ANILINE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
IDENTIFIERS
4921492 (Aniline oil, liquid, aniline sludge for furnace use) 4921410 (Aniline oil, liquid)
SYNONYM REFERENCE
- (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999; Lewis, 1996; RTECS , 1999)
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Aniline is used to manufacture other chemicals such as dyes, photographic and agricultural chemicals (AAR, 2000). Aniline is also the parent substance for the synthesis of rubber accelerators and antioxidants, drugs, isocyanates, herbicides, and fungicides (ACGIH, 1991). Aniline is a common ingredient of certain household products including shoe polish, paints, varnishes and inks. It is also used to manufacture perfumes (Lewis, 1998; OHM/TADS, 2001).
It is a clear, oily liquid, which turns brown with exposure to air and light. It has a distinctive, amine-like, or musty, fishy odor and an acrid taste. It is heavier than water and its vapors are heavier than air; the fumes may be poisonous if inhaled. It is combustible, and volatile with steam (AAR, 2000; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 1998). Aniline is available in commercial grade and chemically pure. The commercial grade contains 99.9% (minimum) aniline, with 0.1% (maximum) moisture and 0.0002% (maximum) nitrobenzene (HSDB , 2001).
Aniline is produced by the catalytic vapor-phase reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen, the reduction of nitrobenzene with iron filings using hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, the catalytic reaction of chlorobenzene and aqueous ammonia, and by the ammonolysis of phenol in Japan (Ashford, 1994; Lewis, 1997a).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
Aniline is a skin and eye irritant and a mild dermal sensitizer. It is rapidly absorbed by all routes and induces methemoglobinemia. Symptoms of methemoglobinemia include cyanosis, headache, dizziness, weakness, lethargy, loss of coordination, dyspnea, coma, and death. A Heinz-body hemolytic crisis may follow the development of methemoglobinemia by 2 to 7 days. Heart, liver, and kidney effects may be secondary to hemolysis. Additional signs and symptoms of exposure may include photophobia, visual disturbances, sluggish pupillary reaction, tinnitus, speech disturbances, anorexia, nausea, colicky pain, muscle pain, faintness, paresthesias, tremor, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, and heart block. Urinary signs and symptoms may include painful micturition, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinuria, hematuria, oliguria, and renal insufficiency.
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Aniline is rapidly absorbed by all routes of exposure. Even a small amount on contaminated clothes or shoes can be absorbed in toxic amounts (Hathaway et al, 1991; Henning, 1976; Ghiringhelli & Molina, 1951).
- As little as 25 milligrams produced significant elevation of methemoglobin levels in human volunteers (Jenkins et al, 1972). Aniline vapor at 7 to 53 parts per million (ppm) may cause slight symptoms after several hours. Concentrations of greater than 100 to 160 ppm may cause serious disturbances following inhalation for 1 hour (ACGIH, 1991; Hathaway et al, 1991). Continuous exposure to 20 ppm causes gradual poisoning; 100 ppm is considered Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) (EPA, 1985). The minimum lethal dose by ingestion in humans has been estimated to be between 15 and 30 grams; however, as little as 1 gram of aniline has been fatal in a human (Hathaway et al, 1991; Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Liquid aniline is mildly irritating to the eyes and may cause corneal damage (HSDB , 1996; Hathaway et al, 1991) NIOSH, 1990.
- Aniline induces methemoglobinemia, which causes nausea and vomiting, headache, tinnitus, confusion, faintness, dizziness, disorientation, drowsiness, weakness, loss of coordination, lethargy, fatigue, loss of consciousness, coma, and death (Hathaway et al, 1991)NIOSH, 1990; (Grant, 1986; Rosenstock & Cullen, 1986; Sekimpi & Jones, 1986; EPA, 1985; Gosselin et al, 1984). These are similar to effects caused by CNS depressants, and may be secondary to oxygen deprivation. Death is usually from cardiovascular collapse rather than respiratory arrest (Gosselin et al, 1984). Tremor may also occur (O'Donoghue, 1985).
- Methemoglobinemia may be delayed by up to 4 hours after aniline skin exposure. Headache is often the first symptom, and increases in intensity as the methemoglobinemia progresses (Hathaway et al, 1991; Gosselin et al, 1984).
- CYANOSIS can occur after exposure to aniline. The lips, tongue, and mucous membranes may turn navy blue to black, and the skin is slate gray (Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Hemolytic anemia with Heinz bodies may appear from 2 to 7 days after acute aniline exposure (Kearney et al, 1984; Harvey & Keitt, 1983; Harrison, 1977; Lubash, 1964). Heart, kidney, and liver damage with jaundice may occur, possibly as secondary effects of hemolysis (Lewis, 1992; Gosselin et al, 1984).
- Acute aniline poisoning can cause painful urination, blood in the urine, hemoglobin or hematoporphyrin in the urine, and decreased urine output (Lewis, 1992; Hathaway et al, 1991; EPA, 1985). The urine may be dark red or wine-colored (Lewis, 1992).
- Kidney damage has been seen at autopsy in cases of fatal aniline poisoning (HSDB , 1996).
- Aniline (as the hydrochloride) induced dose-dependent lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and increases in iron content, along with expansion of red pulp, in the spleens of rats. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation appear to play a role in the mechanism of splenic toxicity of aniline in rats (Khan et al, 1997b).
- The sequence of development of toxic effects in rats after a single oral dose of aniline hydrochloride (2 mmol/kg) was methemoglobinemia at 0.5 hour, followed by increased lipid peroxidation in the spleen at 24 hours and protein oxidation at 48 hours (Khan et al, 1997b).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- The existence of true chronic toxic effects from aniline has been disputed (HSDB , 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Baselt & Cravey, 1989; Schuttmann, 1968). Toxic effects with chronic exposure may resemble those of acute exposure. Hemolysis and anemia have not been found often in industrial exposures, however (Sittig, 1985). In a study of 58 workers in a diphenylamine production factory, the threshold value for chronic poisoning was 0.3 milligrams/cubic meter (Vasilenko et al, 1972).
- Chronic exposure to crude aniline vapor produced irritation, photophobia, impairment of vision with brown discoloration of the conjunctiva and cornea, and sluggish pupillary reaction (HSDB , 1996; Grant, 1986). Dermatitis, with or without skin lesions, can occur from direct skin exposure (HSDB , 1996; Lewis, 1992; EPA, 1985). Aniline is considered to be a mild sensitizer (Lewis, 1992).
- Vegetative vascular dystonia or neurasthenia were seen in 51% of 58 workers with occupational aniline exposure in a diphenylamine production factory (Vasilenko et al, 1972).
- Rapeseed oil preserved with 2% aniline was the cause of the so-called TOXIC OIL SYNDROME in Spain, but it has been determined that aniline itself was not the offending agent (Kilbourne et al, 1991).
- Although the etiologic agent of toxic oil syndrome has not been identified, strong candidates are esters and ester amides of 3- (N-phenylamino)- 1,2-propanediol, which are products of aniline and the triglycerides present in rapeseed oil. These products were identified in diluted samples associated with the toxic oil syndrome, using liquid chromatography interfaced with atmospheric pressure ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (Schurz et al, 1996).
- Rats given 600 ppm of aniline (as the hydrochloride) in drinking water had increased spleen weights and lower hemoglobin and hematocrit than controls. Methemoglobin was significantly elevated: increases of 89%, 59%, and 45% over baseline were seen at 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively (Khan et al, 1993).
- Aniline, as the hydrochloride given by gavage at 0.5 mmol/kg/day for 30 days, induced accumulation of IRON, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation in the spleens of rats (Khan et al, 1999).
-FIRST AID
FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
FIRST AID EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection. DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly. INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. TARGET ORGANS - Blood, cardiovascular system, eyes, liver, kidneys, and respiratory system [bladder cancer] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).
INHALATION EXPOSURE - INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy. METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg. Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
DERMAL EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999). Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy. METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg. Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
EYE EXPOSURE - DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
ORAL EXPOSURE - Because of the potential for gastrointestinal tract irritation and seizures, DO NOT induce emesis. PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002). In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis. The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy. METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg. Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
- As little as 1 g of ingested aniline has been fatal in a human (Hathaway et al, 1996).
- The mean lethal dose by ingestion has been estimated at between 15 to 30 grams (Hathaway et al, 1996).
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
- A single oral dose of 15 mg of aniline given to volunteers had no effect (Baselt, 1997; Baselt, 2000).
- The minimal toxic dose of aniline has not been defined in humans, but as little as 25 milligrams produced significant elevation of methemoglobin levels in human volunteers (Hathaway et al, 1996; Jenkins et al, 1972).
- Inhalation exposure to vapor at 7 to 53 parts per million caused slight symptoms after several hours; a 1-hour inhalation exposure to airborne concentrations greater than 100 to 160 parts per million caused serious disturbances (ACGIH, 1991).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS62-53-3 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Aniline A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): B2 ; Listed as: Aniline IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 3 ; Listed as: Aniline 3 : The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Aniline (and homologs) MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: Aniline Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
Oral: Inhalation: Unit Risk: RfC: 1x10(-3) mg/m3
Drinking Water:
References: ACGIH, 1991 ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 RTECS, 2002 LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE: LCLo- (INHALATION)CAT: LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: LD50- (SKIN)CAT: LD50- (ORAL)DOG: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG: LD50- (SKIN)GUINEA_PIG: 290 mg/kg (ITI, 1995) 1290 mg/kg
LD50- (ORAL)LABORATORY_QUAIL: LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE: LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE: LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE: LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT: LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT: 820 mcL/kg 820 mg/kg (ITI, 1995)
LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT: LD50- (ORAL)RAT: 250 mg/kg 440 mg/kg (ACGIH, 1991)
LD50- (SKIN)RAT: LDLo- (ORAL)CAT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT: LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG: LDLo- (SKIN)DOG: LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG: LDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT: LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT: TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT: 3 mg/m(3) for 22W-intermittent -- blood and serum composition changes 5 mg/m(3) for 24H/21D-continuous -- blood effects 300 mcg/m(3) for 24H/80D continuous -- muscles changes 87 ppm for 6H/2W-intermittent -- changes in liver and spleen weight, and changes in RBC count
TD- (INHALATION)RAT: TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN: TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE: TDLo- (ORAL)RAT: 550 mg/kg for 5D-continuous -- spleen changes, metabolic changes, death 913 mg/kg for 2W-intermittent -- changes in spleen weight, biochemical and metabolic changes 210 mg/kg for 12W-continuous -- blood and biochemical changes 11 g/kg for 29W-continuous -- tumorigenic
TDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION FACTORS 1 ppm = 4 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1986) 1 ppm = 3.81 mg/m(3) (NIOSH , 2001)
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS62-53-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS62-53-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS62-53-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Aniline Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information: Listed as: Benzenamine Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms): Additional Information:
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
Listed as: Aniline P or U series number: U012 Footnote: Listed as: Benzenamine P or U series number: U012 Footnote: Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
Listed as: Aniline Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 5000 Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds: Note(s): f f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS62-53-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS62-53-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS62-53-3 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1547 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1547 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS62-53-3 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Aniline Hazard Ratings: Health Rating (Blue): 2 Flammability Rating (Red): 2 Instability Rating (Yellow): 0 Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
SUMMARY
Aniline may be a serious health hazard; it is toxic if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It should not be handled under uncontrolled conditions. Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin or eye contact. Emergency showers should be provided in areas where aniline is handled or used (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991; Harbison, 1998).
HANDLING
- Operations involving aniline should be enclosed as much as possible (ITI, 1995).
- Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing, including chemical safety goggles and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus; avoid bodily contact with aniline. Do not handle broken containers unless you are wearing appropriate protective clothing. Promptly remove any clothing that has absorbed aniline (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 2001).
- Aniline vapors are easily absorbed through the skin. In areas of vapor concentration, respirators alone are not sufficient; protective clothing should be worn even if there is no contact with liquid aniline anticipated (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
STORAGE
Containers should be inspected for leaks (ITI, 1995). Aniline is usually shipped in bottles, cans, drums, tank vehicles, tank cars, and tank vessels. Be aware that DOT requires specific safety design features for containers used to ship aniline (HSDB , 2001; NFPA, 1997)
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location away from fire hazards, oxidizing materials, and reactive materials; outdoor or isolated storage is preferred (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Aniline is incompatible with oxidizing materials, acids, and alkalis (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997). Aniline is incompatible with strong acids and strong oxidizers (Sittig, 1991).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
- Aniline is toxic by inhalation and skin absorption; avoid breathing vapors and bodily contact. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of contact. Do not handle broken packages unless you are wearing appropriate chemical protective clothing. Promptly remove any clothing which absorbs aniline and wash skin with copious amounts of soap and water (AAR, 2000; (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
- Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Avoid breathing aniline vapors; wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. In areas of vapor concentration, respirator use alone is not sufficient to prevent exposure (AAR, 2000; (Sittig, 1991).
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 62-53-3.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Aniline is a combustible liquid and a serious health hazard (NFPA, 1997). If aniline is not on fire, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away from it (AAR, 2000).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS62-53-3 (NFPA, 2002):
Listed as: Aniline Flammability Rating: 2
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS62-53-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- If aniline is on fire or involved in a fire, do not extinguish the flames unless the flow of aniline can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities or use water spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool any affected containers with flooding quantities of water or water spray; apply water from as far away as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
- Fire extinguishing methods for aniline include alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and water spray (OHM/TADS, 2001).
Aniline emits highly toxic fumes including nitrogen oxide when heated to decomposition (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997). Aniline releases toxic fumes when heated (OHM/TADS, 2001).
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Aniline is a combustible liquid when exposed to heat or flame; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (AAR, 2000: Lewis, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
- Aniline will form explosive mixtures with air (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
- Aniline will react explosively with benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate (Urben, 1999).
- "Addition of a drop of aniline to 1 g of dibenzoyl peroxide leads to mildly explosive decomposition after a short delay" (Urben, 1999).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- Aniline emits highly toxic fumes including nitrogen oxide when heated to decomposition (AAR, 2000; (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Its vapors are heavier than air. These vapors are readily absorbed through the skin and are toxic by skin absorption and inhalation (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Aniline can react with oxidizing materials, acids, and alkalies (Lewis, 2000).
It can react with toluene diisocyante with the reaction leading to possible ignition. Reactions with perchloryl fluoride, perchloric acid, and ozone form explosive products. One drop of aniline added to 1 g of benzoyl peroxide leads to mildly explosive decomposition after a short delay (AAR, 2000)(Urben, 1999) (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997). Aniline ignites on contact with sodium peroxide and water (Lewis, 2000).
- It can spontaneously explode with benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate, dibenzoyl peroxide, fluorine nitrate, nitrosyl perchlorate, red fuming nitric acid, peroxodisulfuric acid, and tetranitromethane (Urben, 1999) (Lewis, 2000).
- It violently reacts with boron trichloride, peroxy formic acid, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, fluorine, trichloronitromethane, acetic anhydride, chlorosulfonic acid, hexachloromelamine, perchromates, potassium peroxide, beta-propiolactone, sodium peroxide, sulfuric acid (and oleum), trichloromelamine, acids, peroxydisulfuric acid, diisopropyl peroxy-dicarbonate, n-haloimides, trichloronitromethane, silver perchlorate, perchloroyl fluoride, nitrobenzene + glycerin, formaldehyde + perchloric acid, and nitric acid + nitrogen oxide (N2O4) + sulfuric acid (Urben, 1999) (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
- Aniline forms heat or shock-sensitive explosive mixtures with aniline chloride (detonates at 240 degrees C/7.6 bar), nitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, and peroxomonosulfuric acid (Urben, 1999) (Lewis, 2000).
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- If leaking aniline is not on fire, consider evacuation from downwind areas based on the amount of material spilled, its location, and weather conditions (AAR, 2000).
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS62-53-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS62-53-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Aniline TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 5 TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 8 TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 12 TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 20 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS62-53-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
Listed as: Aniline Final Value: AEGL-1 10 min exposure: ppm: 48 ppm mg/m3: 182 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 16 ppm mg/m3: 61 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 8 ppm mg/m3: 30 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 2 ppm mg/m3: 7.6 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 1 ppm mg/m3: 3.8 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Listed as: Aniline Final Value: AEGL-2 10 min exposure: ppm: 72 ppm mg/m3: 274 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 24 ppm mg/m3: 91 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 12 ppm mg/m3: 46 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 3 ppm mg/m3: 11 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 1.5 ppm mg/m3: 5.7 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
Listed as: Aniline Final Value: AEGL-3 10 min exposure: ppm: 120 ppm mg/m3: 456 mg/m(3)
30 min exposure: ppm: 40 ppm mg/m3: 152 mg/m(3)
1 hr exposure: ppm: 20 ppm mg/m3: 76 mg/m(3)
4 hr exposure: ppm: 5.0 ppm mg/m3: 19 mg/m(3)
8 hr exposure: ppm: 2.5 ppm mg/m3: 9.5 mg/m(3)
Definitions: AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS62-53-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
If aniline is released, keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away and ventilate the area. Keep unnecessary people away - isolate hazard area and deny entry. Approach the release from upwind; stop or control the leak if this can be done without undue risk. Keep aniline out of sewers and water sources; build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate spilled material for proper disposal (AAR, 2000; (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Dike far ahead of large spills for later disposal (Sittig, 1991). If aniline is spilled on land, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or other holding area to contain the material. Build a dike to stop surface flow using soil, sandbags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder; apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill (AAR, 2000). To contain a spill on water, use natural deep-water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap the aniline on the bottom. If dissolved to 10 ppm or greater, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses; use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates (AAR, 2000). To contain airborne aniline, apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Use caution: combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors (AAR, 2000).
Aniline was reportedly removed from water and wastewater using peroxidase from horseradish with a removal efficiency of 72.9%. The process adds horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide to the contaminated solution and relies on the enzymatic cross-linking of the substrates to form insoluble polymers which precipitate from the solution (Freeman, 1989). Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.
Aniline may be disposed by incineration with provision for nitrogen oxide removal from flu gases by scrubber, catalytic, or thermal device (Sittig, 1991).
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- Aniline is produced in large quantities; its major pollution hazard is releases into wastewater from its manufacture and use. Human exposure is primarily in the workplace (Howard, 1989).
- It is a common constituent of effluents from organic chemical manufacturers in India (Bhunia et al, 2003).
- Aniline does not occur naturally (Howard, 1989).
- It has only been reported in groundwater associated with wastes (Howard, 1989).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
If aniline is released into the atmosphere, it will degrade (estimated half-life 3.3 hours) by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1989). In the atmosphere, the half-life for direct photolysis is estimated to be 2.1 days (Howard, 1989).
SURFACE WATER If aniline is released into water, it will biodegrade, photodegrade, and adsorb to soils and humic materials, especially in acidic situations. In most natural systems, its biodegradation rate includes a half-life of 6 days in an eutrophic pond and 75-90% mineralization in 21 days in an oligotrophic lake. Photodegradation occurs in surface waters with estimated half-lives ranging from hours to weeks. A reported half-life of aniline in a natural aquatic system, which included all loss processes, was 2.3 days in an industrial river (Howard, 1989). UV light photooxidizes aniline in an aqueous medium (50 degrees C) with 28% degradation to CO2 after 24 hours (Verschueren, 2001). Aniline has a strong UV adsorption band at 285 nm which extends above 290 nm and makes it available for direct photolysis by sunlight. Aniline concentration, aeration, and the presence of humic acids and various species of algae determined the reported photolysis rates (Howard, 1989).
TERRESTRIAL If aniline is released onto land, it will have low to moderate sorption to soils and clay minerals with the sorption being stronger at lower pH. Covalent bond formation and slow oxidation results when aniline binds to humic materials. Its sorption to colloidal organic matter is extremely high and may increase its rate of leaching into groundwater (Howard, 1989). The properties of several soils were used to determine the mobility and retention mechanism of aniline. It was electrostatically retained in protonated form to organic and inorganic exchange sites (Stolpe et al, 1993). In sterilized soil, catalyzed oxidation was detected after 2 days (Howard, 1989).
ABIOTIC DEGRADATION
- Aniline is readily biodegradable. Numerous common species of bacteria and soil fungi degrade aniline. It undergoes low to moderate sorption in soil and will adsorb to soil and humic material in aquatic systems. Sorption is influenced by organic content and pH, with stronger sorption at lower pH. Sorption to colloidal organic matter increases migration of leachate to groundwater. Photodegradation occurs in surface waters. It reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (Howard, 1989).
BIODEGRADATION
- Aniline is a benchmark chemical for aerobic biodegradability tests and there are abundant data on its biodegradation. It is degraded by many common species of bacteria and fungi in soils. Degradation is frequently 90-100% in laboratory tests lasting from 3-28 days using activated sludge or sewage seed with acclimation not always being required. It is completely degraded by a soil inoculum in 4 days, by bacteria in river mud in 20 days, and in 7 days using composting. No degradation of aniline occurred in an anaerobic reactor in 110 days with a 2-10 day retention time using an inoculum maintained on acetate (Howard, 1989).
- Aniline is readily biodegradable (OHM/TADS, 2001).
- Unadapted aerobic subsoil of the Oklahoma sand variety exhibits a 4-12 day biodegradation half-life for aniline (Verschueren, 2001).
- Soil microflora will decompose aniline in 4 days (Verschueren, 2001).
BIOACCUMULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- LC50 - CLADOCERAN CRUSTACEA (Moina micrura): 0.55 mg/L for 96H(Bhunia et al, 2003)
- LC50 - OLIGOCHAETE WORM (Branchiura sowerbyi): 586.50 mg/L for 96H (Bhunia et al, 2003)
- LC50 - TILAPIA (Oreochromis mossambicus): 69.36 mg/L for 96H (Bhunia et al, 2003)
- Chronic aniline exposure at 6.94 mg/L caused gill epithelium hyperplasia and rupture of gill pillar cells in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) (Bhunia et al, 2003).
The minimum acute level of 35 mg/L aniline caused gill damage. Exposure to chronic sublethal levels (2.65-6.94 mg/L for 90D) caused reduction in growth and reproduction parameters. Test systems had significant reduction in pH, dissolved oxygen, primary productivity, and plankton populations after 90-day exposure at 2.65-6.94 mg/L.
- FRESHWATER TOXICITY (OHM/TADS, 2001):
Lethal - SUNFISH: 1020 ppm for 1H Lethal - TROUT: 100 ppm Lethal - MINNOWS: 200 ppm Lethal - GOLDFISH: 1000 ppm Lethal - FISH (unspecified): 250 ppm TLM - SCENEDESMUS: 10 ppm for 96H -- at 24 degrees C TLM - DAPHNIA: 0.4 ppm for 48H -- at 23 degrees C TLM - ECOLI: 1000 ppm -- at 27 degrees C Toxic - TROUT: 1000 ppm
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Aniline is a highly toxic, clear, oily liquid, which turns brown with exposure to air and light. It has a distinctive, amine-like, or musty, fishy odor and an acrid, burning taste. It is heavier than water and its vapors are heavier than air; the fumes are poisonous if inhaled. It is combustible, and volatile with steam (AAR, 2000; (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
PH
- 8.1 (for a 0.2 mol aqueous solution) (Budavari, 2000)
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 4.9x10(-1) mmHg (at 25 degrees C); 1 mmHg (at 35 degrees C); 0.3 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
- 0.6 torr (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
- 15 mmHg (at 77 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
- 0.489 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)
- 1 mmHg (at 34.8 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED
DENSITY
3.3 (Air=1) (HSDB , 2001) 3.22 (Air=1) (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO , 1998)
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
-6.0 degrees C (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001) -6.2 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995) -6.3 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1989) 21 degrees F; -6 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)
BOILING POINT
- 184-186 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; Howard, 1989)
- 184.1 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)
- 184 degrees C (ILO , 1998; OHM/TADS, 2001)
- 363.6 degrees F (at 1 atm); 184.2 degrees C (at 1 atm); 457.4 K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 2001)
- 363 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)
- 184.4 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; ITI, 1995)
- 364 degrees F; 184 degrees C (NFPA, 1997)
FLASH POINT
- 169 degrees F (76 degrees C) (closed cup) (Budavari, 2000)
- 70-76 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
- 168 degrees F (open cup); 158 degrees C (closed cup) (CHRIS , 2001)
- 158 degrees F (NIOSH , 2001)
- 70 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; ILO , 1998)
- 76 degrees C (closed cup) (ITI, 1995)
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
- 77 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2001)
- 1139 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001)
- 615 degrees C (ILO , 1998)
- 700 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
- 1140 degrees F; 615 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS
SOLUBILITY
One gram of aniline will dissolve in 28.6 ml of water, 15.7 ml of boiling water (Budavari, 2000). 35,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS, 2001) Aniline is somewhat soluble in water (Bingham et al, 2001). 36,070 mg/l (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989) Aniline is not soluble in water (NFPA, 1997)
Aniline is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, and most other organic solvents (Budavari, 2000).
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
- Log Kow=0.90 (HSDB , 2001; Howard, 1989)
HENRY'S CONSTANT
- 2.02x10(-6) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
- 0.136 atm-m(3)/mole (at pH 7.3) (Howard, 1989)
SPECTRAL CONSTANTS
OTHER/PHYSICAL
0.5 ppm (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS, 2001) MEDIUM ODOR THRESHOLD : 70.1 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2001) UPPER ODOR THRESHOLD: 128 ppm (OHM/TADS, 2001)
42.12 dynes/cm (at 25 degrees C in contact with air); 39.41 dynes/cm (at 50 degrees C in contact with air); 36.69 dynes/cm (at 75 degrees C in contact with air) (HSDB , 2001) 45.5 dynes/cm (est.); .0455 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)
3394 KJ/mol (HSDB , 2001) -14,980 Btu/lb; -8320 cal/g; -348.3x10(5) J/kg (CHRIS , 2001)
- LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
-REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY- 40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.
- 49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.
- 49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.
- 62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.
- 65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.
- 66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.
- 67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.
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