following grades (S Sweetman , 2001; Lewis, 1997; ACGIH, 1991):

Chemically pure crystals
Technical (35%, 90%, and 95%)
Formulation (50%)
Wettable powders (5% or 20%)
Emulsifiable concentrates (5%)
Extracts of derris and cube root

Rotenone is applied using dusts, sprays, and dips, and by pumping liquid formulations into bodies of water (EPA, 1990).

SOURCES

Rotenone is prepared using solvent extraction to separate rotenone from the roots of Derris, Lonchocarpus, or other rotenone-containing plants followed by crystallization. Rotenone in the solvent solution will oxidize to a deep red upon exposure to light and air (HSDB , 2001; Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Rotenone is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. It is more toxic when inhaled than when ingested.

Signs and symptoms may include conjunctivitis followed by ulcerative keratitis, mydriasis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and numbness of the mucous membranes. Seizures have been reported in experimental animals. Additional signs and symptoms may include hypersalivation, vomiting, partial destruction of the soft palate and anterior pillars, fatty liver changes, focal liver necrosis and neoplasms (in experimental animals), acute tubular necrosis, acidosis, and dermatitis.

Acute exposure has resulted in mucous membrane irritation, congestive heart failure, slow or irregular pulse, incoordination, tremors, CNS depression, and respiratory failure. Death usually occurs secondary to respiratory depression.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Rotenone is more toxic when inhaled than ingested (Sax, 1984). It may cause irritation of the skin, eyes, or throat (HSDB), but differing reports exist as to its irritant potential.

There have been several cases of fatal poisonings in humans, with a lethal oral dose being approximately 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg (Anon, 1966; Hathaway et al, 1991). Such large exposures are unlikely in the occupational setting.

Ingestion of rotenone causes gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and vomiting. Fats or oils promote absorption. Other acute effects, based mostly on observations in experimental animals, include trembling, loss of coordination, convulsions, stupor, and respiratory arrest (NIOSH/OSHA).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

At the time of this review, no chronic exposure studies were found for rotenone in humans.

Dogs tolerated an oral dose of 2 g/kg for 2 years with no apparent ill effect (Ambrose & Haag, 1937). Rotenone has caused fatty liver and kidney damage in chronically exposed experimental animals (Anon, 1966; Atkins & Johnson, 1975).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.
INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Do NOT administer oils or fats as these may enhance absorption.
Administer intravenous fluids as required. Administer supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation if needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Although only animal studies have suggested efficacy, a trial of menadione sodium bisulfite or menadiol sodium diphosphate may be warranted.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
The minimum lethal oral dose in humans is expected to be 300 to 500 mg/kg, based on experimental animal data. However, the lethal oral dose was estimated to be 40 mg/kg in one accidental poisoning case (Hathaway et al, 1996; ACGIH, 1991). A fatal case from a deliberate ingestion of rotenone estimated the dose at 25 mg/kg (Wood et al, 2005).
CASE REPORT - A 59-year-old man developed respiratory and cardiac failure and died after ingesting 100 Yam bean seeds (equivalent to 100 grams). An autopsy revealed cerebral edema, cardiac hypertrophy, bilateral pulmonary edema, a fatty liver, and generalized microscopic hemorrhage in the brain, lungs, liver, and adrenal glands. High performance liquid chromatography showed a blood rotenone concentration of 72 ng/mL (Narongchai et al, 2005).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Under normal use conditions, the toxic hazards of rotenone are minimal as formulations usually contain a low percentage of the compound, rotenone is fairly unstable, and it has low solubility in water (HSDB , 2001).

OCCUPATIONAL

An occupational intake of 0.7 milligram/kilogram/day is considered safe (Hayes, 1982).

ANIMAL DATA

No effect was reported in rats ingesting 2 ppm (ACGIH, 1991) and 7.5 ppm (EPA, 1990) of rotenone for 2 years. Dogs ingesting 0.4 mg/kg/day for 6 months also had no observable effects (ACGIH, 1991).
Chronic feeding studies found no observable effects in rats ingesting up to 156 ppm of dietary derris (ACGIH, 1991).
2 parts per million of relatively pure rotenone given to rats for 2 years had no effects. 5 parts per million produced tissue injury (Lehman, 1952).
30 parts per million of "cube" in the ducts of male rats for 150 days did not affect growth or produce microscopic abnormalities (Haag & Taliaferro, 1940).
75 parts per million resulted in growth suppression and liver injury in rats after chronic exposure (Ambrose et al, 1942).
SPECIES VARIATION - There is considerable species variation in the toxicity of rotenone (Cutkomp, 1948). Fish and swine are very sensitive, while there are few reports of toxicity in humans (Haley, 1978).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS83-79-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Rotenone (commercial)

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Rotenone
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Rotenone
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 4x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: HSDB, 1998 RTECS, 1998 Budavari, 1996 Lewis, 1996 Note: All values are from RTECS 1998, unless otherwise noted.
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (ORAL)PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS83-79-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Rotenone (commercial)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 391.41

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS83-79-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS83-79-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Rotenone
REL:

TWA: 5 mg/m(3)
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Rotenone
Table Z-1 for Rotenone:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 5

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS83-79-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS83-79-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Rotenone
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS83-79-4 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS83-79-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Rotenone should be kept away from alkalies and strong oxidizers (Lewis, 1997; Sittig, 1991). It should be stored in fiber drums, tins, or multi-walled paper sacks. Always wear rubber gloves when handling rotenone (OHM/TADS , 1998).

HANDLING

Rubber gloves should always be worn when handling rotenone (OHM/TADS , 1998).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store rotenone in fiber drums, tins, or multi-walled paper sacks (OHM/TADS , 1998).
Empty containers should not be reused (HSDB , 1998).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

OHM/TADS (1998) states that rotenone should be stored in a well-ventilated area.
Sittig (1991) states that rotenone should be protected from prolonged exposure to light and should be stored in a refrigerator in an inert atmosphere.

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Rotenone is incompatible with alkalies and strong oxidizers (Lewis, 1993; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Wear appropriate eye protection and protective clothing, including rubber gloves, when working with rotenone to prevent skin and eye contact. Immediately wash contaminated skin and remove and replace wet or possibly contaminated clothing (NIOSH , 1998; OHM/TADS , 1998; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Workers should wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact and contact lenses should not be worn when working with rotenone (NIOSH , 1998).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 83-79-4.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
Rotenone is a moderate fire hazard as it is flammable if preheated (HSDB , 1998; OHM/TADS , 1998).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS83-79-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS83-79-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Irritating fumes and acrid smoke are emitted when rotenone is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS83-79-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS83-79-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Rotenone
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 15
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 25
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 125
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS83-79-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS83-79-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2500 mg/m3
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 151 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Ventilate the area of the spill. Control dust by dampening the spilled material with alcohol and place the material in a suitable container. An absorbent dampened with alcohol should be used to pick up any remaining material. All wastes should by sealed in vapor-tight plastic bags for disposal. Use soap and water to thoroughly wash all affected surfaces (Sittig, 1991).
Used containers should be perforated and crushed. Bury or discard the containers in a safe area away from water supplies (HSDB , 1998).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Small spills can be cleaned up by sweeping the spilled material onto paper or another suitable material and placing it in an appropriate container for disposal (HSDB , 1998).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

RECYCLING/RECLAMATION

Reclamation may be appropriate for large quantities of rotenone (HSDB , 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Rotenone can also be buried with lime for disposal (Sittig, 1991).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Small quantities of rotenone can be burned in a fume hood (HSDB , 1998; Sittig, 1991).
If large quantities will not be reclaimed, they should be dissolved in a flammable solvent and placed in an appropriate combustion chamber for atomization (HSDB , 1998).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Rotenone exists in the environment naturally in plants such as Derris which is grown in Malaya and the East Indies and Lonchocarpus (cube) which is grown in Central and South America. It is released to the environment during its use as a pesticide and enters surface waters during application for fishery management (HSDB , 1998; Lewis, 1996).

The risk of air pollution is low due to the rapid decomposition of rotenone upon exposure to air and light (OHM/TADS , 1998).

Rotenone is very toxic to fish and is toxic to animals, however no harmful residue is left on vegetable crops (Lewis, 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Exposure to light and air results in rapid decomposition of rotenone (OHM/TADS , 1998; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Hydrolysis may be an important removal process for rotenone (OHM/TADS , 1998).
- EPA (1990) reports that "rotenone is rapidly degraded in soil and water with a half-life of 1-3 days for both aerobic aquatic and anaerobic aquatic soils."

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- EPA (1990) reports that "rotenone is rapidly degraded in soil and water with a half-life of 1-3 days for both aerobic aquatic and anaerobic aquatic soils."

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Rotenone formulations are effective for only about a week following application due to rapid degradation in sun, air, and water (HSDB , 1998).

Air and light are required for degradation which is accelerated when rotenone is mixed with organic solvents (HSDB , 1998; EPA, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

HSDB (1998) states that rotenone is a biodegradable compound.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESHWATER TOXICITY VALUES (OHM/TADS , 1998):

LC100 - STRIPED BASS LARVAE AND FINGERLING: 0.01 ppm for 24-96H -- Static test environment
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.024 ppm for 24H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.022 ppm for 48H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 23 ppm for 96H
LC50 - BLUEGILL: 0.114 ppm for 96H -- Lab test environment
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT: 0.057 ppm for 96H -- Lab test environment
LC50 - RAINBOW: 0.032 ppm for 24H
LC50 - RAINBOW: 27 ppm for 96H
LC50 - COHO EMBRYO: 0.15 ppm for 24H
LC50 - PTERONARCYS SP: 2.9 ppm for 24H
LC50 - PTERONARCYS SP: 0.250 ppm for 96H -- Test environment at 60 degrees F
LC50 - G. LACUSTRIS: 6 ppm for 24H
LC50 - G. LACUSTRIS: 0.35 ppm for 48H
LC50 - CHANNEL CATFISH: 28 ppm for 96H
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 2.9 ppm for 24H
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 0.9 ppm for 48H
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 2.9 ppm for 24H -- Test environment at 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 1.1 ppm for 48H -- Test environment at 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - P. CALIFORNICA: 0.38 ppm for 96H -- Test environment at 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - PTERONARCYS CAL: 250 ppm for 96H
LC50 - PTERONARCYS CAL (NAIADS): 0.38 ppm for 96H -- Test environment at 15.5 degrees C
LC50 - DAPHNIA PULEX: 0.01 ppm for 48H
LC - TROUT: 0.2 ppm for 0.34H
LC - TROUT: 0.4 ppm for 0.25H
LC - GUPPIES: 0.5 ppm for 5H
LC - CHANNEL CATFISH: 0.51 ppm for 1H
EC50 - SIMOCEPHALUS SERRULATUS: 0.19 ppm for 48H -- Test environment at 60 degrees F
EC50 - DAPHNIA PULEX: 0.10 ppm for 48H -- Test environment at 60 degrees F
TLM - FATHEAD: 0.006 ppm for 96H
TLM - GOLDFISH: 0.04 ppm for 8H -- Test environment at 27 degrees C
TLM - GAMMARUS LACUSTRIS: 3.52 ppm for 96H -- In acetone

ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1998):

LC50 - GAMMARUS FASCIATUS: 2600 mcg/L/96H -- 21 degrees C (95% confidence interval 2100-3200 mcg/L), mature. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L.
LC50 - SALMO GAIRDNERI (RAINBOW TROUT): 31 mcg/L/96H -- 12 degrees C (95% confidence interval 27-36 mcg/L), wt 0.3 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L.
LC50 - ICTALURAS PUNCTATUS (CHANNEL CATFISH): 2.6 mcg/L/96H -- 24 degrees C (95% confidence interval 2.1-3.2 mcg/L), wt 0.5 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L.
LC50 - LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS (BLUEGILL): 23 mcg/L/96H -- 24 degrees C (95% confidence interval 20-25 mcg/L), wt 0.6 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L.
LC50 - PIMEPHALES PROMELAS (FATHEAD MINNOW): 6.0 mg/L/96H -- confidence interval not reliable, flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 17.3 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 9.2 mg/L, hardness 44.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.5 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.5. Effect: Loss of equilibrium.
LC50 - ESOX LUCIUS (NORTHERN PIKE): 33.0 mcg/L/96H -- Static bioassay
LC50 - MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (LARGEMOUTH BASS): 142 mcg/L/96H -- Static bioassay
LC50 - STIZOSTEDION VITREUM (WALLEYE): 16.5 mcg/L/24H -- Static bioassay
LC50 - (ORAL) COTURNIX: 5,608 ppm for 5D -- 95% confidence interval 4459-7053 ppm
EC50 - SIMOCEPHALUS: 310 mcg/L/48H -- 15 degrees C (95% confidence interval 239-402 mcg/L), first instar. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/L.
EC50 - DAPHNIA PULEX: 100,000 mcg/L/48H -- 15 degrees C (95% confidence interval 74000-134000 mcg/L), first instar. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l.

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

394.42

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Rotenone exists as a colorless to white or red, odorless, crystalline solid that is levorotatory in solution (Lewis, 1997; Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

It is prepared using solvent extraction to separate rotenone from the roots of Derris, Lonchocarpus, or other rotenone-containing plants followed by crystallization. It oxidizes to a deep red upon exposure to light and air when in a solvent solution (HSDB , 2001; Budavari, 1996; Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991).

VAPOR PRESSURE

<0.00004 mmHg (NIOSH , 1998)

Essentially 0 (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

<1 x 10(-5) mbar (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.27 (at 20 degrees C/4 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.27 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

163 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)
185-186 degrees C (dimorphic form) (Lewis, 1996)
165-166 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)
330 degrees F (NIOSH , 1998)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes (NIOSH, 1997)

210 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 1998)

210-220 degrees C (at 0.5 mmHg) (HSDB , 1998)

FLASH POINT

Unknown (NIOSH, 1997)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Unknown (NIOSH, 1997)

UPPER

Unknown (NIOSH, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Rotenone is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
0.00002 g/100 mL (at 20 degrees C) (EPA, 1990)
15 ppm in water (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Rotenone is soluble in acetic acid, acetone, alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, and other organic solvents (HSDB , 1998; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 1996).
Solubility at 20 degrees C (EPA, 1990):

Acetone: 6.6 g/100 mL
Amyl acetate: 1.6 g/100 mL
Benzene: 8.0 g/100 mL
Carbon tetrachloride: 0.6 g/100 mL
Chlorobenzene: 13.5 g/100 mL
Chloroform: 47.2 g/100 mL
Chlorobenzene: 13.5 g/100 mL
Ethyl alcohol: 0.2 g/100 mL
Ethylene dichloride: 33.0 g/100 mL
Xylene: 3.4 g/100 mL

OTHER

Rotenone is soluble in lipids and is slightly soluble in petroleum oils (HSDB , 1998).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

4.10 (HSDB , 1998)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

21008 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

149 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

MASS

5060 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base) (HSDB , 1998)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

13.8 ppm (lower odor threshold) (OHM/TADS , 1998)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

16340 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 1998)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents