P-XYLENE

p-Xylene is used in the manufacture of terephthalic acid for polyester resins, films and fibers (ie, "Dacron," "Mylar," "Terylene"), in vitamin and pharmaceutical syntheses, and in insecticides (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
p-Xylene is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate, 1,4-bis(chloromethylbenzene), poly-p-xylene, 4-(tri-fluoromethyl)benzaldehyde, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol and 2,5-xylidine. It is also used in the manufacture of paints and in the printing trade (HSDB , 2001).
As a component of commercial xylene, p-xylene is used in paints, inks, dyes, lacquers, adhesive coatings, cleaning agents, cosmetics, pesticides and gasoline. In the medical industry, xylene is widely used as a solvent and in preparation of tissue specimens for histological purposes (Baselt, 2000; Baxter et al, 2000; Harbison, 1998).

FORMS

It is usually found as a component of commercial xylene, a colorless liquid comprised of the o-, m- and p-xylene isomers. Mixed xylene is generally made up of approximately 5% of the p-Xylene isomer (Baselt, 2000).
p-Xylene itself is also a colorless liquid with a sweet, aromatic odor. It forms colorless plates or prisms at low temperatures (Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000). p-Xylene will crystallize below 56 degrees F (Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2001).

SOURCES

p-Xylene is produced by selective crystallization or solvent extraction of the o- and m-xylene components of mixed xylenes (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997).
The xylene isomers are found in coal napthas and many petroleum products. They have also been identified as among the volatile components of tobacco smoke (Bingham et al, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

p-Xylene is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Exposure may cause conjunctivitis, dermatitis, respiratory tract irritation, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, loss of coordination, changes in reaction time, dizziness, headache, fatigue, irritability, CNS depression, coma, death from respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmias, and kidney and liver damage. If pulmonary aspiration of ingested p-xylene occurs, lipoid pneumonitis could develop.

Acute xylene overexposure has caused renal impairment, evidence of liver function disturbances, temporary confusion, transient memory loss, pulmonary congestion and edema, focal alveolar hemorrhage, and seizures.

Chronic exposure to xylenes may cause defatting dermatitis, reversible eye damage, dyspnea, confusion, dizziness, apprehension, memory loss, headache, tremors, weakness, CNS excitation followed by CNS depression, paresthesia, loss of appetite, nausea, ringing in the ears, irritability, thirst, mild changes in liver function, renal impairment, and blood dyscrasias.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, blood, liver, and kidneys (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

INGESTION EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation, CNS depression, or seizures, DO NOT induce emesis.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Treatment should include recommendations listed in the INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.
A worker exposed for 18.5 hours to an estimated 10,000 ppm of mixed xylenes in a confined space died from pulmonary edema with centilobular liver congestion and petechial hemorrhages in the brain (Baxter et al, 2000) Hathaway eta l, 1996).
The level of xylene in the blood, its serum or plasma, that has been reported or is thought to cause death in humans is 3-40 mcg/ml (HSDB , 2001).
Ingestion of as little as 15 mL of commercial xylene may be fatal (Baselt, 2000).
All isomers of xylene are considered to be IDLH at concentrations above 900 ppm (Harbison, 1998).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
460 ppm of mixed xylenes was found to be irritating to the eyes in human volunteers (Bingham et al, 2001). This level of exposure also caused slight tearing and light-headedness (Hathaway et al, 1996).
CARCINOGENICITY RATINGS:

p-Xylene is in Group 3 (not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity); there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of xylenes ((IARC, 1999)).
p-Xylene is listed as A4, not classifiable as a human carcinogen (ACGIH, 2001).
Xylenes are not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (IRIS, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS106-42-3 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Xylene (o, m, and p isomers)

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Xylene (o, m, and p isomers)

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: p-Xylene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: HSDB, 2001 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LC50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.34 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001)
1 ppm = 4.41 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F, 760 mmHg) (NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS106-42-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Xylene (o, m, and p isomers)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 100 ppm
TLV-STEL: 150 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 106.16

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Xylene (o, m, and p isomers)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 100 ppm
TLV-STEL: 150 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT and eye irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 106.16

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS106-42-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS106-42-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: p-Xylene
REL:

TWA: 100 ppm (435 mg/m(3))
STEL: 150 ppm (655 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

IDLH:

IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: p-Xylene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS106-42-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: p-Xylene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS106-42-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS106-42-3 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,4-dimethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1307 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Xylenes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1307
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Xylenes

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1307
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: B1, IB3, T2, TP1

B1: If the material has a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.241 of this subchapter are applicable. If the material has a flash point of less than 38 °C (100 °F), then the bulk packaging requirements of sxn. 173.242 of this subchapter are applicable.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
T2: Minimum test pressure (bar): 1.5; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 203
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 60 L
Cargo aircraft only: 220 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1307 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Xylenes
UN Number: 1307

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS106-42-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Xylene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

p-Xylene is mildly toxic by inhalation and ingestion and may be narcotic in high concentrations. Xylenes are flammable liquids; sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where xylenes are used, handled, or stored (Lewis, 2000).
Xylenes are flammable liquids; sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where xylenes are used, handled, or stored (Sittig, 1991).
Avoid bodily contact with xylenes (AAR, 2000).

HANDLING

Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective clothing (AAR, 2000).

Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of xylenes (Sittig, 1991).

As a result of flow and agitation, electrostatic charges can be generated, causing increased explosion hazard (ILO, 1998; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Xylenes are shipped in bottles packed in insulating material, metal cans, pails, drums, tanks on trucks, rail cars, and barges (NFPA, 1997). Protect containers from physical damage (ITI, 1995).
- p-Xylene attacks rubber, coatings, and many plastics (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location away from strong oxidizers; outdoor or detached storage is preferable. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Storage temperatures should be ambient, and storage areas should have open (flame arrester) or pressure-vacuum venting (HSDB , 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

p-Xylene reacts with strong acids and reacts violently with strong oxidizers. Store separately from acetic acid, nitric acid, and chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and face protection to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Wash promptly with copious amounts of water or soap and water when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove wet or contaminated clothing immediately to avoid flammability hazard (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).

Wear chemical goggles, chemical cartridge respirator and protective gloves when working with p-xylene (ITI, 1995).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of having the chemical come into contact with the eyes (NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Contact lenses should not be worn when working around xylenes (NIOSH , 2001).

Goggles or face protection should be worn (CHRIS , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Avoid breathing vapors; keep upwind (AAR, 2000).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 106-42-3.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Chem Tech II splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Nitrile

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Super nitrile splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Cool air splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

8000 Series splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Acid Suit splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem King splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem Tech I splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Flame Tech splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Job King splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Warm Ã"N Dry splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Vultex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 27
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 15100
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 75
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <1000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >960
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
p-Xylene is a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. The liquid floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
If p-xylene is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep p-xylene out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).
Flashback along vapor trail may occur (CHRIS , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS106-42-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Xylene
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

p-Xylene may accumulate static electrical charges which may cause ignition of its vapors (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997). Agitation or flow may generate electrostatic charges resulting in increased explosion hazard (ILO, 1998).
p-Xylene has a flash point of 77 degrees F (NFPA, 1997).
Due to p-xylene's low flash point, clothing that becomes wet with the chemical should be removed immediately due to its flammability hazard (NIOSH , 2001).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS106-42-3 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: p-Xylene
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

If p-xylene is on fire, do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of p-xylene can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog; solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000).

Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide to extinguish fires (CHRIS , 2001; AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000).

Water may be ineffective as an extinguishing method (flash point is less than 37.8 degrees C). Water can be used to cool and protect exposed p-xylene, but it may not be capable of extinguishing a fire unless used under favorable conditions by experienced firefighters who are trained in fighting all types of flammable liquids fires (NFPA, 1997).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

p-Xylene emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996) NFPA, 1994).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

p-Xylene vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame (Lewis, 2000).

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

p-Xylene may form explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

p-Xylene vapor is explosive when exposed to heat or flame. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

p-Xylene is mildly toxic by inhalation (Lewis, 2000). Exposure to vapor can cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Vapors may be narcotic at high concentrations (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

p-Xylene reacts with strong acids such as acetic acid and nitric acid. It reacts violently with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

It easily forms an explosive mixture with air due to its flash point of 27.2 degrees C (81 degrees F) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It attacks many plastics, rubber and coatings (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

p-Xylene vapor is reactive at high temperatures (OHM/TADS , 2001).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS106-42-3 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS106-42-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Xylene, p-
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 100
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 150
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 200
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 900
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS106-42-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS106-42-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed
IDLH: 900 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Remove everyone from the spill area and eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak without undue personnel hazard. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors; control runoff. Personnel wearing appropriate protective clothing and equipment should spread absorbent material on the spill area, then sweep the absorbent into a fiber carton container (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
To contain p-xylene spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane or foamed concrete; apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard (AAR, 2000).
To contain p-xylene spilled on water, use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. If approved by EPA, use surface active agents such as detergents, soaps, or alcohols. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved to 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped p-xylene with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 2000).
To contain p-xylene in air, apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors (AAR, 2000).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Oil skimming equipment and sorbant foams (polyurethane) can be applied to slicks of p-xylene. Carbon may be used on undissolved portions (OHM/TADS , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

The Belliot process of oxidative destruction, as well as liquid injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed incineration is suggested for disposal of p-xylene (HSDB, 2004).
p-Xylene may also be sent to a solvent disposal company, but prior to implementing any land disposal of waste residue, the appropriate regulatory agencies should be consulted (HSDB, 2004).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

At low substrate concentrations, consumption kinetics of mixtures of hydrocarbons confirmed that xylenes are strongly preferred over toluene by Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (Duetz et al, 1998).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration (in a properly permitted incinerator) is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991).
p-Xylene is a good candidate for liquid injection incineration (at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 degrees C, with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds), rotary kiln incineration (at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 degrees C, with a residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids), and fluidized bed incineration (at a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C, with a residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids) (HSDB, 2004).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

INTRODUCTION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT

p-Xylene enters the atmosphere primarily from fuel emissions and exhausts due to its presence in gasoline. It is also released in wastewater and emissions from a number of industries. It has been detected in landfill leachate and gases and storm water runoff (HSDB, 2004).
Industrial sources include emissions from petroleum refining and manufacturing processes, and releases due to its use as a chemical intermediate and solvent. p-Xylene may be released into water and soils by fuel spills and during the transport and storage of petroleum products (HSDB, 2004).

NATURAL SOURCES

p-Xylene occurs naturally as a constituent of petroleum and in plant volatiles. It is also released into the environment through combustion of wood and petroleum products (HSDB, 2004).
p-Xylene is a naturally-occurring organic chemical that may be found in soil at concentrations of 1 to 5 mg/kg (Dragun, 1988).

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Workers may be exposed to p-xylene during its manufacture or use, particularly as a chemical intermediate, solvent, and in the production of herbicides, or from gasoline usage. Exposure occurs most commonly through inhalation and dermal contact (HSDB, 2004).

GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE

The primary source of exposure to p-xylene is from the ambient air, especially in areas of high vehicular traffic. People may also be exposed to p-xylene through ingestion of contaminated foods and drinking water; it has been detected in food stuffs and in both municipal and natural drinking water sources at many points around the world. Numerous household products also contain p-xylene (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

In the atmosphere, p-xylene is expected to exist solely in vapor form where it degrades through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. It may also be scavenged by rain. The half-life of p-xylene in the atmosphere has been measured at 1.7 hours in the summer and 18 hours in the winter (typical loss of 67% per day) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- The rate constant for the reaction of p-xylene with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere has been measured at 14.3 x 10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. This corresponds to a half-life of 27 hours at an atmospheric radical concentration of 5 x 10(5) radicals/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004).
Nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals are also expected to occur. A rate constant for this reaction is 1.4 x 10(-16 cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C has been measured. This corresponds to a reaction half-life of 115 days at a radical concentration of 5 x 10(8) radicals/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004).
Of less environmental importance, the estimated half-life of the reaction of p-xylene with ozone is 78 years. The rate constant for this reaction has been measured at 4 x 10(-22) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 24 degrees C (HSDB, 2004).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization appears to be the dominant removal system of p-xylene from surface waters with a half-life ranging from 1 to 5.5 days. There may be some adsorption to suspended solids and sediment (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- The scientific judgement of the photooxidation half-life of p-xylene in water ranges from 2.8 x 10(6) hours (314 years) to 1.4 x 10(8) hours (15,699 years) based on estimated rate data for alkylperoxyl radicals in aqueous solution (Howard et al, 1991).
- Hydrolysis should not occur, due to p-xylene's lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB, 2004).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization is p-xylene's primary mode of dissipation from both moist and dry soil surfaces. It is moderately mobile in soils and may also leach from soil into groundwater (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

When released to the atmosphere, p-xylene will exist entirely as a vapor, where it is degraded through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals, and ozone. p-Xylene volatilizes rapidly from soil and water surfaces. It is moderately mobile in soils and may leach from soils into groundwater. In water, it may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation is an important fate process for p-xylene in both soil and water. It readily biodegrades in aerobic conditions, but requires denitrifying conditions for anaerobic degradation (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

It degrades in soil under aerobic or anaerobic, denitrifying conditions. The extent and rate of degradation depends on the p-xylene concentration, its residence time in soil, the nature of the soil, and whether the resident microbial populations have been acclimated. Based on these factors, p-xylene may biodegrade fairly readily in subsurface soils, or it may persist for many years (Howard, 1990).
The scientific judgement of the half-life of p-xylene in soil ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
The scientific judgement of unacclimated, aqueous aerobic biodegradation ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on a soil column study simulating an aerobic river/groundwater infiltration system (high half-life) and aqueous screening test data (Howard et al, 1991).
Various reported estimates of the half-life of p-xylene in naturally-occurring soil-groundwater systems based on field observations were 17, 37, and 150 days (or 100% in less than 300 days) (Dragun, 1988).
The scientific judgement of the half-life of p-xylene in surface water ranges from 168 hours (1 week) to 672 hours (4 weeks) based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
The scientific judgement of the half-life of p-xylene in ground water ranges from 336 hours (2 weeks) to 8640 hours (1 year) based on estimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

In a batch test using groundwater and natural microbial flora as the inoculum, 100% of p-xylene was biodegraded in 7 days (Dragun, 1988).

Incubation with natural flora in the groundwater and in the presence of the other components of high-octane gasoline (100 mcL/L) biodegraded 100% of p-xylene (initial concentration 1.03 mcL/L) after 192 hours (8 days) at 13 degrees C (Verschueren, 2001).

Microbial degradation of p-xylene produced 4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 4-methylbenzaldehyde, p-toluic acid, and 4-methyl catechol (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990).

BIOACCUMULATION

HUMANS

The elimination pattern of xylenes indicates that they may accumulate in the bodies of exposed workers toward the end of the work week (ACGIH, 1991).
Xylenes are deposited in adipose tissue. The elimination rate is slow and depends upon fat content and its perfusion (ACGIH, 1991).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Little bioconcentration of p-xylene is expected based on its log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) of 3.15. The estimated log bioconcentration factor (log BCF) for fish is 2.2. The log BCF for eels is 1.37 (Howard, 1990).
An experimental BCF of 15 has been determined for fish (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

ALGAE

EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 3.2 mg/L for 3D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEAN

IC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 3.6 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - SHRIMP (Crangon franciscorum): 2.0 mg/L (ppm) for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 10-100 ppm for 24H -- temperature controlled assay (OHM/TADS, 2004)

FISH

EC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 2.6 mg/L for 4D -- growth inhibition (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - BASS (Morone saxatilis): 2.0 mg/L (ppm) for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDFISH: 18 mg/L for 24H -- modified ASTM D 1345 method (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 8.8 mg/L for 4D (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 35 mg/L (ppm) for 7D -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LETHAL - SUNFISH: 22-65 ppm for 1H; conditions of bioassay not specified (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - BLUEGILL: 22 ppm for 96H -- fresh water; conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - FATHEAD MINNOW: 21 ppm for 96H; temperature controlled assay (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - GOLDFISH: 24 ppm for 96H; temperature controlled assay (OHM/TADS, 2004)
TLm - GUPPY: 39 ppm for 96H; temperature controlled assay (OHM/TADS, 2004)

PROTOZOA

LC100 - CILIATE (Tetrahymena pyriformis): 3.77 mmol/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC100 - CILIATE (Tetrahymena pyriformis): 400 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

106.17

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

p-Xylene is a flammable, colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It crystallizes to form colorless plates or prisms at low temperature; pure p-xylene is a solid below 12.78 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

6.5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

8.7 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

8.9 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

8.84 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

9 mmHg (at 68 degrees F) (Harison, 1998)

9 mmHg (NL-TP) (NIOSH , 2001)

1.19 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1995)

10 mmHg (at 27.3 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001; Lewis, 2000)

12 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 1983)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.86104 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)
0.8611 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
0.8811 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.86100 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.85665 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.85655 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.86 (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)
0.861 (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; ITI, 1995)
0.9 mmHg (NFPA, 1997)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
4.34 g/L (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.8611 g/mL (at 20.4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
0.8611 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997; Lide, 1995)
0.86 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.861 g/mL (ILO, 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

13 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)
13.2 degrees C (at 0.1 MPa) (Lide, 1995)
46 degrees C (at 100 MPa) (Lide, 1995)
55.9 degrees F (13.3 degrees C; 286.5 K) (CHRIS , 2001)
56 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

13 degrees C; 55 degrees F (ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Verschueren, 1983)
13.2 degrees C (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997)
13.26 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)
13.3 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)
13.34 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)
13-14 degrees C (Budavari, 2000) Howard, 2000; (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000)
286.3 degrees K (Lide, 1995)

BOILING POINT

137 degrees F; 279 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)

137-138 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1990; ITI, 1995)

138 degrees C; 281 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

138.3 degrees C (280.9 degrees F; 411.5 K) (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; ILO, 1998; Lewis, 2000)

138.35 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001)

138.4 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001; Verschueren, 1983)

138.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

138-139 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

411.52 K (at 101.325 kPa) (Lide, 1995)

FLASH POINT

25 degrees C; 77 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000) NFPA, 1994)

27 degrees C (closed cup) (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991)

27.2 degrees C; 81 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

528 degrees C; 984 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001; ILO, 1998; NFPA, 1997)

528.89 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001) 529 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

986 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

1.1% (CHRIS , 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

7.0% (CHRIS , 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

p-Xylene is insoluble in water (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; ILO, 1998; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000) NFPA, 1994; (OHM/TADS , 2001).
200 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
0.02% (Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2001)
198 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990; Verschueren, 1983)
0.00202 M (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
180 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
185 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
198 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
156.0 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
163.3 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
110.9 ppm in artificial seawater (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)
164 ppm (at 0 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and organic solvents (ITI, 1995).
It is miscible with ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and other organic solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.15 (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2001; Lide, 1995; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

log Kow = 3.18 (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

0.00768 atm/m(3)/mol (Howard, 1990)

0.0071 atm/m(3)/mol (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

0.0063 atm/m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

0.0069 atm/m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

3575 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)(HSDB , 2001)

609 (Sastler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

326 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

SURFACE TENSION

28.3 dynes/cm = 0.0283 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

35.7 atm (HSDB , 2001)
509.4 atm (34.54 psia; 3.510 MN/m(2)) (CHRIS , 2001)
3.511 MPa (Lide, 1995)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

2.27 (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.44 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

37.8 dynes/cm = 0.0378 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)

TASTE THRESHOLD

(in air) 0.47 ppm (HSDB , 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents