PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C3-H8-O2

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

153-SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(Ashford, 2001; Harbison, 1998; HSDB, 2003; IRIS , 2000; OHM/TADS, 2003; Lewis, 2001; RTECS, 2003)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

MEDICINE

The following parenteral medications may contain propylene glycol as solvent: Lorazepam, phenobarbital, diazepam, phenytoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, etomidate, and nitroglycerin (Pillai et al, 2014). The following list of medications has also been published (Smolinske et al, 1987):

Trade Name	Amount of Propylene Glycol (W/V-mg/mL)
Amidate	362.6 mg
Apresoline	103.6 mg
Ativan	40% v/v
Bactrim	414.4 mg
Berocca PN	259 mg
Brevibloc	25% v/v
Dilantin	414.4 mg
Dramamine	518 mg
Dramocen	518 mg
Embolex	460 mg
Konakion	207 mg
Konakion	208 mg
Lanoxin	414.4 mg
Lanoxin Pediatric	414.4 mg
Librium	207 mg
Loxitane	725.2 mg
Luminal Sodium	702.4 mg
MVC9 Plus	310.8 mg
MVI-12 (multivitamins)	310.8 mg
Nitro-BID	45 mg
Nembutal	414.4 mg
Nitrostat	310.8 mg
Nitroglycerin	518 mg
Pentobarbital Sodium	414.4 mg
Phenobarbital Sodium	702.4 mg
Phenytoin Sodium	310.8 mg
Phenytoin Sodium	414.4 mg
Septra	414.4 mg
Tridil	310.8 mg
Valium	414.4 mg

It is used as a humectant, an emollient, a hydroscopic agent (in respiratory inhalants to reduce viscosity of bronchial secretions), and an osmotic agent (in eye ointments for treatment of cornea edema) (Baselt, 2000; HSDB, 2003).
It is used as a preservative in medicine (Baselt, 2000).
It is used as a solvent in eardrops at a concentration of less than 10% and in other pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics and inks(Bingham et al, 2001).
It is used as a glycogenic to increase blood glucose levels in veterinary medicine (if taken orally by ruminants) (HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003).
It is used as a cryoprotective agent in therapeutics (HSDB, 2003).
It is used as a vehicle in dermatologic and intravenous formulations (it is isotonic at 2 %) (Baselt, 2000; HSDB, 2003).
It can be used to treat X-linked ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris (HSDB, 2003).

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

It is used in room deodorants, all-purpose cleaners and as a disinfectant at a concentration of 10.7-100 % by weight (HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003)
It is used as a solvent in permanent hair colorant formulation for a medium brown shade and in food colors and flavors (HSDB, 2003).
It is used as a humectant in tobacco and in dentifrices (HSDB, 2003).
It is used as a preservative, texturing agent, humectant, and source of carbohydrates in soft-moist pet foods and animal feeds, in concentrations of 5 to 13 percent on a dry-weight basis (Christopher et al, 1989; Bingham et al, 2001).
It is used as an emollient in cosmetic creams and suntan lotions(Harbison, 1998; Howard, 1990; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 1998).
It is used as a humectant and emulsifier in foods (HSDB, 2003).
It is used in paint primers and varnishes at a concentration of 21.2-50.2 % by weight. It helps provide freeze-thaw stability in latex paints(HSDB, 2003).

INDUSTRIES

It is used as a lubricant or heat-transfer fluid (such as in dairy refrigeration equipment and in aircraft deicing fluids) (HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003).
It is used in solution with corrosion inhibitor as a low-temperature protection (such as in fresh-water plumbing for recreational vehicles and boats) (HSDB, 2003).
It is used as a raw material for plasticizers (such as polypropylene adipate which is the linear polyester of propylene glycol and adipic acid) to influence the rigidity or flexibility of the resin. It is a component of cellophane(Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003).
It is used to produce 2-methylpiperazine (in a gas-phase reaction with ethylenediamine), hydroxylated polyesters, polyether polyols, and 1,2-propylene diamine (by reductive amination) (HSDB, 2003).
Vapor form of propylene glycol is used as an air sterilizer (an inhibitor of fermentation and mold growth) in hospitals and public buildings. It has been shown that vapors of propylene glycol can protect animals against airborne bacteria and influenza virus under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003).
It is used in fogging machines in discotheques and theatre (Raffle et al, 1994).
Propylene glycol can be used as a general-purpose resin at a concentration of 2.2% (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003).

FORMS

It is a colorless and practically odorless viscous liquid. It has a slight acrid taste but practically tasteless (HSDB, 2003).
It is available as industrial or pharmaceutical grade (Ashford, 2001).
It is available in refined, technical, USP, FCC, and feed grades (Lewis, 2001).

SOURCES

Propylene glycol is prepared from propylene. Propylene is converted to chlorohydrin and then hydrolyzed to produce propylene oxide. Propylene oxide then reacts with water, at a molar ratio of 1 mole of propylene oxide to 15-20 moles of water. Lastly a distillation step is needed to separate propylene glycol from dipropylene glycol (10% of total product) and tripropylene glycol (1% of total product). The industrial-grade is of high-purity; it has at least 99.5% purity. An even higher purity grade is called "super-pure" or USP grade. The impurities include chlorides (1-10 ppm), iron (0.5-1 ppm), heavy metals (0-5 ppm), arsenic (0-3 ppm), sulfate (0-0.006% by weight), and water (0-0.2% by weight) (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003).
Propylene glycol is prepared from glycerol (HSDB, 2003).
Levorotatory propylene glycol is prepared from hydroxyacetone by yeast reduction. Propylene glycol is produced by the non-catalytic liquid-phase hydration of propylene oxide at 100-200 degrees C (HSDB, 2003).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Propylene glycol has many uses. It is an ingredient in antifreeze and deicing fluids, foods, drugs, cosmetics, liquid detergents, paints and coatings, inks, and polyester resins. Some examples of medications that include propylene glycol as an intravenous diluent/solvent include: etomidate, lorazepam, diazepam, esmolol, phenytoin, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, digoxin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Most significant human toxicity results from exposure to large does of intravenous medications that contain propylene glycol as a solvent/diluent.

TOXICOLOGY: In general, propylene glycol is considered nontoxic; however, patients receiving large doses (especially by intravenous administration) can become acidotic, as it is metabolized to lactic acid. Reported renal toxicity from chronic exposure is thought secondary to proximal renal tubular injury, with excessive dilation of the proximal renal tubules and disrupted brush borders.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Significant toxicity is extremely rare, with case reports described in the literature developing after rapid intravenous administration or prolonged intravenous infusion of drugs with propylene glycol as a diluent.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Most exposures will be asymptomatic. In patients with chronic exposure secondary to medication administration, there are reports of metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and hyperglycemia. There are also concerns of prolonged intravenous administration causing proximal renal tubular toxicity. Finally, otic suspensions in animal studies have been linked to hearing impairment.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Rapid administration of propylene glycol during intravenous phenytoin infusion has been reported to cause cardiotoxicity, including hypotension, bradycardia, increased QRS intervals, increased T wave amplitudes, and transient ST elevations, ventricular dysrhythmias, and even death. Severe metabolic acidosis, decreased level of consciousness, and seizures have been reported after large acute ingestions, prolonged intravenous infusion of high doses and rarely after prolonged ingestion or topical use of normal therapeutic doses. Intravenous infusion of drugs with high concentrations of propylene glycol (more than 30%) can cause hemolysis.

WITH THERAPEUTIC USE

No adverse effects are expected from propylene glycol when administered in therapeutic doses to healthy individuals.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

USES: Propylene glycol has many uses. It is an ingredient in antifreeze and deicing fluids, foods, drugs, cosmetics, liquid detergents, paints and coatings, inks, and polyester resins. Some examples of medications that include propylene glycol as an intravenous diluent/solvent include: etomidate, lorazepam, diazepam, esmolol, phenytoin, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, digoxin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Most significant human toxicity results from exposure to large doses of intravenous medications that contain propylene glycol as a solvent/diluent.
TOXICOLOGY: In general, propylene glycol is considered nontoxic; however, patients receiving large doses (especially by IV administration) can become acidotic, as it is metabolized to lactic acid. Reported renal toxicity from chronic exposure is thought secondary to proximal renal tubular injury, with excessive dilation of the proximal renal tubules and disrupted brush borders.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Significant toxicity is extremely rare, with case reports described in the literature developing after rapid IV administration or prolonged IV infusion of drugs with propylene glycol as a diluent.

THERAPEUTIC

ADVERSE EFFECTS: No adverse effects are expected from propylene glycol when administered in therapeutic doses to healthy individuals.

EXPOSURE

MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Most exposures will be asymptomatic. In patients with chronic exposure secondary to medication administration, there are reports of metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and hyperglycemia. There are also concerns of prolonged IV administration causing proximal renal tubular toxicity. Finally, otic suspensions in animal studies have been linked to hearing impairment.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Rapid administration of propylene glycol during IV phenytoin infusion has been reported to cause cardiotoxicity, including hypotension, bradycardia, increased QRS intervals, increased T-wave amplitudes, and transient ST elevations, ventricular dysrhythmias, and even death. Severe metabolic acidosis, decreased level of consciousness, and seizures have been reported after large acute ingestions, prolonged IV infusion of high doses and rarely after prolonged ingestion or topical use of normal therapeutic doses. Intravenous infusion of drugs with high concentrations of propylene glycol (more than 30%) can cause hemolysis.

ACID BASE

LACTIC ACIDOSIS: Increased lactate levels with lactic acidosis may occur following ingestion of a propylene glycol-containing products (Brooks et al, 2001; Glover & Reed, 1996). After discontinuation of the infusion, lactic acid concentrations generally return to normal (Parker et al, 2002; Wilson et al, 2000).

CARDIOVASCULAR

Intravenous injection of propylene glycol may produce hypotension, bradycardia, and ECG changes including increased amplification of the QRS and T-waves (Wilson et al, 2000; Seay et al, 1997). These effects were only minimal when infused slowly (Goldfrank, 2002).
CARDIAC ARREST: In multiple cases, rapid administration of Dilantin(R) in 40% propylene glycol was associated with cardiac arrest and death in elderly patients treated for dysrhythmias. Most also had digitalis toxicity (Gellerman & Martinez, 1967; Goldschlager & Karliner, 1967; Zoneraich et al, 1976).
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA: Depression of the SA node, multifocal ventricular dysrhythmias, and asystole are possible effects of IV administration (Louis et al, 1967). Other reported effects that could result after rapid infusion include widening of the QRS interval, increased T waves with occasional inversions, and transient ST elevations (Nordt, 1998).
MYOCARDITIS, CASE REPORT: Intravenous administration of phenytoin in propylene glycol resulted in myocardial cell death and myocytolysis in a 17-year-old girl. The cytotoxic damage was possibly due to phenytoin and/or propylene glycol (Hitotsumatsu et al, 1995).

DERMATOLOGIC

IRRITATION: Skin irritation is minimal, but can be irritating to mucous membranes (Trancik & Maibach, 1982).
CONTACT DERMATITIS: Contact dermatitis may develop with topical preparations containing propylene glycol (El Sayed et al, 1995; Kim & Kim, 1994).

ENDOCRINE

HYPOGLYCEMIA, CASE REPORT: Episodes of hypoglycemia were described in a 15-month-old boy who received ascorbic acid 750 mg/day in a propylene glycol vehicle (7.5 mL/day) for 8 days (Martin & Finberg, 1970).

FLUID ELECTROLYTE

INCREASED OSMOLALITY: Both adults and children have developed hyperosmolality following administration of medications or multivitamins that contained propylene glycol (Fligner et al, 1985; Glasgow et al, 1983; Parker et al, 2002).

GENITOURINARY

RENAL INJURY: Renal injury has been reported in patients receiving medications that were solubilized with propylene glycol. Manifestations describing the injury included: decreased creatinine clearance (Levy et al, 1995), acute renal failure (Hayman et al, 2003; Yorgin et al, 1997), proximal renal tubular damage (Yorgin et al, 1997), and increased serum creatinine concentrations (Yaucher et al, 2003).

HEENT

OTOTOXICITY: Administration of propylene glycol containing medications has resulted in cases of ototoxicity including cochlear toxicity (Morizono et al, 1980), middle-ear adhesions, cholesteatoma, and serious effusions (Vassalli et al, 1988).
IRRITATION: Stinging, blepharospasm, and lacrimation followed by mild hyperemia have occurred following eye exposure. Residual edema was not present (Reinhardt et al, 1978; Grant & Schuman, 1993).

HEMATOLOGIC

HEMOLYSIS: IV injection can produce intravascular hemolysis in humans (Demey et al, 1986). Administration of IV nitroglycerin containing 27% to 50% propylene glycol resulted in hemolysis in 3 of 28 patients (Demey et al, 1988).

THROMBOPHLEBITIS

Intravenous injection of diazepam in propylene glycol vehicles is associated with a high incidence of thrombophlebitis (Hegarty & Dundee, 1977; Schou Olesen & Huttel, 1980).

MUSCULOSKELETAL

ELEVATED CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE: Elevated creatine phosphokinase is common following intramuscular injection (Greenblatt et al, 1976).

NEUROLOGIC

CNS DEPRESSION: Central nervous system depression, sometimes with coma, may occur following propylene glycol toxicity, particularly in younger children and infants (Peleg et al, 1998; Glover & Reed, 1996). CNS toxicity (stupor, drowsiness, dysarthria, confusion) has been reported in patients receiving oral phenytoin solutions containing propylene glycol, but not when the same subjects ingested phenytoin capsules (Yu et al, 1985).
SEIZURE: Seizure has been reported in infants and young children following treatment with medication containing propylene glycol (Arulanatham & Genel, 1978) (MacDonald et al, 1987).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Propylene glycol is a skin sensitizer, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (Calas, 1978; Hannuksela & Forstrom, 1978; Adams & Maibach, 1985; Eun & Kim, 1989; Catanzaro & Smith, 1991). Contact dermatitis has been reported with exposure to propylene glycol in ECG electrode gel (Uter & Schwanitz, 1996).

When given orally to rats, propylene glycol was associated with increased blood sugar and decreased blood urea nitrogen (Vaille, 1971). This may have been a nonspecific consequence of nutritional deficiency. Propylene glycol was reported to alter EEG patterns and the seizure threshold in a child with epilepsy (RTECS , 1997).

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Acute toxicity after ingestion is unlikely. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is generally unnecessary.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL

Patients symptomatic following exposure should be observed in a controlled setting until all signs and symptoms have fully resolved.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

Acute toxicity after ingestion is unlikely. Prehospital gastrointestinal decontamination is generally unnecessary.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

Propylene glycol is practically nontoxic. The oral lethal dose is over 15 g/kg; for a 70 kg (150 lb) person, more than 1 quart (2.2 lb) may be lethal (HSDB, 2003).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SUMMARY

Serum propylene glycol levels up to 1000 mg/dL do not correlate well with clinical status (HSDB, 2003).
Twenty-five mg/kg is the estimated acceptable daily intake as a food additive (Nordt SP & Vivero LE, 2002). It has been estimated that propylene glycol is one third as intoxicating as ethanol on a weight basis.

ADULT

It has been considered relatively nontoxic. It is used in intravenous medications at concentrations up to 80% by weight. There have been reports that its use in pharmaceuticals has produced seizures, lactic acidosis, and a decreased level of consciousness (Baselt, 2000). Based on studies in rats, it is estimated that a 70 kg person can tolerate a daily oral intake of up to 1.8 lb of propylene glycol (Bingham et al, 2001).
Single oral doses of 1.5 g/kg have been used to treat glaucoma, with slight dizziness noted as a side effect (Goldsmith, 1978).
A 60-year-old man developed a total propylene glycol load of 540 g following 5 days of lorazepam infusions (total lorazepam dose of 1302 mg). The patient developed an osmolar gap metabolic (lactic) acidosis. After discontinuation of lorazepam, the lactic acid concentration and anion and osmolar gaps returned to normal within 72 hours (Arbour & Esparis, 2000).

INFANT

Single doses of 60 mL of propylene glycol were reported to cause stupor in infants (Martin & Finberg, 1970).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS57-55-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Propylene glycol
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC:

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: Budavari, 1996; CHRIS, 2003; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003; OHM/TADS, 2003; RTECS, 2003
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)CHICKEN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (OCULAR)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS57-55-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS57-55-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Propylene Glycol
10 mg/m3
Ceiling or Short-term TWA:
Skin Notation: No
Dermal Sensitizer: No
Candidate WEEL: No
WEEL Under Review: No

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS57-55-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS57-55-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS57-55-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS57-55-6 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: 1,2-Propanediol

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS57-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Glycol
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 0

(0) No chemical is without some degree of toxicity.

Flammability Rating (Red): 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Propylene glycol tends to oxidize at high temperature so the room should be kept cool and well ventilated (HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

It is stable under ordinary conditions (HSDB , 2000).
It tends to oxidize at high temperature (HSDB , 2000).
It should be kept away from ignition sources (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Although it may be absorbed through broken skin, it is of very low systemic toxicity. Generally it produces no significant irritation on skin. However, it can cause primary skin irritation in some people, possibly due to dehydration. Skin areas exposed to undiluted propylene glycol under occlusive conditions or exposed repeatedly to diluted propylene glycol may show redness, swelling, or blistering vesicles (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000; Sittig, 1991).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Undiluted propylene glycol can cause stinging, redness, and tearing in the eye (HSDB , 2000). No permanent damage or adverse effect is expected from eye exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000). Nonetheless, if eye contact is likely, eye goggles are recommended (Sittig, 1991).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

It can cause mild irritation when inhaled (Sittig, 1991). However, when propylene glycol mist is inhaled, the majority is lodged in the nasopharynx and rapidly disappears into the stomach (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000). Based on industrial experience, no evidence of workplace respiratory sensitization has been reported (Raffle et al., 1994). No permanent damage or adverse effect is expected from respiratory exposure (Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 2000).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 57-55-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

No special engineering is needed for industrial hygiene except to perhaps provide enclosed process chambers or provide local exhaust ventilation (HSDB , 2000).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
- When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may pollute waterways.
- Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Glycols and their derivatives present no significant hazard under normal industrial conditions. It is combustible when exposed to heat or flame (HSDB , 2000; Lewis, 1997). It has a burning rate of 1.5 mm/min (CHRIS, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS57-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Glycol
Flammability Rating: 1

(1) Slightly combustible. Materials that require considerable preheating before ignition can occur. This rating includes most ordinary combustible materials.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Combustion of propylene glycol requires preheating of the material. It is of moderate hazard (OHM/TADS , 2000).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS57-55-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Glycol
Extinguishing Method(s): 5

5: Flammable liquid fires can be extinguished using carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and vaporizing liquid extinguishers, as long as the fires are small to moderate in size and the flammable liquid reservoir is shallow. Use of foam to form a blanket over a flammable liquid is not effective when the liquid is water-soluble. Certain alcohol resistant foams are effective extinguishing agents for polar, non-polar, and water-soluble liquid fires. These foams are preferred for fighting flammable liquid fires except those that involve water reactive flammable liquids.

Use water fog, alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical to fight fire (HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000). Use water to cool exposed containers (CHRIS, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

There are no toxic combustion products produced by propylene glycol (OHM/TADS , 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

It is of moderate explosion hazard when exposed to flame (HSDB , 2000).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Avoid breathing vapors and mists from heated or agitated propylene glycol (HSDB , 2000).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

It reacts violently (causing fire and explosion hazard) with oxidizing compounds such as perchlorate, permanganate, and dichromate (HSDB , 2000; ILO, 1998).

It reacts with strong acids (Pohanish & Greene, 1997). When propylene glycol is mixed with hydrofluoric acid and silver nitrate (for use as a polish), silver fulminate can form and gas can evolve with a force capable of bursting a closed glass bottle containing the mixture (HSDB , 2000; Urben, 1995). It also reacts with caustics, aliphatic amines, and isocyanates (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

It tends to oxidize at high temperature and produce propionaldehyde, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, or acetic acid (Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 2000; OHM/TADS , 2000).

It has a reactivity group rating of 20 (CHRIS, 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS57-55-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS57-55-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Propylene glycol (1,2-Propanediol)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 10
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 500
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS57-55-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS57-55-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 153 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection. fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Follow general spill handling procedure. Warn other individuals in the area of the spill. Clean up spill by mopping or spreading absorbent material then sweeping (Sittig, 1991).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

It is degradable using anaerobic biotechnology. In wastewater treatment, 95% of propylene glycol is removed within 6 hours of treatment in the presence of activated sludge inocula (HSDB , 2000).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

It can be disposed of by spraying into incinerator or burning in paper packaging. If necessary, additional flammable solvent may be added to aid the process. For open air incineration, local air quality authority should be notified (OHM/TADS , 2000).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Propylene glycol is present in wastewater effluents of commercial manufacturing facilities where it is made. Due to the use of propylene glycol in aircraft deicing fluid, it is released to air and soil during deicing operations. Use of propylene glycol as a solvent in inks, paints, and coatings results in its direct evaporation to air. Solvent use in carpet manufacturing may be associated with airborne releases from some carpeting materials (HSDB, 2003).

Propylene glycol may form in the environment as a metabolite of propylene glycol dinitrate, a military propellant that may be found in wastewater streams from munitions plants and loading operations (HSDB, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

It is released into the air by the use of propylene glycol-containing deicing fluids and by evaporation from paints, inks, coatings, cleaners, and other products in which propylene glycol is used as a solvent (HSDB , 2000). It is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient air. It is degraded rapidly by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Physical removal from air by rainfall is also possible (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- It is released into the water environment in wastewater effluents from munitions plants or loading operations (as a metabolite of propylene glycol dinitrate, a military propellant). It is also released into the water environment in wastewater effluents from its commercial production or use. It is expected to degrade relatively rapidly via biodegradation in water. It is not expected to be susceptible to hydrolysis, oxidation, volatilization, bioconcentration, and adsorption to sediments (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- It is released into the soil environment in wastewater effluents from munitions plants or loading operations (as a metabolite of propylene glycol dinitrate, a military propellant) and from its commercial production and use. It is also released into the soil environment by the use of propylene glycol-containing deicing fluids (HSDB , 2000). It is expected to degrade relatively rapidly via biodegradation in soil. Degradation in soil does not appear to be inhibited by high glycol concentrations or by subfreezing temperatures. Due to its high mobility and low adsorptivity, propylene glycol is susceptible to leaching (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000). However, concurrent biodegradation may be rapid enough to diminish the significance of leaching (Howard, 1990). Evaporation from dry (but not moist) soil surfaces is likely to occur (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Air: It is degraded rapidly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The experimentally determined rate constant is 12 X 10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 22 degrees C, and the half-life is 32 hours assuming an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 X 10(5) molecules/cm(3) (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

Water: It is degraded in water by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The experimentally determined rate constant is 0.94-1.68 X 10(9) L/mol-sec at 22 degrees C, and the half-life is 1.3-2.3 years assuming a sunlit natural water hydroxyl radical concentration of 1 X 10(-17) moles/L (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

BIODEGRADATION

Standard dilution BOD water: 56.7% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 10 days with sewage inocula (HSDB , 2000).

Standard dilution BOD water: 79% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 20 days with sewage inocula (HSDB , 2000).

Standard dilution BOD water: 80% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 50 days with sewage inocula (HSDB , 2000).

Warburg respirometer: 78% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 40 days with sewage inocula (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

Nutrient broth: 100% degradation, in 4 days under aerobic conditions with activated sludge or digester sludge inocula (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

Nutrient broth: 100% degradation, in 4 - 9days under anaerobic conditions with activated sludge or digester sludge inocula (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

Synthetic seawater dilution: 55% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 5 days with raw wastewater inocula (HSDB , 2000).

Synthetic seawater dilution: 83% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 20 days with raw wastewater inocula (HSDB , 2000).

Seawater dilution: 59.5% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 5 days (HSDB , 2000).

Sewage die-away: 74.5% Theoretical Biochemical Oxygen Demand, in 5 days (HSDB , 2000).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Based on the octanol/water partition coefficient, the bioconcentration factor is estimated to be < 1 (Howard, 1990; HSDB , 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FRESH WATER TOXICITY

LC50 - RAINBOW TROUT, FINGERLING: 4576 ppm for 96 H at 12 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2000)

PLANTS TOXICITY

AQUATIC PLANTS: 92,000 ppm (OHM/TADS , 2000)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

76.09

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

It is a colorless and practically odorless viscous liquid. It has a slight acrid taste, but it is considered practically tasteless (HSDB, 2005).

VAPOR PRESSURE

0.129 mmHg (at 25 degrees C; 77 degrees F) (Harbison, 1998)

0.08 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003; Howard, 1990)

0.07 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

106.6 Pa (ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.036 (at 25/4 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.0361 (at 20/4 degrees C) (HSDB, 2003)
1.0381 (at 20/20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.04 kg/L (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS, 2005; Ashford, 2001)
8.64 lb/gal (at 20 degrees C) (inclusive of internal pores and associated fluids) (Lewis, 1997)

VAPOR DENSITY

2.62 (OHM/TADS, 2005)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

-59 degrees C (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996; ILO, 1998)

BOILING POINT

188.2 degrees C, dl-form (at 760 mmHg) (HSDB, 2005; Budavari, 1996)

168.1 degrees C, dl-form (at 400 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

149.7 degrees C, dl-form (at 200 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

132.0 degrees C, dl-form (at 100 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

119.9 degrees C, dl-form (at 60 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

111.2 degrees C, dl-form (at 40 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

96.4 degrees C, dl-form (at 20 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

83.2 degrees C, dl-form (at 10 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

70.8 degrees C, dl-form (at 5 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

45.5 degrees C, dl-form (at 1 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

187 - 189 degrees C, l-form (at 760 mmHg) (Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996)

88 - 90 degrees C, l-form (at 12 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

94 - 96 degrees C, d-form (at 14 mmHg) (Budavari, 1996)

189 degrees C (Howard, 1990)

188 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

187.6 degrees C (ILO, 1998)

187.3 degrees C; 369.1 degrees F; 460.5 degrees K (at 1 atm) (CHRIS, 2005; Lewis, 1997)

FLASH POINT

99 degrees C; 210 degrees F (closed cup) (HSDB, 2005; ILO, 1998)

225 degrees F (open cup) (HSDB, 2005)

99 degrees C; 210 degrees F (open cup) (Budavari, 1996; Sittig, 1991)

98.8 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2005)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

371 degrees C; 700 degrees F (HSDB, 2005; ILO, 1998)

415 degrees C; 780 degrees F (Lewis, 1997)

421.11 degrees C (OHM/TADS, 2005)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.6 % (HSDB, 2005; OHM/TADS, 2005; Sittig, 1991)

UPPER

12.5 % (OHM/TADS, 2005; Sittig, 1991)
12.6 % (HSDB, 2005)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Soluble or miscible (Ashford, 2001).
Dissolves slowly (OHM/TADS, 2005)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in or miscible with acetone, chloroform, alcohol, ether, benzene, and other oxygenated solvents (HSDB, 2005; Ashford, 2001; Budavari, 1996) .

OTHER

Immiscible with fixed oils (HSDB, 2003).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = -0.92 (HSDB, 2005)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

1.3 X 10(-8 atm-m(3)/mole (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

1.2 X 10(-8) atm-m(3)/mole (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5974 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB, 2005)

5 - 12 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2005)

MASS

95 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB, 2005)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS, 2005)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

pKa = 14.8 (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB, 2005)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

431.0 kg-cal/mole (HSDB, 2005)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents