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RHODIUM AND COMPOUNDS

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Rhodium is one of the platinum group of metals (platinoids) and is one of the rarest elements (Lee, 1998; Bingham et al, 2001). It is used as an alloy with platinum, in electroplating silverware and jewelry, in making reflective mirrors, for spinnerets for rayon production, and as an organic catalyst (HSDB , 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996). In its natural state its toxicity is very minimal (HSDB , 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).

Specific Substances

    A) RHODIUM
    1) Rhodium metal
    2) RH
    3) Molecular Formula: Rh
    4) CAS 7440-16-6
    RHODIUM(II) ACETATE
    1) Rh-110
    2) Rhodium diacetate
    3) Molecular Formula: C4-H8-O4.Rh
    4) CAS 5503-41-3
    RHODIUM DIBUTYRATE
    1) Rhodium(II) dibutyrate
    2) Molecular Formula: C8-H14-O4.Rh
    3) CAS 56047-14-4
    RHODIUM NITRATE
    1) Nitric acid, rhodium(3+) salt
    2) Rhodium trinitrate
    3) Molecular Formula: N3-O9-Rh
    4) CAS 10139-58-9
    RHODIUM(III) PROPIONATE
    1) Molecular Formula: C12-H20-O8-Rh2
    2) CAS 31126-81-5
    RHODIUM TRICHLORIDE
    1) Rhodium chloride
    2) Rhodium(III) Chloride (1:3)
    3) Molecular Formula: Cl3-Rh
    4) CAS 10049-07-7
    GENERAL TERMS
    1) Organorhodium complex
    2) Rhodium (metal fume and dusts)

Available Forms Sources

    A) FORMS
    1) Rhodium, a transition element, belongs to the cobalt group and to the light platinum triad simultaneously. In the elemental state, rhodium is a soft, forgeable, silver-white metal. It only occurs rarely in nature in the form of alloys with other platinum metals or accompanies gold. It occurs in air in the form of gray fume or dust (Bingham et al, 2001).
    B) USES
    1) Uses include (HSDB , 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; Lee, 1998; ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001):
    a) Alloyed with platinum for high-temperature bushings, furnace linings and thermocouples
    b) Electroplating silverware and jewelry
    c) Making highly reflective mirrors and other optical surfaces
    d) Catalyst in various organic reactions and a strong complexing compound
    e) In spinnerets for rayon production
    f) A component of alloys for dentistry
    g) Antitumorigens (some organic compounds)
    h) Antiviral: rhodium trichloride has been shown to have some activity against viruses
    2) Organorhodium complex is thought to have similar properties and toxicity.

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) Rhodium is generally listed as a non-toxic metal, but this may be due to the paucity of case reports. Industrial hygienists agree that soluble rhodium compounds are likely to be toxic, but there have been no clinical reports of human systemic toxicity to date.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Splashing solutions of soluble salts into the eyes has caused mild irritation.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Respiratory depression occurred in fatally poisoned mice after injection with rhodium trichloride.
    0.2.7) NEUROLOGIC
    A) Lethargy occurred in animals injected with rhodium trichloride. Deaths were consistent with CNS depression, but no particular lesions were found.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Sensitization to hexachlororhodiate has been reported.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) The TLV's for these compounds have been set to minimize the risk of allergic reactions to rhodium. These levels are the same as levels for platinum, which is a known sensitizer.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    B) Rhodium trichloride caused effects on spermatogenesis including genetic material and sperm morphology, motility, and count in rats.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) There are no established toxic levels for rhodium compounds in biological samples.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    C) There is no specific antidote for treatment for rhodium intoxication. There is no specific chelator indicated.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) Wash exposed area twice with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persist after washing.

Range Of Toxicity

    A) CASE REPORT - 0.002 mg/meter(3) (as rhodium) caused nasal irritation in a plant worker.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) Rhodium is generally listed as a non-toxic metal, but this may be due to the paucity of case reports. Industrial hygienists agree that soluble rhodium compounds are likely to be toxic, but there have been no clinical reports of human systemic toxicity to date.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Splashing solutions of soluble salts into the eyes has caused mild irritation.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) Soluble rhodium salts may cause mild eye irritation on splash contact (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    B) RABBITS - Rhodium trichloride (0.1 M with an adjusted pH to 7.2) was placed for 10 minutes in rabbit eyes, which had had their corneal epithelium removed. An orange color developed which gradually faded to yellow 8 weeks later. The first week the cornea was hazy and over the following weeks developed white opacities and vascularization (Hathaway et al, 1996; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Respiratory depression occurred in fatally poisoned mice after injection with rhodium trichloride.
    3.6.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
    a) MICE - Respiratory depression was seen in fatally poisoned mice after injection with rhodium trichloride (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Neurologic

    3.7.1) SUMMARY
    A) Lethargy occurred in animals injected with rhodium trichloride. Deaths were consistent with CNS depression, but no particular lesions were found.
    3.7.3) ANIMAL EFFECTS
    A) ANIMAL STUDIES
    1) CNS DEPRESSION
    a) MICE - Lethargy was reported in mice injected with rhodium trichloride. Deaths were consistent with CNS depression, but no particular lesions were found (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Sensitization to hexachlororhodiate has been reported.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) CONTACT DERMATITIS
    1) Both dermal irritation and contact dermatitis have occurred from direct skin contact with rhodium salts (Lee, 1998; Hathaway et al, 1996).
    a) CASE REPORT - Patch test confirmed sensitization to hexachlororhodiate in a 47-year-old goldsmith who rhodium-plated pieces of metal in an electrogalvanic bath using a hexachlororhodiate solution (Bedello et al, 1987).
    b) CASE REPORT - A 29-year-old female with a contact dermatitis was reported to have a positive patch test to rhodium sulfate solution which was used with an electrogalvanic device for rhodium-plating defective gold rings (de la Cuadra & Grau-Massanes, 1991).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) The TLV's for these compounds have been set to minimize the risk of allergic reactions to rhodium. These levels are the same as levels for platinum, which is a known sensitizer.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) The TLV's for these compounds have been set to minimize the risk of allergic reactions to rhodium. These same levels are set for platinum, which is a known sensitizer (ACGIH, 1991). Patch tests have confirmed allergenic activity of hexachlororhodiate and rhodium sulfate in human cases (Bingham et al, 2001).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    B) Rhodium trichloride caused effects on spermatogenesis including genetic material and sperm morphology, motility, and count in rats.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    3.20.3) EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-16-6 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.4) ANIMAL STUDIES
    A) CARCINOMA
    1) Rhodium trichloride exposure resulted in tumors in the lungs and thorax and leukemia in mice and was considered carcinogenic by RTECS criteria (RTECS , 2001).

Genotoxicity

    A) Rhodium compounds have been positive in recombination-repair-deficient (rec) assays.

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) There are no established toxic levels for rhodium compounds in biological samples.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) TOXICITY
    1) There are no established toxic levels for rhodium or its compounds in biological samples.
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) MONITORING
    a) Experimental animal studies have reported respiratory depression. It may be advisable to monitor pulmonary function studies in the event of systemic rhodium compound toxicity.
    b) Experimental animal studies have reported CNS depression. It may be advisable to monitor for CNS effects in the event of systemic rhodium compound toxicity.

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) There are no established toxic levels for rhodium compounds in biological samples.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.1) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION/PREHOSPITAL
    A) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).
    1) In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
    2) The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
    1) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    2) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) There is no specific antidote for treatment of rhodium intoxication.
    2) CHELATION: No specific chelator has been indicated to be of use in treating systemic rhodium poisoning.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
    6.9.2) TREATMENT
    A) IRRITATION SYMPTOM
    1) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
    B) Treatment should include recommendations listed in the ORAL EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) CASE REPORT - 0.002 mg/meter(3) (as rhodium) caused nasal irritation in a plant worker.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) CASE REPORTS
    1) There was a single case report where 0.002 mg/m(3) (as rhodium) caused nasal irritation in a plant worker (ACGIH, 1980).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-16-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
    a) Adopted Value
    1) Rhodium, as Rh, soluble compounds
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 0.01 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Asthma
    d) Molecular Weight: Varies
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:
    b) Adopted Value
    1) Rhodium, as Rh, metal and insoluble compounds
    a) TLV:
    1) TLV-TWA: 1 mg/m(3)
    2) TLV-STEL:
    3) TLV-Ceiling:
    b) Notations and Endnotes:
    1) Carcinogenicity Category: A4
    2) Codes: Not Listed
    3) Definitions:
    a) A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    c) TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Metal = URT irr; Insoluble = LRT irr
    d) Molecular Weight: 102.91; Varies
    1) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):
    a) [(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45
    2) For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:
    a) [(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance
    e) Additional information:

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-16-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Listed as: Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh)
    2) REL:
    a) TWA: 0.1 mg/m(3)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s): ,
    3) Listed as: Rhodium (soluble compounds, as Rh)
    4) REL:
    a) TWA: 0.001 mg/m(3)
    b) STEL:
    c) Ceiling:
    d) Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
    e) Skin Designation: Not Listed
    f) Note(s):
    5) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 100 mg Rh/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed
    6) IDLH:
    a) IDLH: 2 mg Rh/m3
    b) Note(s): Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-16-6 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Rhodium, as Rh, soluble compounds
    a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    2) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Rhodium, as Rh, metal and insoluble compounds
    a) A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
    3) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    4) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    5) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh)
    6) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Rhodium (soluble compounds, as Rh)
    7) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    8) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-16-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Listed as: Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds
    2) Table Z-1 for Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 0.1
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed
    3) Listed as: Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds
    4) Table Z-1 for Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds:
    a) 8-hour TWA:
    1) ppm:
    a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.
    2) mg/m3: 0.001
    a) Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
    3) Ceiling Value:
    4) Skin Designation: No
    5) Notation(s): Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) RHODIUM (II) ACETATE RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 27 mg/kg
    B) RHODIUM (II) PROPIONATE RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
    a) 4500 mcg/kg
    C) RHODIUM CHLORIDE RTECS, 2001
    1) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    a) 280 mg/kg
    2) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    a) 1302 mg/kg
    D) RHODIUM TRICHLORIDE Bingham et al, 2001

Pharmacology Toxicology

Toxicologic Mechanism

    A) There seems to be little reaction to elemental rhodium. Some early studies done in experimental animals indicate possible CNS and respiratory depression (Bingham et al, 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996). There appears to be some reaction between the platinoid metals, including rhodium, and DNA and RNA. The relationship of this interaction and any toxic manifestations has yet to be determined (Bingham et al, 2001).

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) RHODIUM is a silvery, white, hard, ductile, and malleable metallic element (HSDB , 2001; ACGIH, 1991).
    B) RHODIUM TRICHLORIDE exists as a red powder (Budavari, 1996).

Molecular Weight

    A) RHODIUM: 102.9
    B) RHODIUM TRICHLORIDE: 209.28

References

General Bibliography

    1) 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
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