PSEUDOCUMENE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

4913161

DESIGNATIONS

STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:51129

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C9-H12 C6H5(CH3)3

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

128-FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR / WATER-IMMISCIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; EPA, 1985; HSDB , 2001; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Pseudocumene is used as a chemical intermediate, in the manufacture of perfumes, co-monomer for pseudocumene-formaldehyde resins, and in dyes, motor fuels, paint thinners, and solvents (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Chassevant & Garnier, 1903) ILO, 1998; (Plunkett, 1976).
It is also used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, trimellitic anhydride, and pseudocumidine (Lewis, 1997). Pseudocumene may be used to sterilize catgut by heating for one hour at 160 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).
Although pseudocumene has been suggested as a pesticide for bedbugs and wireworms (Cameron et al, 1938), it is not currently registered as a pesticide in the United States (EPA, 1985).

FORMS

Pseudocumene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive, aromatic odor (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001; NIOSH , 2001).
Pseudocumene is available in 95 percent, 99 percent, and research grade (HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

Pseudocumene occurs naturally in many petroleums and coal tar (Budavari, 2000).
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene is found in coal tar oil. Trimethylbenzenes also occur in some mineral oils, where they are formed during the processing of crude oil (HSDB , 2001).
It can be produced via fractionation (coproduced with mesitylene/durene) (Ashford, 1994).

It is a component of the C9 fraction of the refinery reformate streams (Lewis, 1997).
It typically constitutes about 40% of the C9 fraction (EPA, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pseudocumene is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It can cause CNS depression and thrombocytopenia. Asthmatic bronchitis may be provoked by pseudocumene exposure. Chemical pneumonitis or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema may develop. Headache, fatigue, nausea, and anxiety may be noted.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Pseudocumene inhalation can cause respiratory tract irritation (Budavari, 2000). Dermal and eye irritation may also occur (HSDB , 2001; Plunkett, 1976). Irritation of the conjunctiva, nose, and throat may be noted (Plunkett, 1976; Gage, 1970). Chemical pneumonitis or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema may develop (EPA, 1985). CNS depression may occur with exposure to high concentrations (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Hathaway et al, 1996). No discomfort was reported in human volunteers exposed to airborne concentrations up to 25 ppm for two hours (Jarnberg et al, 1996).

Nausea and vomiting have been reported following exposure (EPA, 1985; Plunkett, 1976). Although esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation have not been reported, these effects may be predicted to occur following ingestion based on the other irritant properties of this agent.

Pseudocumene has been mentioned as having nonspecific effects on the blood count in older literature (Goldwater, 1947). Thrombocytopenia may be noted following exposure to pseudocumene. Hypothermia has been noted in guinea pigs administered pseudocumene by the intraperitoneal route (Chassevant & Garnier, 1903). This effect has not been reported in exposed humans. Loss of the righting response and reflexes has been noted in acutely exposed experimental animals (Bingham et al, 2001).

Male rats exposed to airborne levels of pseudocumene at concentrations of 250 to 2,000 ppm for four hours developed diminished rotarod performance behavior and decreased pain-sensitivity in a concentration-dependent manner (Korsak & Rydzynski, 1996). A depressed rate of respiration was also observed (Korsak et al, 1995).

Acute oral toxicity has been observed in rats following ingestion of 98 percent pseudocumene at levels as low as 3.51 g/kg. Lethargy and ptosis were seen in all animals exposed. Rats administered doses greater than 5.0 g/kg also demonstrated ataxia and piloerection (HSDB , 2001).

The kinetics of pseudocumene uptake appeared to be linear with exposure to airborne concentrations up to 25 ppm in human volunteers (Jarnberg et al, 1996).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

One case of sclerodermatous skin changes and systemic sclerosis was associated with fifteen-year occupational dermal exposure to a variety of solvents including pseudocumene (Brasington & Thorpe-Swenson, 1991).

Workers exposed for several years to a solvent mixture containing 50 percent pseudocumene and 30 percent mesitylene were found to have impaired respiratory and nervous systems. Among the complaints of the workers were nervousness, tension, anxiety, headache, drowsiness, asthmatic bronchitis (ACGIH, 1991; Battig et al, 1956; Hathaway et al, 1996). Hypochromic anemia and coagulation abnormalities were also present. The hematologic effects may have been due to a contaminant in the remaining 20 percent, probably benzene (Hathaway et al, 1996; Gerarde, 1960).

Chronic pseudocumene exposure may provoke bronchospasm with cough and wheezing (ACGIH, 1991; Battig et al, 1956; Plunkett, 1976). Prolonged contact with liquid pseudocumene can cause dermal irritation (EPA, 1984).

CNS disturbances were seen in rats up to 54 days after a 4-week exposure to pseudocumene at airborne levels of 100 ppm or 250 ppm (Gralewicz et al, 1997). In rats, inhalation of 2000 ppm over the course of 12 exposures of 16 hours each caused nose and eye irritation, respiratory difficulty, lethargy, tremors, and reduced weight gain (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Rats exposed to airborne pseudocumene at concentrations of 492 mg/m(3) or 1230 mg/m(3) for six hours a day, five days a week, for three months showed an overall degree of systemic toxicity, pulmonary lesions, and disturbances in the blood (at the higher concentration) (Korsak et al, 2000).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

GENERAL

Measures to decrease absorption may be beneficial, but induced emesis should be avoided because of potential gastrointestinal tract or esophageal irritation and central nervous system depression.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Emesis should be avoided.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
Monitor temperature carefully and institute warming measures if hypothermia develops.
Monitor platelet count. If severe thrombocytopenia occurs, platelet transfusion could be needed.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - Wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, and blood (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, DO NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

1.788 g/kg was fatal to guinea pigs when administered intraperitoneally (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rats administered 1.5 to 2 mL intraperitoneally died within 24 to 48 hours (Cameron et al, 1938).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The maximum tolerated human exposure to this agent has not been delineated.
Men exposed for two hours to 25 ppm of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene vapor reported no discomfort, irritation, or CNS symptoms (Bingham et al, 2001; Jarnberg et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Rats administered 2 mL (12 mL/kg) subcutaneously did not have fatal outcomes (Cameron et al, 1938).
Exposure to air concentrations of 0.19 percent (volume to volume) produced no ill effects in rats with either 48 hours of continuous exposure or 14 exposures of 8 hours duration each (Cameron et al, 1938). No pathological changes were noted in the organs of these rats at necropsy (Cameron et al, 1938).
Rats exposed to 1700 ppm for 10 to 21 days showed no adverse effects; continued exposure for 4 months produced diminished weight gain, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and CNS depression (ACGIH, 1991).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS95-63-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 EPA, 1985 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.92 mg/m(3) (at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS95-63-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS95-63-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS95-63-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
REL:

TWA: 25 ppm (125 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS95-63-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS95-63-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS95-63-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS95-63-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 1

(1) Slightly toxic material. May cause irritation, but only minor residual injury even without treatment. Recognized innocuous materials when used with responsible care.

Flammability Rating (Red): 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

When working with pseudocumene, wear appropriate protective clothing and eye protection to prevent skin and eye contact (NIOSH , 2001). Use an approved respirator to prevent airborne exposure where the potential for exposure over 25 ppm exists (Sittig, 1991).
Skin that comes into contact with pseudocumene should be washed immediately (NIOSH , 2001).
For normal handling operations, insure adequate ventilation and wear a chemical cartridge respirator, chemical goggles, and rubber gloves (Plunkett, 1976).
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with pseudocumene (NIOSH , 2001).
If proper precautions are not taken when solvents or thinners containing this agent are used, flammable concentrations may be present (EPA, 1985).
Store pseudocumene away from oxidizers since contact can cause violent reactions (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Broken packages containing pseudocumene should not be handled unless wearing appropriate chemical protective clothing and equipment (AAR, 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Storage tanks containing pseudocumene should be mounded to contain leaking liquids. Similar measures should be taken to prevent escape of the chemical from process vessels (HSDB , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Trimethylbenzenes should be stored in tightly sealed containers, in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Containers should be protected from physical damage and keep away from sources of ignition (OSHA , 1999)

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Pseudocumene is incompatible with nitric oxide (NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Explosions and fire may occur if pseudocumene comes into contact with oxidizers (e.g. perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) or strong oxidizers (e.g. chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) (NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots, and heavy rubber gloves when working with pseudocumene (CHRIS , 2001).

Work clothing that becomes contaminated should be removed and replaced (NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

When working with liquid pseudocumene, wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving pseudocumene (AAR, 2000).

Respirators with an organic cartridge/canister should be used for exposure to pseudocumene at concentrations over 25 ppm. Powered-air purifying respirators provide greater protection than half-mask and full facepiece respirators. When there is potential for exposure to higher concentrations, an NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous flow mode should be used (Sittig, 1991).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 95-63-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 24
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 21
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 12
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 108
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 83
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 12
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 83
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 36
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 89
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 89
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 130
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 84
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 150
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 84
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 34
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 54
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 43
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
- Substance may be transported hot.
- If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.
Pseudocumene is a flammable liquid when exposed to heat, sparks, and flame (Lewis, 2000).
Pseudocumene is combustible (CHRIS , 2001).
Containers of pseudocumene may accumulate static electrical charges which could cause ignition of the chemical vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
When used in solvents and paint thinners, pseudocumene may be present in sufficient concentrations for its vapors to pose a fire risk (HSDB , 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS95-63-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Flammability Rating: 2

(2) Combustible. Materials that must be moderately heated before ignition can occur. Including liquids having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and solids that readily give off flammable vapors.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.
CAUTION: For mixtures containing a high percentage of an alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS95-63-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Extinguishing Method(s): Not Listed

Water may be ineffective in extinguishing fires involving pseudocumene. Use dry chemicals, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide to extinguish fires (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Cool exposed containers of pseudocumene with flooding quantities of water (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001).

Build dikes to contain run off of water used to fight fire (AAR, 2000). Protect water intakes and sewers from contamination (CHRIS , 2001).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When pseudocumene is heated to decomposition, it will emit acrid smoke and irritating fumes (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

If proper precautions are not taken when solvents or thinners containing pseudocumene are used, flammable concentrations may be present (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Pseudocumene vapors are mildly toxic by inhalation (Lewis, 2000). Avoid breathing vapors, as they are irritating to eyes, throat and nose (AAR, 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Pseudocumene oxidizes to produce trimellitic anhydride (Budavari, 2000).

Violent reactions, explosions and fire may result when pseudocumene comes into contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) (Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Restrict access to area of spill, leak or fire for people not wearing proper protective equipment (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS95-63-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS95-63-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4- (Pseudocumene)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 25
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 140
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 360
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS95-63-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 180 ppm
mg/m3: 890 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 180 ppm
mg/m3: 890 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 140 ppm
mg/m3: 690 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 90 ppm
mg/m3: 440 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 45 ppm
mg/m3: 220 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 460 ppm
mg/m3: 2300 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 460 ppm
mg/m3: 2300 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 360 ppm
mg/m3: 1800 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 230 ppm
mg/m3: 1100 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 150 ppm
mg/m3: 740 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

30 min exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

1 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

4 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

8 hr exposure:

ppm: Not recommended because of insufficient data
mg/m3:

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS95-63-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Ventilate area in which the spill or leak occurred. Absorb spilled liquid pseudocumene using vermiculite, dry sand or earth and place in sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 128 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

At the time of review, policies regarding disposal of pseudocumene in sanitary landfill or land treatment facilities were under revision. Local environmental protection agencies should be consulted for advice on current disposal guidelines prior to disposal of pseudocumene (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Due to its use in industry, pseudocumene is released into the environment through various waste streams (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Pseudocumene will exist solely in the vapor phase when released into the ambient air, based on its measured vapor pressure of 2.1 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Pseudocumene will rapidly volatilize from water surfaces (HSDB , 2001), as predicted by its Henry's law constant of 5.18 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (EPA, 1994).
- Predicted half-lives of pseudocumene for a model river and a model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively (HSDB , 2001).
- In surface water, it is estimated to have a half-life between 168 hours and 672 hours; in ground water, it is estimated to have a half-life between 336 hours and 1344 hours (Howard et al, 1991).
- Pseudocumene is thought to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water, based upon its Koc value of 720 (HSDB , 2001).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization is thought to be the major route of removal of pseudocumene from soil (EPA, 1994; HSDB , 2001).
- The half-life of pseudocumene in soil is estimated to range between 168 hours and 672 hours (Howard et al, 1991).
- An estimated Koc value of 720 indicates that pseudocumene will have a low mobility in soil (HSDB , 2001).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Degradation of pseudocumene in the atmosphere occurs primarily through its reaction with hydroxyl radicals (EPA, 1994).

It has a half-life in ambient air ranging between 1.6 hours and 16 hours (Howard et al, 1991). The presence of hydroxyl radicals in the air increases the rate at which pseudocumene degrades (EPA, 1994).

Pseudocumene also reacts with nitrate radicals in the atmosphere (HSDB , 2001).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pseudocumene with nitrate radicals has been measured as 5.4 x 10(-16) to 2.70 x 10(-15) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).
At an atmospheric concentration of 5 x 10(8) nitrate radicals per cubic centimeter, pseudocumene has an estimated atmospheric half-life of 6 to 30 days (HSDB , 2001).

Reaction with ozone in the atmosphere also occurs, but at a relatively slow rate constant of 0.13 x 10(-20) cm(3)/molecule-sec (at 24 degrees C) (EPA, 1994; HSDB , 2001).

Following exposure to sunlight for 21 days, pseudocumene is 80 percent photodegraded in pond water and 100 percent photodegraded in artificial sea water (HSDB , 2001).

The photooxidation half-life of pseudocumene in water is estimated between 44 days and 4.9 years, based upon measured aqueous photooxidation rate constant with hydroxyl radicals; in air, the photooxidation half-life is estimated to range from 1.6 hours to 16 hours (Howard et al, 1991).

When exposed to sunlight, pseudocumene rapidly photodegraded in a mixture of jet fuel and water (1:1000) (HSDB , 2001).

BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation is thought to be an important fate process for pseudocumene in water. However, in high concentrations, it may be toxic to indigenous microbial populations (HSDB , 2001).

Aerobic organisms completely biodegraded pseudocumene at concentrations of 1.2 mg/L within eight days (HSDB , 2001). In denitrifying conditions in an aquifer microcosm, pseudocumene was 98 percent biodegraded after 13 days (HSDB , 2001).

The rate of biodegradation of pseudocumene in sea water is described as fast. In artificial sea water, photolytic degradation of 55, 78 and 98 percent was reported after 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively (HSDB , 2001).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Bioconcentration factor values of 33-275 and 31-207 were measured in carp for pseudocumene concentrations of 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively (HSDB , 2001).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Bioconcentration factor values of 33-275 and 31-207 were measured in carp for pseudocumene concentrations of 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively. These findings suggest that the bioconcentration of pseudocumene in aquatic organisms ranges from moderate to high (HSDB , 2001).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Pseudocumene has moderate to acute toxicity in aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity values for various aquatic organisms range from 1 mg/L and 100 mg/L (EPA, 1994).

Due to pseudocumene's high volatility, toxic concentrations sufficient to threaten terrestrial organisms would not be expected to accumulate in soil or surface water (EPA, 1994).

Note: Values are from EPA, 1994 unless otherwise noted.

LC50 - (WATER) DUNGENESS CRAB (Cancer magister, first instar): 5.1 mg/L for 96H
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephlaes promelas): 7.72 mg/L for 96H
EC50 - (WATER) WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 3.61 mg/L for 24H

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

120.19

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Pseudocumene is a colorless liquid (Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000). It possesses a distinct, aromatic odor (NIOSH , 2001).

No information available at the time of review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

2.03 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (EPA, 1994)

1 mmHg (at 56 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
liquid - 0.880 (Bingham et al, 2001)
liquid - 0.889 (CHRIS , 2001)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.876 (liquid at 20/4 degrees C) (EPA, 1985)
0.8761 (liquid at 20/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

liquid - 0.88 (NIOSH , 2001)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

Liquid: 0.865 g/mL (at 60 degrees F) (Cameron et al, 1938)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

Liquid: 0.894 g/mL (Chassevant & Garnier, 1903)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-42.2 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001a)
-43.91 degrees C (Lewis, 1997a)
-47.2 degrees F (-44 degrees C; 229.2 K) (CHRIS, 2001)
-61 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)
-77 degrees F (NIOSH, 2001)

MELTING POINT

-43.78 degrees C (Budavari, 2000)
-43.8 degrees C; -47 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001a; EPA, 1985; HSDB, 2001)
-44 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 2000a)

BOILING POINT

169-171 degrees C; 336-340 degrees F (Budavari, 2000; EPA, 1985)

168.89 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)

168.9 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

169.35 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001)

169 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

168-170 degrees C (Ashford, 1994)

334.4 degrees F (168 degrees C; 441.2 K) (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2001)

337 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)

FLASH POINT

111 degrees F (closed cup) (Cameron et al, 1938; CHRIS , 2001)

112 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997)

130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; EPA, 1985; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)

~130 degrees F (AAR, 2000)

44 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1991)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

500 degrees C; 932 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001; EPA, 1985)

959 degrees F (Lewis, 2000)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.88% (Bingham et al, 2001)
0.9% (CHRIS , 2001; EPA, 1985; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

6.4% (CHRIS , 2001; EPA, 1985; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Pseudocumene is insoluble in water (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000).
It is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 2000).
0.006% (NIOSH , 2001).
57 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Pseudocumene is soluble in benzene, alcohol, and ether (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
It is soluble in all proportions in acetone and petroleum ether (HSDB , 2001).
It is miscible with benzene, alcohol and ether (ACGIH, 1991).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

Log P = 3.78 (HSDB , 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

3.3 x 10(2) atm (at 25 degrees C) (Corbitt, 1990)

6.16 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated) (HSDB , 2001)

5.18 x 10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 2.03 mmHg) (EPA, 1994)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

8116 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

316 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

484 (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.4 ppm in air (EPA, 1994)

SURFACE TENSION

29.71 dyn/cm (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

3.2323 x 10(6) Pa (HSDB , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

376.13 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.27 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

3417 (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

<32.6 (SUS) (Bingham et al, 2001)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents