PYRENE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C16-H10

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

154-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1996; EPA, 1985)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Pyrene is used in biochemical research (EPA, 1985). It has also been used as the starting material for synthesis of benzo(a)pyrene (HSDB, 1996).

FORMS

Pyrene occurs as monoclinic prismatic tablets, as pale yellow plates, or as a colorless solid (Lewis, 1993; HSDB, 1996).

It may contain tetracene as a yellow impurity (Budavari, 1996a).

SOURCES

Pyrene is derived from coal tar and the destructive hydrogenation of hard coal (EPA, 1985; Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996a). It is also an air pollutant released in hot asphalt fumes (Rietz, 1979). It is in coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, and pyrolysis or cooking fumes (Clonfero et al, 1990; Buchet et al, 1992; Clayton & Clayton, 1982). It is not produced commercially in the US (HSDB, 1996).

Human exposures to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in general are approximately 99 percent from dietary sources (EPA, 1985). Although there may be reasonably high concentrations of pyrene in foods, there is little data to indicate that any serious health effects occur from its ingestion in dietary sources (EPA, 1985).
Main sources of human exposure include tobacco smoking, inhaling polluted air, and ingestion of food (HSDB, 1996).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pyrene is irritating to exposed skin and eyes. No other acute toxic effects in humans were mentioned in available literature at the time of this review. Exposed experimental animals have developed excitation and muscle spasticity. Pyrene is an experimental mutagen and an equivocal experimental animal tumorigen. However, the IARC has listed pyrene as having no evidence for animal carcinogenesis and it was negative or inconclusive in all EPA GENETOX Program (1986) assays.

Some unspecified teratogenic effects were noted in workers. Human exposures to polyaromatic hydrocarbons in general are approximately 99 percent from dietary sources. Although there may be reasonably high concentrations of pyrene in foods, there is little data to indicate that any serious health effects occur from its ingestion in dietary sources.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.
Because of the potential for esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns following ingestion, emesis should not be induced. Activated charcoal alone is probably the most appropriate management for ingestions. Immediate dilution with milk or water might be beneficial.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Pyrene is absorbed through intact skin.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.

CASE REPORTS

Some unspecified teratogenic effects were noted in workers exposed to between 3 and 5 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). This finding has not been confirmed in independent studies.

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS129-00-0 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Pyrene

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Pyrene

3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 3x10(-2) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: RTECS, 1996
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS129-00-0 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS129-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS129-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Pyrene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

5000 (2270)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Pyrene
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 5000

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

1000/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): b

b: The calculated TPQ changed after technical review as described in a technical support document for the final rule, April 22, 1987.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS129-00-0 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS129-00-0 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS129-00-0 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Pyrene

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS129-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Use of new clothing instead of personal clothing resulted in a significant reduction in the absorbed dose of pyrene, determined by levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, and in an 82% reduction of skin pad deposition of pyrene. The implication is that significant exposure to pyrene can occur from contaminated clothing (Quinlan et al, 1995).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 129-00-0.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS129-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS129-00-0 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, pyrene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, pyrene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, pyrene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 1992).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS129-00-0 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS129-00-0 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Pyrene
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.075
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.25
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.7
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 15
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS129-00-0 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS129-00-0 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices (HSDB , 1992).
In chemical treatability studies, pyrene has been shown to be separable by gravity or sand filtration. Activated carbon and resin adsorption are two additional processes shown to be effective in laboratory scale treatability studies (HSDB , 1992).
BIOREMEDIATION: A bacterium, Mycobacterium sp. strain BB1, isolated from a coal gasification site was able to use phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene as its sole carbon and energy source. The exponential growth rate for pyrene was 0.056/h (Boldrin et al, 1993).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Pyrene's release to the environment is ubiquitous since it is a common product of incomplete combustion. It is largely associated with particulate matter, soils, and sediments. Although environmental concentrations are highest near sources, its presence in places distant from primary sources indicates that it is reasonably stable in the atmosphere and capable of long distance transport. (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Pyrene strongly absorbs solar radiation and can undergo photodecomposition in the atmosphere (Verschueren, 2001).
When released to air, pyrene may be subject to direct photolysis, although adsorption to particulates apparently can retard this process. In the vapor phase, pyrene will be subject to reaction with various atmospheric pollutants. The estimated half-life for reaction with nitrate radicals is 30 d. The estimated half-life for reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is 8 h (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Experimental results in simulated seawater showed 19% of the pyrene (100 mcg/L) absorbed to smectite clay particles (50 mg/L) at 20 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001).
- The measured surface half-life for direct photolysis in water of 0.68 to 0.85 h suggests that photodegradation may be a significant removal process in the water column. If released to water, pyrene will be expected to adsorb strongly to sediments and particulate matter. It will not hydrolyze but may undergo slight to moderate bioconcentration(HSDB, 2004).
- Evaporation may be significant in certain waters with estimated half-lives ranging from 5 to 37 days for evaporation of pyrene from a river 1 m deep, flowing at 1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s. The reported half-life for evaporation from a model pond is 34 years, suggesting that evaporation from such bodies of water may not be significant. It is expected that adsorption to sediments and particulates will limit evaporation (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- If pyrene is released to soil, it will be expected to adsorb strongly to the soil and will not be expected to leach to groundwater. It will not hydrolyze, and evaporation from soils and surfaces is likely to be negligible (HSDB, 2004).
- Partition coefficients for pyrene and dissolved organic matter were measured and used to predict pyrene transport in soils. Colloidal organic matter suspended in the soil may greatly influence transport of nonionic organic contaminants (Herbert et al, 1993).
- Degradation Products in Soil (Verschueren, 2001):

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Pyrene can exist in both vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor phase pyrene may undergo direct photolysis and photochemical degradation, while particulate phase pyrene may undergo wet and dry deposition. Evaporation from surface water may be significant. Pyrene strongly adsorbs to organic matter and particulates in sediment and soil, thereby retarding its evaporation or movement through soil to groundwater. Pyrene can biodegrade in both soil and water and it can also bioconcentrate (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

Pyrene biodegradation in water will be slow with estimated half-life range from weeks to years(HSDB, 2004).

Pyrene concentrations in seawater declined by 85% (from 0.36 to 0.055 mg/L after 12 days) in presence of oil-oxidizing microorganisms, 3,4-benzpyrene (0.19 mg/L) and fluorene (3.5 mg/L) (Verschueren, 2001).

The biodegradation half-life for pyrene (700 mg/kg) was 2 months in an experiment with sandy loam soil conditions and no light at 20 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001).

Laboratory tests show microorganisms isolated from soils and natural waters can metabolize pyrene (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Goldfish: 2.66 (log BCF) (Verschueren, 2001)
Polychaete worms (polychaete dry-wt/sediment dry-wt) (Verschueren, 2001):
- Prionospio cirrifera: 5.2 (BCF)
- Spiochaetpoterus costarum: 5.2 (BCF)
- Capitella capitata: 13.3 (BCF)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ECOTOXICITY STUDIES

Genotoxicity test results using an Ames fluctuation assay (Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100) revealed a good qualitative correlation between mutagenic PAH levels in sewage sludge and gene mutation induction (Perez et al, 2003).

Individual PAH concentrations (mcg/kg) in the two sludge extracts tested (#1, #2, respectively) in this study were:

pyrene -- 19, 234
naphthalene -- 814, 89
total PAH -- 1305, 1501
total mutagenic PAH -- 112, 314

Experimental results using amphipods (Gammarus spp.) revealed a positive correlation between ultraviolet dose (UV-A; 320-400 nm) and mortality rate. Sample locations included two PAH-contaminated river/harbor sites near the former U.S. Steel plant at Duluth MN (Diamond et al, 2003).

Average PAH tissue concentrations in amphipods in each of two tests from the two contaminated sites (#1, #2) and one control site (#3), respectively, were:

pyrene (mcg/g wet-wt):

site #1 - 205.0, 105; site #2 - 367, 132; site #3 - 123.3, non-detect

mean sum PAHs (mcg/g wet-wt):

site #1 - 348, 255; site #2 - 636, 349; site #3 - 164, non-detect

ECOTOXICITY VALUES

Aquatic Organisms

TLm, Mosquito fish, 0.0026 mg/L for 96 h at 24 to 27 degrees C in a static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

202.24

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pyrene is a colorless solid, but solutions of this material may have a slight bluish color and fluorescence (HSDB, 2005; Lewis, 1992; EPA, 1985).

Pure pyrene is colorless. The usual contaminant which gives it a yellow color is tetracene. Solid and solutions have a slight blue fluorescence (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996).

Pyrene is monoclinic prismatic tablets from alcohol or by sublimation (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

8.92 x 10(-5) mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

6.85 x 10(-7) mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

SOLID: 1.271 g/cm(3) (at 23 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

151.2 degrees C (HSDB, 2005)
156 degrees C (Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

404 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Pyrene is insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996).
0.135 mg/L (plus or minus 0.005 mg/L) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Pyrene is fairly soluble in organic solvents (Budavari, 1996).
It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon disulfide, ether, petroleum ether, and toluene (HSDB, 2005).

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents