PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE

Propylene dichloride is used as a perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride intermediate; as an intermediate in rubber processing; as a gasoline scavenging agent; as a fat, oil, resin, gum, wax, plastic, and metal solvent; as a cellulose esters and ethers solvent; and in scouring compounds and metal degreasing and spotting agents (ACGIH, 1991; HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997). It also is used in furniture finish, in solutions for dry cleaning, and in insecticidal fumigant mixtures, specifically as a fungicide, nematocide, herbicide, insecticide, and soil fumigant (Budavari, 2000; IPCS, 1993; Zenz, 1994).
Because it is a good and relatively cheap solvent, propylene dichloride has been used in the past with high frequency and in high concentrations as a stain remover. This has led to sniffing of this chlorinated hydrocarbon for abuse purposes (Pozzi et al, 1985).

FORMS

Propylene dichloride has been mixed with 1,3 dichloropropene to create DD, a fumigant mixture that is an intense eye, skin, and pulmonary irritant (Finkel, 1983).
Industrial Grade: 99% to 99.5% (IARC , 1986)

SOURCES

It is derived from the "action of chlorine on propylene" (Lewis, 1997).
The substance is a propylene oxide byproduct and can be produced through hypochlorination/dehydrochlorination by mixing propylene, chlorine, and calcium hydroxide (Ashford, 1994).
It is manufactured from antimony pentachloride and propyl chloride (HSDB , 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Most exposures are via inhalation, although ingestions have occurred. Both chronic and acute exposures may cause liver and kidney damage.

Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia, hepatic injury, renal failure, headache, and CNS depression.

Effects from inhalation may include respiratory tract irritation, anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, ecchymoses, and hematuria. In severe cases hepatic injury, renal failure, hemolysis, and coagulopathy may develop.

Repeated or prolonged skin contact with propylene dichloride may result in skin irritation due to defatting.

The liquid is moderately irritating to the eye but does not cause serious or permanent injury.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

EMESIS/NOT RECOMMENDED

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PREHOSPITAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION

Consider prehospital administration of activated charcoal as an aqueous slurry in patients with a potentially toxic ingestion who are awake and able to protect their airway. Activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion. Administration in the prehospital setting has the potential to significantly decrease the time from toxin ingestion to activated charcoal administration, although it has not been shown to affect outcome (Alaspaa et al, 2005; Thakore & Murphy, 2002; Spiller & Rogers, 2002).

In patients who are at risk for the abrupt onset of seizures or mental status depression, activated charcoal should not be administered in the prehospital setting, due to the risk of aspiration in the event of spontaneous emesis.
The addition of flavoring agents (cola drinks, chocolate milk, cherry syrup) to activated charcoal improves the palatability for children and may facilitate successful administration (Guenther Skokan et al, 2001; Dagnone et al, 2002).

CHARCOAL DOSE

Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).

Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).

ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system [in animals: liver and mammary gland tumors] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

GENERAL

There are no specific antidotes. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive for maintenance of liver and kidney function. In severe high-dose exposures, respiratory support may be indicated.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE

EMESIS: Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended because of the potential for CNS depression.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Do not give oils by mouth. They may increase absorption.
Do not administer adrenergic amines or atropine.
Support respiration, observe for central nervous system depression and pulmonary irritation.
Follow liver and kidney functions after an exposure.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ACUTE LETHAL STUDIES

An adult male died following consumption of 50 mL of propylene dichloride (ACGIH, 1991).
One reported death followed ingestion of DCP in a human, but the ingested amount could not be verified (Pozzi et al, 1985).
Six men were hospitalized and seven men died within 24 hours after a spill of 3000 gallons of DOW 421, a mixture containing 2 parts propylene dichloride, 4 parts o-dichlorobenzene, and 1 part ethylene dichloride in a rail way tank car accident. Three of the six hospitalized men also died (ACGIH, 1991).
Death resulted following a man's ingestion of 50 mL of a cleaning solution containing propylene dichloride. Other substances in the solution were not known (IPCS, 1993).

CHRONIC EXPOSURE STUDIES

"1,2-Dichloropropane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3)" (IARC, 1999).

ANIMAL DATA

INHALATION - A four-hour exposure to 2000 ppm was fatal to rats. 22-24 exposures to 1000 ppm caused death in some animals (Heppel et al, 1946).
GAVAGE - Over 50 percent of the male rats gavaged with 750 mg/kg of 1,2-dichloropropane five times weekly, died within 10 days (Bruckner et al, 1989).
"There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,2-dichloropropane" (IARC, 1999).
NTP CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES NTP, 1991

"(Gavage); No Evidence: Male Rat"
"(Gavage); Equivocal Evidence: Female Rat"
"(Gavage); Some Evidence: Male and Female Mouse"

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Workmen tolerated short-term exposures to 400 to 500 ppm workmen without adverse effects (Hathaway et al, 1996).

IARC Carcinogenicity Classification: Group 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicit to humans

ANIMAL DATA

INHALATION - Some animals survived over 100, 7 hour exposures to 1000 ppm while repeated exposure was fatal to others (ACGIH, 1991). 400 ppm given for 140 daily, 7 hour exposures produced no negative effects in rats, dogs, or guinea pigs(Hathaway et al, 1996).
GAVAGE - Morphological changes in liver centrilobular cells were noted in rats gavaged with 500 or 1000 mg/kg of 1,2-dichloropropane in corn oil once daily for 10 days (Bruckner et al, 1989).
Guinea pigs survived 200 mg/kg, but liver injury did result (Bingham et al, 2001a).
Areas of focal necrosis were observed to be isolated and decrease with duration of treatment following both oral and parenteral administration of DCP in short- and long-term studies in rats (Bruckner et al, 1989; Trevisan et al, 1989).

OTHER

Lewis (2000) suggests the following relation between chlorinated hydrocarbons and the toxicity they produce, beginning with the most toxic.

Dichloroethane
Dichloropropane
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Dichloromethane

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS78-87-5 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A4 ; Listed as: Propylene dichloride

A4 :Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: 1,2-Dichloropropane
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: 1,2-Dichloropropane

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Ca ; Listed as: Propylene dichloride

Ca : NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).

MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3B ; Listed as: 1,2-Dichloropropane

Category 3B : Substances for which in vitro or animal studies have yielded evidence of carcinogenic effects that is not sufficient for classification of the substance in one of the other categories. Further studies are required before a final decision can be made. A MAK value can be established provided no genotoxic effects have been detected. (Footnote: In the past, when a substance was classified as Category 3 it was given a MAK value provided that it had no detectable genotoxic effects. When all such substances have been examined for whether or not they may be classified in Category 4, this sentence may be omitted.)

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 4x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

ACGIH, 1991 Bingham et al 2001 Budavari, 2000 CHRIS, 2001 Hathaway et al, 1996 HSDB, 2001 IPCS, 1993 Lewis, 2000 NTP, 1991 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC50- (INHALATION)DOG:
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LD50- (SKIN)HUMAN:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)DOG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

1 ppm = 4.62 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
1 ppm = 4.66 mg/m(3)(IPCS, 1993)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.214 ppm (IPCS, 1993)
1 ppm = 4.62 mg/m(3) (at 760 mmHg and 68 degrees F) (NIOSH , 2001)
1 mg/L = 216.5 ppm (at 760 mmHg and 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS78-87-5 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Propylene dichloride

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 10 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A4
Codes: SEN
Definitions:

A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of a lack of data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide indications of carcinogenicity which are sufficient to classify the agent into one of the other categories.
SEN: The designation SEN refers to the potential for an agent to produce sensitization, as confirmed by human or animal data. The notation does not imply that this is the critical effect or that this is the sole basis for the TLV. Although, for those TLVs that are based on sensitization, the TLV is meant to protect workers from induction of this effect, but cannot protect workers who have already become sensitized. The notation should be used to assist in identifying sensitization hazards and reducing respiratory, dermal, and conjunctival exposures to sensitizing agents in the workplace. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; body weight eff
Molecular Weight: 112.99

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS78-87-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS78-87-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Propylene dichloride
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards).
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): See Appendix A

IDLH:

IDLH: 400 ppm
Note(s): Ca

Ca: NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

OSHA PEL Values for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Propylene dichloride
Table Z-1 for Propylene dichloride:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 75

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 350

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Propane, 1,2-dichloro-
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: Propylene dichloride
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:
Listed as: 1,2-Dichloropropane
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Propane, 1,2-dichloro-
P or U series number: U083
Footnote:
Listed as: Propylene dichloride
P or U series number: U083
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS78-87-5 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: 1,2-Dichloropropane
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS78-87-5 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS78-87-5 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Propane, 1,2-dichloro-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1279 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: 1,2-Dichloropropane

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1279
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, N36, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N36: Aluminum or aluminum alloy construction materials are permitted only for halogenated hydrocarbons that will not react with aluminum.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1279 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: 1,2-Dichloropropane
UN Number: 1279

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS78-87-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Dichloride
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

"Outside or detached storage is preferred" (NFPA, 1997).
"Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet" (NFPA, 1997).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from oxidizing materials and active metals (NFPA, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Personal protective equipment should include the following: oxygen for work in a confined space, protective coveralls, rubber footwear and gloves, and chemical goggles (CHRIS , 2001).

Immediately remove contaminated or wet clothing, as it is a fire hazard (NIOSH , 2001).

Stay upwind of the material. Do not breathe propylene dichloride vapors. In case of bodily contact with the substance, wash with generous amounts of soap and water (AAR, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection should be worn. Personnel working with this chemical should not wear contact lenses (NIOSH , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 78-87-5.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Chlorinated Polyethylene

ILC Dover, Inc.

Chemturion

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

ChemMaster

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Microporous Fabric

Workrite

CSP Garments

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Workrite, 1997)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Chem Tech II splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Nitrile

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Super nitrile splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

ILC Dover, Inc.

Ready 1

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

Mitigator

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Cool air splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

8000 Series splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Acid Suit splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem King splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Chem Tech I splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Flame Tech splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Job King splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Warm Ã"N Dry splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Standard Safety Equipment Company

Greylite-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Winterglo-20

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)

Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Vultex splash suits

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Teflon Laminate

ChemFab Corporation

Challenge 5000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (ChemFab Corporation, 1993)

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Purolite

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Resistor

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Sureflex

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Economy Short Boot

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Hazmax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Butyl

North Safety Products

Butyl Series

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 126
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 19000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 126
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 19000
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Natural Rubber

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

Neoprene

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Rated
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Neoprene+NatR

Playtex

123 Argus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial CR Glove #827

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial Glove #834

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Industrial HD Glove #103

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Utility Glove #835

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Playtex, 1995)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Montgomery Safety Products

M-Tech

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Wells Lamont Industrial

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Rated
Breakthrough Time (minutes): No Breakthrough Time provided
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): No Permeation Rate provided
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)

Viton

North Safety Products

Viton Series

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
ChemFab Corporation 701 Daniel Webster Highway Box 1137 Merrimack, NH 03054 USA Phone: (603) 424-9000 Fax: (603) 424-9012 Toll-Free: (800) 451-6101 Website: http://www.chemfab.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
ILC Dover, Inc. One Moonwalker Rd. Frederica, DE 19946-2080 USA Phone: (302) 335-3911 Toll-Free: (800) 631-9567 Website: http://www.ilcdover.com Email: Customer_Service@ilcdover.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
Montgomery Safety Products 1117 Marion Avenue, SW Canton, OH 44707 USA Phone: (800) 562-0600 Toll-Free: (800) 562-0600 Website: http://www.montgomerysafety.com Email: gloves@montgomerysafety.com
North Safety Products 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.northsafety.com Email: marketing@northsafety.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Playtex 300 Nyala Farms Road Westport, CT 06880 USA
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Standard Safety Equipment Company 1407 Ridgeview Drive McHenry, IL 60050 USA Phone: (815) 363-8565 Fax: (815) 363-8633 Toll-Free: (815) 363-8565 Website: http://www.standardsafety.com Email: solson@standardsafety.com
Wells Lamont Industrial 6640 W. Touhy Ave. Niles, IL 60714 USA Fax: (847) 647-6943 Toll-Free: (800) 247-3295 Website: http://www.wellslamontindustry.com Email: kmeger@wellslamont.com
Workrite 500 East Third Street Box 1192 Oxnard, CA 93032 USA Phone: (805) 483-0715 Fax: (805) 483-0678 Toll-Free: (800) 521-1888 Website: http://www.workrite.com Email: info@workrite.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Propylene dichloride is a flammable liquid. When in contact with heat or flame, the compound is an extremely dangerous fire hazard (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).
"Flashback along vapor trail may occur" (CHRIS , 2001).
The substance is very flammable and combustion is probable (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Propylene dichloride vapors may catch fire due to accumulation of static electrical charges (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS78-87-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Dichloride
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Propylene dichloride has a flash point of less than 100 degrees F (39 degrees C). Flash points are listed below:
- 15.6 degrees C (NTP , 1991)
- 16 degrees C; 60 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
- 16 degrees C (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991)
- 21 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991)
- 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F (ASTM open cup) (Budavari, 2000)

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS78-87-5 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propylene Dichloride
Extinguishing Method(s): 4

4: "Water may ineffective, except as a blanket" applies if a liquid has a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C), the specific gravity is 1.1 or greater, and the liquid is not water soluble. In this case, water should be gently applied as a fine spray or fog to the liquid surface.

Stay upwind of all propylene dichloride fires so as to avoid toxic vapors and products of decomposition. The following substances are appropriate for use in fighting propylene dichloride fires: water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Containers of the substance that may be exposed to fire should be kept cool using water spray (NFPA, 1997).

Water may not be the most effective extinguishing substance and may be best used to blanket a fire (Sittig, 1991).

Stop flow of material before putting out fire (AAR, 2000).

Water should be used as fog in flooding amounts. When fighting fire, keep as far from the site as possible. Note that water in solid streams may not be effective (AAR, 2000).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Toxic gases, and irritants, including hydrogen chloride, are possible combustion products (NFPA, 1997).
Phosgene fumes are emitted when propylene dichloride is heated to decomposition (IPCS, 1993).
In addition to the above, the following toxic vapors are emitted when the substance is heated to decomposition: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine (NTP , 1991).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Reacts with aluminum to form aluninum chloride. When confined, the reaction can result in an explosion (Lewis, 2000).

In terms of explosiveness, OHM/TADS (2001) deems propylene dichloride "stable."

Propylene dichloride in air may form an explosive mixture (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Explosions can occur when the substance comes into contact with strong oxidizers (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Propylene dichloride vapors are eye, nose, and throat irritants. In high concentrations, they cause minor, temporary eye or respiratory system irritation (CHRIS , 2001).

Vapors of propylene dichloride, which are heavier than air, may move toward an ignition source and flash back (NFPA, 1997).

Reaction with aluminum, when confined can result in an explosion (Lewis, 2000).

Propylene dichloride in air may form an explosive mixture (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Toxic gases and irritants, including hydrogen chloride, are possible combustion products (NFPA, 1997).

Phosgene fumes are emitted when propylene dichloride is heated to decomposition (IPCS, 1993).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

For explosion information, refer to the EXPLOSION HAZARD SECTION in this Hazardtext document.

Propylene dichloride can decompose when in contact with strong acids and form vapors of hydrogen chloride (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Toxic fumes and irritants, including hydrogen chloride and phosgene, may result from combustion of the substance (ILO , 1998; NFPA, 1997).

Propylene dichloride reacts with the following: alkalies, oxidizing substances, and aluminum and other alkali metals (NFPA, 1997).

After several hours, a pipe made of aluminum and carrying refined propylene dichloride in warm weather failed (Urben, 1999).

The compound "corrodes aluminum" and "attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings" (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Propylene dichloride is incompatible with aluminum alloys and bases (NTP , 1991).

Propylene dichloride is a flammable liquid. When in contact with heat or flame, the compound is an extremely dangerous fire hazard (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

"A virtually unvented aluminium tank containing a 4:1:2 mixture of o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloropropane exploded violently 7 days after filling. This was attributed to formation of aluminium chloride which catalysed further accelerating attack on the aluminium tank" (Urben, 1999).

Propylene dichloride mixed with orthodichlorobenzene and ethylene dichloride dissolved the oxide coating from an aluminum-containing vessel. Subsequent reaction between the aluminum vessel and the chlorinated olefins caused rupture of the vessel (NFPA, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS78-87-5 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS78-87-5 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Dichloropropane, 1,2- (Propylene dichloride)
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 10
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 200
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 400
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 400
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS78-87-5 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS78-87-5 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 400 ppm
Note(s): Ca

(Ca) NIOSH considers this substance to be a potential occupational carcinogen (See Appendix A).

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Remove all ignition sources following a spill. After cleanup, do not enter spill area until it is inspected by a safety officer (NTP , 1991).
All personnel should be upwind of the spill area. If not exposed to undue risk, personnel should stop or control the flow of material and isolate the remains for later disposal (NFPA, 1997).
Only those wearing protective equipment should be in spill/leak area. Ventilate the area and keep spill from entering contained locations, such as sewers (Sittig, 1991).
Pollution control agencies and the local health department should be informed of a propylene dichloride spill (CHRIS , 2001).
"Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U083, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste" (HSDB , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Contain the spilled material by constructing a holding area, such as a pit, pond, or lagoon (AAR, 2000).
Use sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete to contain surface flow (AAR, 2000).
Use fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents to absorb large liquid spills (AAR, 2000).
Limit the spread of water spills by using oil spill control booms or natural barriers. Use suction hoses to extract trapped material (AAR, 2000).
Attack spill vapors with water spray or mist (AAR, 2000).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

"Pour onto vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate or a sandsoda ash mixture (90/10). (Add slaked lime if fluoride is present.) Mix in paper boxes, place in incinerator, cover with scrap wood and paper and ignite with excelsior train. Stay upwind, or dump in closed incinerator with afterburner. Dissolve in flammable solvent and spray in incinerator firebox equipped with afterburner and alkali scrubber" (OHM/TADS , 2001).
The substance can be effectively removed from drinking water using granular activated carbon adsorption and ion exchange (HSDB , 2001).
Removal of propylene dichloride from water can be achieved by using biodegradation, stripping, or a combination (HSDB , 2001).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

BIOREMEDIATION

Biological treatment of propylene dichloride, when acclimated, has been reported to be successful (Howard, 1990).
- The compound was completely removed by stripping after 8 hours in a bench scale continuous flow activated sludge reactor (Howard, 1990).
- In a 2-week screening test, the substance resisted degradation. The test involved mixed soil inoculum, sludge, and surface water (Howard, 1990).
- When the compound was incubated with sewage seed, 42% degraded in 7 days (Howard, 1990).
- After 20 weeks, propylene dichloride biodegraded only modestly, and when incubated for 12 weeks in a closed container in sandy loam soil, it remained stable (Howard, 1990).
In a wastewater treatment plant that was "well-run," propylene dichloride was removed by B-Chem mutant bacteria (IPCS, 1993).
The methanotrophic bacterium Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b completely degraded a 0.2 mmol/liter concentration of propylene dichloride (IPCS, 1993).
Calculated soil degradation half-lives (in non-polluted aquifier) (Verschueren, 2001):
Organic Carbon Content Average Half-Life
1% 19 days
0.1% 92 days
0.01% 1,999 days
0.001% 58 years

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Mix dissolved portion of spilled material with carbon or peat (OHM/TADS , 2001).
"Use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution" (NTP , 1991).
Spilled propylene dichloride should be absorbed in dry sand, earth, or like material and then placed into sealed containers (Sittig, 1991).
Small spills can be absorbed with paper towels and then evaporated in a fume hood or other safe place. The paper can then be burned (in a suitable area). Large propylene dichloride spills can be atomized in a properly equipped combustion chamber (HSDB , 2001).
Incineration: "Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced" (Sittig, 1991).
Incineration: Propylene dichloride can be incinerated using liquid injection (temperature range: 650-1600 degrees C; residence time: 0.1-2 seconds) (HSDB , 2001).
Incineration: The substance can also be incinerated with a rotary kiln (temperature range: 820-1600 degrees C; residence times: seconds for gases and liquids and hours for solids) (HSDB , 2001).
Incineration: It also can be incinerated in a fluidized bed (temperature range: 450-980 degrees C; residence times: seconds for liquids and gases and longer for solids) (HSDB , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Propylene dichloride is released to the atmosphere as fugitive emissions and into wastewater through its manufacture and use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, and agent for scouring, spotting, and metal degreasing. Other sources of release include leaching into groundwater from municipal landfills (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

Propylene dichloride was applied directly to soil through its former use as a soil fumigant/insecticide, however, since the mid-1980s, it is no longer registered as a pesticide in the United States (HSDB, 2004).

Propylene dichloride does not occur naturally (IPCS, 1993).

Occupational exposure to propylene dichloride may occur through its uses as a solvent, cleaning and degreasing agent, chemical intermediate, and through various other industrial applications. Human exposure occurs primarily through inhalation, but may also occur through ingestion, or eye and skin contact (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Phototransformation is expected to be the primary fate process for vapor-phase propylene dichloride, however, for significant direct phototransformation to occur, it is believed the compound must be adsorbed onto particulate matter (IPCS, 1993).
- Under experimental conditions, the half-life of vapor-phase propylene dichloride was >23 days, based on its rate of reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. However, a half-life of 7.12 days was determined by a computer estimate, based on hydrogen-atom abstraction by hydroxyl radicals (Howard, 1990).
- The half-life of propylene dichloride's reaction with hydroxyl radicals was calculated at 36 days, based on a rate constant of 4.42 x 10(-13) cm(3)/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C, and an atmospheric concentration of hydroxyl radicals of 5 x 10(5) radicals/cm(3) (HSDB, 2004).
- Indirect photolysis half-lives are calculated as 10 - 27 days, based on reactions with hydroxyl radicals (Verschueren, 2001).
- Propylene dichloride decomposed slowly in air, with a half-life of >313 days (with a 24-hour average hydroxyl radical concentration of 1 X 10(6)/cm(3)) (IPCS, 1993).
- Levels of propylene dichloride were found to be lowest in the afternoon, indicating some photooxidative degradation occurs (Howard, 1990).
It is likely rain wash out from the atmosphere will occur, as the compound is fairly soluble in water (Howard, 1990).
Direct photolysis is not a significant fate process, as indicated by results of a simulated sunlight experiment. This is supported by the fact that propylene dichloride does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm (HSDB, 2004; Verschueren, 2001; Howard, 1990).
Air half-life: High: 646 hours (26.9 days); Low: 65 hours (2.7 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated photooxidation half-life in air" (Howard et al, 1991).
Photooxidation half-life: Air: High: 646 hours (26.9 days); Low: 65 hours (2.7 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon an estimated rate constant for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air" (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- When released to water, propylene dichloride volatilizes quickly; this is the most significant fate process for this compound. Hydrolysis and adsorption to suspended solids or sediment are not important fate processes (Howard, 1990).
- In a laboratory experiment, a 1.6 cm deep stirred solution of propylene dichloride had a volatilization half-life of 8 minutes. This equates to an 8.3 hour half-life at a 1 meter depth. The half-life of the compound in a wind wave tank (with a wind speed of 6 m/sec) was measured at 6.7 hours (Howard, 1990).
- Surface water half-life: High: 30,936 hours (3.5 years); Low: 4008 hours (167 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard et al, 1991).
- First-order hydrolysis half-life: 15.8 years; Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon reported rate constant (kN=5.0 x 10(-6)/hr) at pH 7-9 and 25 degrees C" (Howard et al, 1991).
- Base rate constant: 4.3 x10(-4)/M hr(-1); Comment: "Base reaction not expected to be important" (Howard et al, 1991).
GROUND WATER
- Groundwater half-life: High: 61,872 hours (7.1 years); Low: 8016 hours (334 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard et al, 1991)

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization and diffusion is the most important fate process for propylene dichloride in soils (HSDB, 2004; IPCS, 1993).
- Propylene dichloride underwent virtually no chemical degradation in soils. Over 98% of the compound added to sandy loam and medium loam soils was recovered 12 - 20 weeks after treatment (IPCS, 1993).
- In silt loam soil, the compound has an organic-carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of 47, indicating a high soil mobility. In dry soil conditions, propylene dichloride sorbs to clay minerals, but as the soil becomes moist, the compound desorbs (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).
- Soil half-life: High: 30,936 hours (3.5 years); Low: 4008 hours (167 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life" (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Based on its vapor pressure, propylene dichloride is expected to exist entirely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propylene dichloride will degrade through reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, and may also be removed from the air through wet deposition. Direct photolysis is insignificant (HSDB, 2004; Howard, 1990).

In soils and water surfaces, volatilization is the primary fate process for propylene dichloride. It may leach into ground water from soils, especially in wet conditions. Hydrolysis and adsorption to sediment are not important (Howard, 1990).

BIODEGRADATION

Propylene dichloride is not considered biodegradable, however, ozonation can transform it into a biodegradable substance. Biodegradation is not an important degradation pathway for this compound (HSDB, 2004).

Under experimental conditions a small amount of the substance biodegraded in medium loam soil kept in closed glass containers for 20 weeks. It does not appear to biodegrade in sandy soil (Howard, 1990).

Aqueous Biodegradation (unacclimated)(Howard et al, 1991):

Aerobic half-life: High: 30,936 hours (3.5 years); Low: 4008 hours (167 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon acclimated aerobic soil grab sample data."
Anaerobic half-life: High: 123,744 hours (14.1 years); Low: 16,032 hours (668 days); Comment: "Scientific judgement based upon aerobic biodegradation half-life."
Removal/secondary treatment: High: not listed; Low: 0%; Comment: "Based upon % degraded under aerobic continuous flow conditions."

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Propylene dichloride is expected to have low bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms (HSDB, 2004).

PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
- Edible crops will absorb propylene dichloride, but not at a rate that is biologically significant (<0.01 mg/kg) (IPCS, 1993).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

log Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) in fish: <1 (Howard, 1990)
BCFs of 1.2 - 3.2 and 0.5 - 6.9 were measured for propylene dichloride at concentrations of 0.4 mg/L and 0.04 mg/L, respectively (HSDB, 2004).
log BCF: 1.26 (estimated) (Howard, 1990)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

FISH

LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus): 320 ppm for 96H -- mild aeration applied after 24 hours (at 23 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus), 33-75 mm: 320 mg/L; pH 7.6-7.9 (at 23 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - BLUEGILL SUNFISH (Lepomis macrochirus), 0.32-1.2 g: 280 mg/L for 96H -- tested in well water, 32-48 mg/L CaCO3; pH 6.5-7.9, oxygen concentration at the beginning 9.7-0.3 mg/L after 96H; static system (nominal concentrations) (at 21-23 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - DAB (Pleuronectes limanda), 15-20 cm: 61 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 127 mg/L for 96H -- flow-through bioassay (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas), 30-35 days: 140 mg/L for 96H -- flow through system; hardness 42-45 mg/L (asCaCO3), pH 6.7-7.6; at 25 degrees C (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 139,300 mcg/L for 96H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - FRESHWATER AND MARINE FISH: 61-320 mg/L for 96H (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata), 2-3 months: 3.01 mmol/L for 96H -- 21-23 degrees C; 7-day LC50; static system, renewal (IPCS, 1993)
LC50 - GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata): 116 ppm for 7D -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW: 7.3 ppm for 96H -- static test environment (OHM/TADS , 2001)
LC50 - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDES (Menidia beryllina): 240 ppm for 96H -- mild aeration applied after 24 hours (at 23 degrees C) (HSDB, 2004)
LC50 - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDES (Menida beryllina), 40-100 mm: 240 mg/L for 96H -- hardness 55 mg/L (as CaCO3), pH 7.6-7.9; at 20 degrees C (IPCS, 1993)

CRUSTACEAN

LC50 - WATER FLEA (Daphnia magna): 52,500 mcg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2004)
TLm - CRUSTACEA: >100 ppm (CHRIS , 2001)
TLm - SHRIMP: >100 ppm for 48H -- conditions of bioassay not specified (HSDB, 2004)

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

112.99

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Propylene dichloride is a colorless, stable, mobile liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. The substance sinks in water (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).

"Human subjects described the odor as 'strong' at 130 to 190 ppm and 'not noticeable' at 15 to 23 ppm" (HSDB , 2001).

VAPOR PRESSURE

1 mmHg (at -38.5 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

5 mmHg (at -17 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

10 mmHg (at -6.1 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

20 mmHg (at 6 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

60 mmHg (at 28 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

100 mmHg (at 39.4 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

200 mmHg (at 57 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

400 mmHg (at 76 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

39.5 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)

40 mmHg (at 19.4 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)

40 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (NFPA, 1997)

42 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)

49.67 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)

50 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)

143 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 1.159 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 1991)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.1560 (at 20/4 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)
1.1593 (at 20/20 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)
1.1481 (at 24/22 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

1.16 (NIOSH , 2001)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.159 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (Budavari, 2000; NTP , 1991)
1.437 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.1595 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)
1.1558 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-100 degrees C; -148 degrees F; 173 K (CHRIS , 2001)
-80 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)
-149 degrees C (NIOSH , 2001)

MELTING POINT

-100 degrees C (solidifies below -70 degrees C) (ACGIH, 1991)
-100 degrees C; -148 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)
-70 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

BOILING POINT

-3.7 degrees C (at 10 mmHg) (NTP , 1991)

95-96 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991; Budavari, 2000)

96.4 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

96.8 degrees C (IPCS, 1993)

96 degrees C (Sittig, 1991)

-3.7 degrees C at 10 mmHg

FLASH POINT

15.6 degrees C (NTP , 1991)

16 degrees C; 60 degrees F (NFPA, 1997)

16 degrees C; 60 degrees F (closed cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

21 degrees C (open cup) (ACGIH, 1991; Bingham et al, 2001)

60 degrees C (Tagliabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994)

21 degrees C; 70 degrees F (ASTM open cup) (Budavari, 2000)

"Despite the low flash point, it does not catch fire readily in industrial applications." Fire point: 38 degrees C (Budavari, 2000).

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

557 degrees C; 1035 degrees F (Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

557.2 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

3.4% by volume in air (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

UPPER

14.5% (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Propylene dichloride is not soluble in water (NFPA, 1997).
It is soluble or slightly soluble in water (Budavari, 2000; IPCS, 1993).
0.27 g/100 mL water (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
<0.1 mg/mL (at 21.5 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)
2740 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1990)
0.26% by wt (at 20 degrees C) (ILO , 1998)
2.7 g/kg (at 20 degrees C) (IPCS, 1993)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Propylene dichloride is miscible with organic solvents (Budavari, 2000).
The compound is miscible with most organic or common solvents (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1997).
Propylene dichloride is soluble in oxygenated solvents (Ashford, 1994).
It is soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, ethyl ether, diethyl ether, and ethanol (IPCS, 1993; ITI, 1995; Weast, 1985).
DMSO: greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C)(NTP , 1991)
95% ethanol: greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)
Acetone: greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL (at 19 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 1.99 (Howard, 1990)

log Kow = 2.28 (IPCS, 1993)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

2.07x10(-3) atm-mol/m(3) (Howard, 1990)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

5994 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

"UV max: lambda max (in methanol): 268.5 nm, 264 nm (shoulder), 262 nm, 259 nm (shoulder), 256 nm, 249 nm (shoulder), 243 nm (epsilon=0.601, 0.551, 0.713, 0.625, 0.567, 0.424, 0.351)" (NTP , 1991)

MASS

370 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.25 ppm (ACGIH, 1991)
50 ppm (NTP , 1991)
420 mg/(m3) (Sittig, 1991)

SATURATION CONCENTRATION

258 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
393 g/m(3) (at 30 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

HEAT OF FUSION

13.53 cal/g (CHRIS , 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.4068 (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
1.4388 (at 20 degrees C/D) (HSDB , 2001)
1.4384 (at 20 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)
1.437 (at 25 degrees C) (NTP , 1991)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

37.9 dynes/cm = 0.0379 N/m (at 22.7 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

30 (HSDB , 2001)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents