PROPYLENE OXIDE

Propylene oxide is used as an anticorrosion agent for cooling agents, fumigant, herbicide, preservative, solvent, soil sterilant, oil demulsifiers, disinfectant and sterilizer, microbiocide, synthetic elastomers, isopropanol amines, and as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of polyethers to form polyurethanes, urethane polyols, dipropylene glycols, propylene glycols, propylene glycol ethers, propoxylated surfactants and detergents, propylene carbonate, synthetic lubricants, hydroxypropylcelluloses and sugars, isopropanolamine, and specialty tapioca starches (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1997; Setzer et al, 1996; Verschueren, 2001).

More than 500,000 workers in the USA may be exposed to propylene oxide (Setzer et al, 1996). Propylene oxide is used as a chemical intermediate and to a lesser extent, in foods (Anon, 1994).
Its uses and effects are similar to ethylene oxide, but the effects are less severe and less toxic (Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1998).

FORMS

Propylene oxide is a colorless liquid with a sweet, alcoholic odor (Bingham et al, 2001).
The United States and western Europe have different formula specifications for propylene oxide. Formulations also vary between manufacturers (HSDB , 2001).
Propylene oxide is often mixed with carbon dioxide to reduce the flammability risk and to absorb the oxides produced by the fumigated materials (HSDB , 2001).

SOURCES

Propylene oxide is synthesized commercially from propylene through the intermediate propylene chlorohydrin. It can also be made by direct oxidation of propylene with air or oxygen. It is not known to occur as a natural product (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1989).
Propylene oxide can be produced by the following methods:

Ethylbenzene, propylene, and oxygen can be mixed by a Arco SM-PO process; and co-produced with styrene (Ashford, 1994).
T-butl hydroperoxide and propylene can be mixed by a Acro TBA-PO process; and co-produced with t-butanol (Ashford, 1994).
Through a process of hypochlorination and dehydrochlorination, propylene, chlorine, and calcium hydroxide can be mixed to form propylene oxide (Ashford, 1994).
Chlorohydration of propylene followed by saponification with lime (Lewis, 1997).
Peroxidation of propylene, but is not used very often (Harbison, 1998; Lewis, 1997).
Epoxidation of propylene by a hydroperoxide complex with molybdenum catalyst or organic hydroperoxide (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997).
Propylene treated with hypochlorous acid with a chlorohydrin intermediate in the presence of sodium or calcium hydroxide (Harbison, 1998).
It can be emitted into the atmosphere through exhaust from stationary sources that burn hydrocarbons and vehicles (Howard, 1989).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Propylene oxide may be irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Exposure to high vapor concentrations may cause CNS effects characterized by headache, ataxia, incoordination, motor weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Contact with the liquid can cause corneal burns, dermatitis, and burns and skin necrosis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The main route of occupational exposure to propylene oxide is by inhalation (Hathaway et al, 1991). Propylene oxide is a strong irritant and can be corrosive to the skin. DILUTE SOLUTIONS MAY CAUSE MORE SEVERE DAMAGE THAN THE PURE LIQUID (Lewis, 1992; Clayton & Clayton, 1993) NIOSH/OSHA). It is irritating to the eyes, and can cause CORNEAL BURNS (ACGIH, 1991). Corneal burns have occurred from exposure to the vapor (Hathaway et al, 1991). It is a mild CNS depressant (NIOSH/OSHA).

A man who was exposed to 1,400 to 1,500 ppm for 10 to 15 minutes had eye irritation, restlessness, headache, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and muscle cramps (Beljaev et al, 1971).

In experimental animal studies, inhalation of propylene oxide predisposed rats to secondary lung infection (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Propylene oxide has caused allergic contact dermatitis and eczema (Van Ketel, 1979) HSDB). No other effects of chronic exposure in humans have been reported (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).

Rats inhaling propylene oxide for 2 years had higher hemoglobin levels and myopathies (Lynch et al, 1984). Inhalation for 2 years caused axonal dystrophy in the brain in monkeys (Sprinz, 1982). In chronic inhalation studies (airborne concentrations of 150 or 525 ppm for 4 weeks), rats developed respiratory epithelial hyperplasia and degeneration which were reversible within 4 weeks after propylene oxide exposure ceased (Eldridge et al, 1995).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/ NOT RECOMMENDED

Emesis is not recommended due to the irritant nature of this agent.

DILUTION

DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, and respiratory system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation or CNS depression, do NOT induce emesis.
DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

400 ppm of propylene oxide is a lethal air concentration for rats (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Dogs and guinea pigs died after a 4 hour exposure of propylene oxide at concentrations of 2480 and 4000 ppm, respectively (ACGIH, 1991).
Rats died from an exposure of propylene oxide when gavaged as a 10% olive oil solution at 1.0 g/kg concentration (Bingham et al, 2001).
2 out of 10 rats died after an exposure of propylene oxide at 7200 ppm after 30 minutes. 5 out of 10 died after 1 hour (Bingham et al, 2001).
The most sensitive laboratory species to acute lethal effects in order from the least sensitive to the most sensitive are guinea pig, rat, mouse, and dog (Bingham et al, 2001).
There are reports of dogs dying after an exposure of propylene oxide at 2030 ppm for 4 hours (Hathaway et al, 1996).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Propylene oxide is moderately acutely toxic. Jacobson et al (1956) estimated that (based on single exposure data) propylene oxide is 0.5 to 0.3 times as toxic as ethylene oxide. Dilute solutions may cause irritation and necrosis of the skin following direct contact, and the vapors are irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract (Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
While no significant excess of mortality was found in workers occupationally exposed to propylene oxide, corneal burns have resulted from vapor exposure and contact dermatitis has resulted from direct liquid contact. A reduced capacity to repair DNA damage was associated with exposure for 1 to 20 years to 8-hour airborne TWA exposures of 0.6 to 12 ppm and STEL concentrations as high as 1000 ppm (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1993).
While individuals exposed to propylene oxide at a concentration of 1500 ppm for 30-170 described the odor as strong, the irritation effects were not intolerable (Bingham et al, 2001).
A case of a single human exposure to 1500 mg/L of propylene oxide for 10 minutes caused lung irritation, diarrhea, and headache. After 2 hours the patient became cyanotic and collapsed. After treatment, the pulse rate and blood pressure returned to normal and he recovered the following day (HSDB , 2001).
Human experimental data from the 1940's describe "eye irritation after about 2 weeks of steady operation" at exposures measuring between 350-900 ppm over two 30-minute exposure periods (Bingham et al, 2001).

ANIMAL DATA

Various experimental animal species were given 79 or more 7-hour exposures to 457 ppm. Only eye and respiratory irritation was noted in most species. A higher death rate was noted in rats who developed pneumonia. Exposure to 200 ppm daily produced no symptoms in this study (Rowe et al, 1956).
CD-1 female mice, infected by streptococcus aerosols, inhaled 20 ppm of propylene oxide for 5 days for 3 hours each day. There were no adverse effects or change in respiratory tract (ACGIH, 1991).
Monkey and rabbits were exposed to 457 ppm of propylene oxide for over 218 days for 7 hours/day 154 times and showed no adverse effects (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Grant, 1993; Hathaway et al, 1996).
No ill effects were noted in several species of laboratory animals exposed to repeated daily concentrations at 100 ppm and 200 ppm of propylene oxide, except guinea pigs. After 6 months at 200 ppm, they were found to have a slight increase in lung weight (ACGIH, 1991).
Rats survived an exposure of propylene oxide at 7200 ppm for 0.25 hours (Bingham et al, 2001).
Rats showed no evidence of toxicity after inhalation exposures at 4000 ppm for 30 minutes; 2000 ppm for 2 hours; or 1000 ppm for 7 hours (Bingham et al, 2001).
In a National Toxicology Program inhalation study, no ill effects were noted in mice or rats exposed to 500 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 day/week, for 13 weeks (Bingham et al, 2001).
18 doses were spread out over 4 weeks at 0.2 g/kg of propylene oxide as a 10% solution in olive oil, did not produce ill effects in rats. A decrease in body weight, gastric irritation, and slight liver damage occurred when the dose was increased to 0.3 g/kg (Bingham et al, 2001).
Four out of six rats died after a single exposure at 4000 ppm propylene oxide (HSDB , 2001).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS75-56-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Propylene oxide

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Propylene oxide

B2 : Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Propylene oxide

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Propylene oxide

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 2 ; Listed as: Propylene oxide

Category 2 : Substances that are considered to be carcinogenic for man because sufficient data from long-term animal studies or limited evidence from animal studies substantiated by evidence from epidemiological studies indicate that they can make a significant contribution to cancer risk. Limited data from animal studies can be supported by evidence that the substance causes cancer by a mode of action that is relevant to man and by results of in vitro tests and short-term animal studies.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor: 2.4x10(-1) per mg/kg-day
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: 3.7x10(-3) per mg/m3
RfC: 3x10(-2) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk: 6.8x10(-3) per mg/L

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 2000 CHRIS, 2001 HSDB, 2001 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAGASTRIC)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAGASTRIC)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)PRIMATE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TD- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 2.376 mg/m(3) (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)

1 mg/L = 421 ppm (at 25 degrees C and 760 mmHg) (Bingham et al, 2001)
1 ppm = 2.38 mg/m(3) (NIOSH , 2001)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.421 (Verschueren, 2001)
1 ppm = 2.37 mg/m(3) (Verschueren, 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS75-56-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Propylene oxide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 2 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Eye and URT irr
Molecular Weight: 58.08

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS75-56-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS75-56-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Propylene oxide
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 400 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Table Z-1 for Propylene oxide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 240

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Propylene Oxide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS75-56-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS75-56-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS75-56-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Oxirane, methyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1280 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Propylene oxide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1280
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: A3, N34, T11, TP2, TP7

A3: For combination packagings, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules) are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer packagings.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1280 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Propylene oxide
UN Number: 1280

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS75-56-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Oxide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 3

(3) Seriously toxic material. Short term exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect small animal carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 2

(2) Materials which in themselves are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change, but do not detonate. This rating includes materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Propylene oxide is a flammable, corrosive liquid; storage and handling should be done with care. Explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used wherever propylene oxide is used, handled, manufactured or stored. Keep areas clear of ignition sources (Sittig, 1991).

HANDLING

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing (including eye protection) to prevent the possibility of skin or eye contact. Wash immediately if skin becomes wet or contaminated; remove wet or contaminated clothing immediately to avoid fire hazard (Sittig, 1991).

Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers (Sittig, 1991).

Do not handle broken containers unless wearing appropriate personal protective clothing (AAR, 2000).

Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of propylene oxide should be grounded and bonded (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Glass bottles, cans, steel cylinders, metal drums, tank trucks, tank cars, tank barges are appropriate storage containers for propylene oxide (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
- Nitrogen cover over the containers is required (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store propylene oxide in an area especially for flammable liquids that is isolated from oxidizing materials, acids, alkalies, salts, clay-based absorbents (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location; outside or detached storage is preferred (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Sources of ignition such as smoking or open flames are prohibited where propylene oxide is used, handled, or stored (ITI, 1998; (NFPA, 1994; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Propylene oxide is incompatible with (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000):
- Acetylene-forming metals
- Alkali metal hydroxides (polymerization)
- Alkalies
- Aluminum (polymerization)
- Aluminum chloride
- Ammonia
- Amines
- Ammonium hydroxide (28%) (temperature and pressure increase)
- Anhydrous metal chlorides (catalysts)
- Caustics
- Chlorides of iron (polymerization)
- Chlorides of aluminum
- Chlorosulfonic acid (temperature and pressure increase)
- Clay-based absorbents (runaway self heating and ignition)
- Coatings
- Copper and copper alloys
- Epoxy resin (explosive)
- Hydrochloric acid (temperature and pressure increase)
- Hydrofluoric acid (48.7%) (temperature and pressure increase)
- Inorganic chlorides (forms toxic chlorohydrins)
- Iron
- Iron and Aluminum peroxides
- Nitric acid (70%) (temperature and pressure increase)
- Oleum
- Oxidizers
- Peroxides
- Peroxides of aluminum and iron (polymerization)
- Plastics
- Rubber
- Salts
- Sodium hydroxide (explosive, flammable)
- Strong acids
- Strong bases
- Sulfuric acid (96%) (temperature and pressure increase)
- Tin (polymerization)
Propylene oxide and water may lead to a runaway reaction (NFPA, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Wear appropriate protective equipment to prevent the possibility of skin and eye contact. Remove clothing immediately if it becomes wet to avoid flammability hazard; wash contaminated skin area immediately with copious amounts of soap and water (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Avoid breathing vapors; wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, goggles, and rubber overclothing and gloves (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Body shields or full body, disposable protective suits that fit at the wrists and ankles are recommended for animal laboratory work. Personal protective equipment for chemical laboratories should include gloves and gowns, but it should not be assumed gloves provide full protection . Gowns worn in labs should be a distinct color as a reminder not wear the gowns outside of the lab (HSDB , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear vapor-proof goggles if there is a probability of vapors or liquid contacting the eyes (CHRIS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Large, heavy face shields are recommended (ITI, 1995).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

Avoid breathing vapors; wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (AAR, 2000; (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 75-56-9.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.008
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem F

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem ThermoPro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 14
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.02
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.002
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 8
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 185
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 132
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 7000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 21
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 71
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 22
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

North Safety Products

Natural Rubber Canners

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <6
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): >3900
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 1823

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 30 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 18
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 110
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 32
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 247
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 11
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 204
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 18
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 47
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 44
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 70
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 44
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 29
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 47
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 192
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 109
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 192
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/AK-22

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 22
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Nitrile+Neoprene+Natural Rubber

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Trilites/994 Bag

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Trilites/994 Box

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 9
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 28
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 26
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1790000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Perform synthetic and purification laboratory procedures under a well-ventilated hood. Decrease the rate of air extraction to prevent powders from blowing around the hood (HSDB , 2001).

High-efficiency particulate arrestor or charcoal filters can reduce to reduce the amount of carcinogen in an area (HSDB , 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Propylene oxide is flammable over a wide range of vapor-air concentrations (AAR, 2000).
Propylene oxide is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flames (Lewis, 2000).
- If propylene oxide is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from it (AAR, 2000; Lewis, 2000).
Do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless the flow of propylene oxide can be stopped (AAR, 2000).
Keep the chemical out of water sources and sewers, if necessary build dikes to contain the flow (AAR, 2000).
Take precautions to prevent flashback along vapor trail and vapors could explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997).
Withdrawal from the area if the container's venting safety device is making noise, or if the tanks become discolored (Sittig, 1991).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS75-56-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Oxide
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

FLASH POINT: -37 to <-25 degrees C (closed cup) (Ashford, 1994; ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001).
FLASH POINT: -47.5 to <-29 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; OHM/TADS , 2001)

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS75-56-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Oxide
Extinguishing Method(s): 1, 5

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.
5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Water can be used in flooding quantities as fog, to dilute standing pools of the chemical, disperse vapors, and to cool containers, but may not be effective in extinguishing the fires (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).

Alcohol foam, carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, and dry chemicals are recommended agents for extinguishing propylene oxide fires (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).

Alcohol or polymer foam is recommended for large fires and carbon dioxide and dry chemicals for small fires (CHRIS , 2001).

Apply water from a protected location or from as far away as possible (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).

For a massive fire in a cargo area, use an unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn.

Withdraw from the area immediately in case of a rising sound from a venting safety device or any discoloration of a tank due to the fire. (Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, propylene oxide emits acrid smoke and fumes (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Propylene oxide is a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame; containers may rupture violently when heated (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997).

High temperatures and pressure can cause explosive reactions (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Explosive reactions occur when mixed with (Lewis, 2000):

Epoxy resin
Oxygen
Sodium hydroxide

Explosive limits in air range from 2 to 38.5% (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997).

Vapors may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 2001).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Propylene oxide vapors are irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Prolonged contact with vapors may result in delayed burns. The vapors may be harmful if inhaled; pulmonary edema may result (AAR, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

Propylene oxide vapors are heavier than air and may flashback along vapor trail (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997).

Vapors may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

CAUTION: This material may polymerize violently under high temperature conditions or upon contamination with other products. Polymerization will produce heat and high pressure buildup in containers which may lead to an explosion or container rupture (ERG, 2004).

Propylene oxide is highly chemically reactive and polymerizes exothermically (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997).

Propylene oxide will polymerize and produce heat which may cause containers to rupture when contaminated with (AAR, 2000) CHRIS, 2001; (ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2001):

acidic alcohols
alkali metal hydroxides
alkalis
amines
caustics
chlorides of iron
chlorides of aluminum
chlorides of tin
peroxides
peroxides of aluminum and iron
sodium hydroxide
strong aqueous acids

A drum containing unreacted propylene oxide and sodium hydroxide exploded and ignited probably due to base-catalyzed exothermic polymerization of the oxide (Urben, 2000).

Explosive reactions occur when mixed with (Lewis, 2000):

Epoxy resin
Oxygen
Sodium hydroxide

Reactions occur when mixed with (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Urben, 2000):

Acetylene-forming metals
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide (28%)
Catalysts (Anhydrous metal chlorides)
Chlorosulfonic acid
Clay-based absorbents
Coatings
Copper and copper alloys
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Inorganic chlorides
Iron
Iron and aluminum peroxides
Nitric acid (70%)
Oleum
Oxidizing materials (vigorous reaction)
Plastics
Rubber
Salts
Strong bases
Sulfuric acid (96%)

Polymerization can also occur due to high temperatures (NIOSH , 2001).

A detonator may explode propylene oxide liquid, but not mechanical shock (Urben, 2000).

Propylene oxide and water may lead to a runaway reaction (NFPA, 1997).

A polyether-alcohol, prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and a polyhyric alcohol underwent a violent decomposition after 10-15 hours when stored at above 100 degrees C and exposed to air (Urben, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

Keep people away and avoid contact with vapors and liquid (CHRIS , 2001).

If spilled or leaking propylene oxide is not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind areas based on the amount of material spilled, its location, and weather conditions (AAR, 2000).

If a fire involving propylene oxide becomes uncontrollable or containers are exposed to direct flames, withdraw from the area immediately in case of a rising sound from a venting safety device, or any discoloration of the tanks (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS75-56-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Propylene Oxide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 50
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 250
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 750
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: Yes
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS75-56-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Propylene oxide (Methyl ethylene oxide)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 2
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 73
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 290
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 870
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS75-56-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 110 ppm
mg/m3: 260 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 110 ppm
mg/m3: 260 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 60 ppm
mg/m3: 140 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 19 ppm
mg/m3: 45 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 11 ppm
mg/m3: 26 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 1300 ppm
mg/m3: 3100 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 510 ppm
mg/m3: 1200 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 290 ppm
mg/m3: 690 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 91 ppm
mg/m3: 220 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 51 ppm
mg/m3: 120 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Propylene oxide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2700 ppm
mg/m3: 6400 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 1100 ppm
mg/m3: 2600 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 610 ppm
mg/m3: 1400 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 190 ppm
mg/m3: 450 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 110 ppm
mg/m3: 260 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS75-56-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 400 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Keep propylene oxide out of water sources and sewers because of the possibility of an explosion in confined areas (AAR, 2000; Sittig, 1991).
Build dikes using sand bags, soil, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete, if necessary to contain the flow (AAR, 2000).
Do not use clay-based absorbents (NFPA, 1997).
Eliminate all ignition sources from the area and ventilate the area. Approach the release from upwind (NFPA, 1997).
Stop or control the leak if this can be done without undue risk (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to a nonflammable mixture. Contain runoff, and isolate released material for proper disposal (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Ventilate the spill area and remove any ignition sources. Absorb the quantity on paper towels and allow it to evaporate in a safe area, such as a fume hood. After the fumes have cleared the hood ductwork, burn the paper away from combustible materials (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 127 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Land Spill: Use water to dilute standing pools of propylene oxide and to disperse vapors (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Land Spill: If necessary, build dikes using sand bags, soil, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete, to contain the flow (AAR, 2000).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid spills (AAR, 2000).
Land Spill: Propylene oxide spills can be immobilized with a "universal" gelling agent (AAR, 2000).
Land Spill: Absorb the bulk of the liquid with fly ash, commercial sorbents, or cement powder (AAR, 2000).
Land Spill: Collect large liquid quantities and dissolve with an alcohol that has a molecular weight greater than butyl alcohol. The mixture can be atomized in a combustion chamber (HSDB , 2001).
Water Spill: Limit the spread by using natural barriers or oil spill control booms (AAR, 2000).
Water Spill: EPA approved surface acting agents can be used. If the spill is dissolved at a concentration greater than 10 ppm, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amount (AAR, 2000).
Water Spill: A "universal" gelling agent can solidify the spill, making the booms, mechanical dredges, or lifts more effective (AAR, 2000).
Air Release: Water spray or mist can be used to reduce vapors (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Propylene oxide can be dissolved in higher alcohol, petroleum ether, or benzene and ignited (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Collect large liquid quantities, and dissolve with an alcohol that has a molecular weight greater than butyl alcohol or pentyl alcohol. The mixture can be atomized in a combustion chamber (HSDB , 2001).
"Ether of long standing may contain peroxides. Transport to isolated area in padded containers. Uncover and arrange excelsior train. From distance, puncture with rifle fire and ignite excelsior train" (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Notify local fire and air authorities before disposing of propylene oxide (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

A 5-day theoretical biological oxygen demand (ThBOD) of 8% was measured using the standard dilution method and a filtered effluent seed from a biological sanitary waste treatment plant; a 5-day ThBOD of 9% was measured using an adapted seed (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989).

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Concentrated propylene oxide containing no peroxides may be disposed by discharging the liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
Concentrated propylene oxide containing peroxides may be disposed by perforating the container of material from a safe distance followed by open burning (HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
Pour propylene oxide on the ground, incinerate, and allow the liquid to evaporate (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Ventilate the spill area and remove any ignition sources. Absorb the quantity on paper towels and allow it to evaporate in a safe area, such as a fume hood. After the fumes have cleared the hood ductwork, burn the paper away from combustible materials (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Propylene oxide may be released to the environment through various various waste streams associated with its manufacture and use as a chemical intermediate, food additive (fumigant), or other uses. It may also be emitted from automobiles and other hydrocarbon combustion exhaust sources (HSDB, 2004; Lewis, 1993; Howard, 1989).

Inhalation of vapors and dermal contact with the liquid are the primary routes of occupational exposure (HSDB, 2004).

Propylene oxide is not thought to occur naturally (HSDB, 2004).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

If released into the atmosphere, propylene oxide will exist solely in vapor-phase, where it degrades through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The rate constant for this reaction is 5.2 x 10(-13) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C. Calculated half-lives range from 19.3 days (at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 8 x 10(5) molecule/cm(3)) to 30 days (at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 x 10(5)) (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Expected by-products of the reaction with hydroxyl chemicals include oxomethyl acetate, propandial, formaldehyde, and diformyl ether (HSDB, 2004).
It is not expected to react much, if at all, with ozone in the atmosphere (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
Direct photolysis should not occur because propylene oxide does not absorb light >290 nm (Verschueren, 2001).
Wash out due to rainfall may occur, though physical removal of propylene oxide from the atmosphere is not expected to be important (HSDB , 2001; Howard, 1989) .

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- In freshwater at 25 degrees C and pH 7-9, propylene oxide will hydrolyze with an estimated half-life of 11.6 days; at pH 5, the half-life is estimated at 6.6 days (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).
- Freshwater hydrolysis half-life of propylene oxide is approximately 12 days. It occurs in rivers and lakes without enzyme catalyzation (Verschueren, 2001).
- In saltwater at 25 degrees C and pH 7-9, the hydrolysis half-life of propylene oxide was reduced to approximately 4.1 days; at pH 5, the half-life is estimated at 1.5 days (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989) .
- Volatilization from water surfaces is an important transport mechanism for propylene oxide in the environment (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989).
- The calculated rate constant for the reaction of propylene oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in water at room temperature is 2.4x10(8) m/sec (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989) .
- Partitioning from the water column to sediments and particulate matter is not expected to be important (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Hydrolysis and volatilization are expected to be significant fate processes for propylene oxide in moist soils. In dry soils, propylene oxide should volatilize quickly from soil surfaces, based on its vapor pressure. It is also expected to be very mobile in soils based on estimated organic carbon partition coefficients (Koc) ranging from 3.6 to 30 (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1989).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

In the atmosphere, propylene oxide will exist solely in the vapor-phase, and will degrade through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Reaction with ozone will not occur. Volatilization from water surfaces is the most important fate process for propylene oxide in aquatic systems (half-lives range from 11 hours to 6 days). Hydrolysis will also occur at a moderate rate (half-lives of 6.6 days and 11.6 days at pH 5 and pH 7 - 9, respectively). Adsorption to suspended solids or sediment is not expected to occur. Volatilization is expected from both moist and dry soil surfaces. Hydrolysis in moist soils will also be important (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

BIODEGRADATION

Based on the results of numerous tests, propylene oxide is expected to biodegrade rapidly (HSDB, 2004).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Propylene oxide is expected to have a low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Propylene oxide is expected to have a low potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1989).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

A bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 3 has been estimated for propylene oxide (HSDB, 2004).
Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will not be environmentally significant based on calculated log BCFs of -0.20 and -0.40 (Howard, 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FISH

LC50 - BLUEGILL: 215 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - FLATHEAD MULLET (Mugil cephalus): 89 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 165 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 170 mg/L for 24H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 32 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 141 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC50 - MULLET: 89 ppm for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo gairdneri): 52 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - FLATHEAD MULLET (Mugil cephalus): 100 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
LC100 - MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 180 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)
NOEC - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): >100 mg/L for 72H (Verschueren, 2001)
TLm - BLUEGILL: 215 mg/L for 96H -- at 24 degrees C; static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - MOSQUITO FISH (Gambusia affinis): 141 mg/L for 96H -- at 24 degrees C; static bioassay (HSDB, 2004)

BACTERIA

EC8 - BACTERIA (Bacillus subtilis): 1200 mg/L for 2.5H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - BACTERIA (Bacillus subtilis): 3300 mg/L for 2.5H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC90 - BACTERIA (Bacillus subtilis): 8200 mg/L for 5D -- residual percentage of perpeneoxide after 1 week was approximately 50% and after 3 weeks approximately 15-20% of the initial concentration in a closed system (Verschueren, 2001)
EC90 - BACTERIA (Bacillus subtilis): 4000 mg/L for 13D -- residual percentage of perpeneoxide after 1 week was approximately 50% and after 3 weeks approximately 15-20% of the initial concentration in a closed system (Verschueren, 2001)
EC100 - BACTERIA (Bacillus subtilis): 10,000 mg/L for 2.5H (Verschueren, 2001)

ALGAE

EC50 - GREEN ALGAE (Selenastrum capricornutum): 240 mg/L for 96H (Verschueren, 2001)

CRUSTACEAN

EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 650 mg/L for 24H (Verschueren, 2001)
EC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 350 mg/L for 48H (Verschueren, 2001)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

58.08 (HSDB , 2001)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Propylene oxide is a clear, colorless, volatile, reactive, highly flammable, reactive, irritant, moderately toxic, epoxide liquid with a sweet ether-like or alcohol odor. In foods, propylene oxide has no residual odor or taste. The liquid is lighter than water and dissolves quickly in water. At 15 degrees C and 1 ATM, propylene oxide is a liquid (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001; Bingham et al, 2001).

The vapors are heavier than air and are flammable over a wide range of vapor-air concentrations. Above 94 degrees F propylene oxide is a gas (AAR, 2000; (NIOSH , 2001).

Propylene oxide evaporates in warm weather and does not persist for long periods of time (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Propylene oxide is noncorrosive to metals (HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

400 mmHg (at 17.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)

400 mmHg (at 18 degress C) (Verschueren, 2001)

442 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

439 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

445 mmHg (at 20 degrees C; 68 degrees F) (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; NIOSH , 2001)

532.1 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)

538 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

760 mmHg (at 33.9 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

67 hPa (at -24 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

717 hPa (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

5461 hPa (at 88 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.826 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.859 (at 0/4 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; ITI, 1995)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.8304 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.859 (OHM/TADS , 2001)
0.86 (NFPA, 1997)
0.83 (NFPA, 1997)
0.8304 (ILO , 1998)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.82 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.830 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991; CHRIS , 2001; NIOSH , 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-112 degrees C; -170 degrees F (ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994; Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)
-104.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; Verschueren, 2001)
-111.9 degrees C; -169.4 degrees F; 161.3 K (CHRIS , 2001)

MELTING POINT

-112.13 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989; ILO , 1998)
-112 degrees C; -170 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
-104 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)
104.4 degrees C (ITI, 1995)

BOILING POINT

34.2 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

34-35 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; Sittig, 1991; Verschueren, 2001)

34.23 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989)

33.9 degrees C (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)

34 degrees C; 94 degrees F (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)

35 degrees C; 95 degrees F (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001; NFPA, 1997)

34.3 degrees C; 93.7 degrees F; 307.5 K (CHRIS , 2001)

34.23 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

FLASH POINT

-37 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

<-25 degrees C (tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994)

-35 degrees C; -31 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001)

-35 degrees F (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2001)

<-29 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)

-35 degrees F (tagliabue open cup) (Lewis, 2000)

-37 degrees C; -35 degrees F (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991)

-30 degrees C (open cup) (Bingham et al, 2001)

-37.2 degrees C; -35 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

-47.5 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

<-20 degress F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2001)

-35 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB , 2001)

-20 degrees F (open cup) (HSDB , 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

465 degrees C; 869 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001; NFPA, 1997)

464 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

449 degrees C (ILO , 1998)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.1% (ACGIH, 1991; NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001)
2.8% (Lewis, 2000)
2.3% (HSDB , 2001; ILO , 1998; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

38.5% (ACGIH, 1991)
37% (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)
36% (HSDB , 2001; ILO , 1998; NIOSH , 2001; Sittig, 1991)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Soluble in water (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997)
59% (at 25 degrees C) (by weight) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)
590 g/L solution (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
40.5% (at 20 degrees C) (by weight) (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000)
476,000 mg/kg at 25 degrees C (Howard, 1989)
41% (by/wt) (Harbison, 1998; NIOSH , 2001)
650,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
590,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001; Verschueren, 2001)
650,000 mg/L (at 30 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
405,000 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)
370,000 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Verschueren, 2001)

OTHER

Soluble in alcohol, methanol, ether, acetone, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000)
Miscible with oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994)
Miscible with acetone, alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, and methanol (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 0.03 (Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2001)

log Pow=0.08 (measured) (Verschueren, 2001)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

8.54x10(-5) atm-m(3)/mol (calculated from water solubility and vapor pressure) (Howard, 1989)

8.3X10(-5) atm-cu m/mol (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

15270 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

31 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)
3980 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

9.9 ppm (absolute perception limit) (Verschueren, 2001)
10 ppm; 24.7 mg/m(3) (Bingham et al, 2001; Harbison, 1998)
44 ppm (Bingham et al, 2001)
45 ppm (higher than the 20 ppm TWA) (Clayton & Clayton, 1993)
35 ppm (50% and 100% recognition) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; Verschueren, 2001)
44 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)
200 ppm (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; Hathaway et al, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2001)
473 mg/m(3) (100% recognition) (Verschueren, 2001)
9.90X10+0 ppm (purity not specified) (HSDB , 2001)
3.50X10+1 ppm (purity not specified) (HSDB , 2001)
Low: 24.7500 mg/m(3); High: 500.000 mg/m(3) (HSDB , 2001)

SURFACE TENSION

24.5 dynes/cm; 0.0245 N/m at 15 degrees C (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL PRESSURE

714 psia; 48.6 atm; 4.92 MN/m(2) (CHRIS , 2001)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

209.1 degrees C; 408.4 degrees F; 482.3 K (CHRIS , 2001)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-13,000 Btu/lb; -7221 cal/g; -302.3X10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

9.81 eV (NIOSH , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

32 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) (HSDB , 2001)

VISCOSITY

0.28 centipoise (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

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PROPYLENE OXIDE

Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents