PROPANE

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Classification | Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

-IDENTIFICATION

SYNONYMS

PROPANE
A-108
BOTTLED GAS
DIMETHYLMETHANE
HYDROCARBON PROPELLANT A-108
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
LP-GAS
LPG
N-PROPANE
PROPYLDIHYDRIDE
PROPYL HYDRIDE
R 290

IDENTIFIERS

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER

74-98-6(Propane)

NIOSH/RTECS NUMBER

TX 2275000

UN/NA NUMBER

1075-Propane
1978-Propane

STCC NUMBER

4905781

MOLECULAR FORMULA

C3-H8

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

115-GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)(for UN/NA Numbers1075and1978)

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(RTECS , 1996; HSDB , 1996; NIOSH , 1996; CGA, 1990)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Propane is used widely as a fuel gas in household and industrial applications. It is used for heating and cooking and as a standby fuel for natural gas outages or peak load demands. It is also used in industrial heating processes such as heat treating, annealing, enamel baking, and firing ceramic kilns and furnaces, and in welding and cutting operations (Lewis, 1993; CGA, 1990; HSDB , 1996).
Propane is also used as a fuel for various road vehicles, farm machinery, and other small engines used for driving pumps or generators. It is used for cotton and grain drying, crop dehydration, weed burning, and orchard heating (CGA, 1990).
Propane is used as a refrigerant in chemical refining and gas processing, as an aerosol propellant, a gas enricher, and in a mixture for bubble chambers (Lewis, 1993).
In organic synthesis, it is used as feedstock in the thermal cracking process for the manufacture of ethylene and propylene, as an extractant, and as a selective solvent in the petroleum industry. It is also used as a solvent in deasphalting processes (Lewis, 1993; HSDB , 1996; ACGIH, 1991; Ashford, 1994).
In temperature- and pressure-control instruments, propane is used as a thermobulb fill (ACGIH, 1991).

FORMS

Natural propane contains 96 percent propane and 4 percent or less butane and lighter fractions in the liquid phase (ACGIH, 1991).
Liquified petroleum gas, also known as LPG or "bottled gas," consists of a mixture of propane and butane. In colder regions of the US, the principal component is propane, while in warmer climates butane is the main component because of its higher boiling and freezing points (ACGIH, 1991).
Propane is a constituent of natural gas. Concentrations range from 3 to 18 percent (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Propane is a simple asphyxiant gas, which may have anesthetic properties at very high concentrations (ACGIH, 1991; Lewis, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; HSDB , 1996). Very little physiological reaction is produced by exposure to concentrations less than 1000 ppm. Propane is on the FDA's GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) food additive list (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Concentrations less than 89 percent in air do not produce anesthesia in experimental animals (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Vapor inhalation does not cause eye, nose, or throat irritation (CHRIS, 1996).
Simple asphyxiants displace oxygen from the breathing atmosphere primarily in enclosed spaces and result in hypoxemia (Kizer, 1984). Air hunger, fatigue, decreased vision, mood disturbances, numbness of extremities, headache, confusion, decreased coordination and judgment, cyanosis, and unconsciousness may be noted (Kizer, 1984; Sittig, 1991).
A study of 22 Italian individuals who filled containers with propane and butane disclosed some workers with complaints of wheezing, tachycardia, epigastric and chest pains, hyperemia of the rhinopharynx, sinus tachycardia, and extrasystoles (Ambrosio et al, 1968).
Ventricular tachycardia has been observed in one child found playing in a small bathroom with an aerosol can containing a propellant mixture of propane, n-butane, and isobutane (Wason et al, 1986), although the relationship of the exposure to the cardiac dysrhythmia is uncertain.

Experimental animals have developed decreased myocardial contractility while breathing concentrations of 1 to 3.3 percent. In primates, inhalation of concentrations of 10 to 20 percent can cause myocardial effects and respiratory depression (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

No dysrhythmias were seen in mice and dogs breathing concentrations of 10 and 15 percent; weak increased sensitivity to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine was noted (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Direct dermal contact with the liquified material or escaping compressed gas may cause frostbite injury (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1996; (Proctor et al, 1988; Sittig, 1991; HSDB , 1996).

A fuel gas mixture containing propane, butane, ethane, and methane inhaled in concentrations of 5 to 8 percent (50,000 to 80,000 ppm) by dams for one day during gestation caused hydrocephalus and exencephaly in some mouse fetuses (Schardein, 1985).

Propane was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) (Snyder, 1987).

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning.
Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Propane is an anesthetic and CNS depressant. At airborne concentrations less than 1000 ppm, there are few effects (Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Symptoms of overexposure include headache, vomiting, salivation, weakness, dizziness, loss of coordination, and stupor. These effects are readily reversible when the patient receives oxygen; however, one case of residual amnesia has been reported (HSDB, 1997). Its major effect at higher concentrations is as a simple asphyxiant which displaces oxygen from the breathing atmosphere to less than the critical level required to maintain life, causing asphyxiation and death.

In dogs, propane at airborne concentrations of 0.5 to 10 percent (5000 to 100,000 ppm) lowered the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine (pp 41-69).

Escaping compressed liquified propane may cause frostbite injury on contact with the skin or eyes (Clayton & Clayton, 1994) HSDB, 1997).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

In a controlled study, human volunteers had no apparent effects (particularly no cardiac abnormalities) from exposure to an airborne propane concentration of 1000 ppm for 2 weeks, 8 hours per day (HSDB, 1997). Workers exposed to propane have had electrocardiographic changes (Reichenbach, 1985).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE

LIQUID FORM - If the eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

LIQUID FORM - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

GAS/VAPOR FORM - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

TARGET ORGANS - Central nervous system (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

GENERAL -

Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Because of the potential for rapid onset of CNS depression or seizures with possible aspiration of gastric contents, EMESIS SHOULD NOT BE INDUCED. Cautious gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal may be of benefit if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for CNS depression, do NOT induce emesis.
Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The possible benefit of early removal of some ingested material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Unconsciousness leading to death will occur when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is reduced to 6 to 8 percent or less. Signs of asphyxia will be noted when atmospheric oxygen is displaced such that the oxygen concentration is 15 to 16 percent or less (Kizer, 1984).

ANIMAL DATA

Very little information on the lethality of propane in experimental animals has been reported (Snyder, 1987).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Very little physiological reaction is produced by exposure to propane concentrations less than 1000 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Concentrations less than 89 percent in air do not produce CNS depression in cats (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Dizziness may occur after a few minutes of exposure to concentrations between 1 and 10 percent (CHRIS, 1996).

Exposure to 100,000 ppm (10 percent) for a few minutes causes slight dizziness but not irritant effects (Hathaway, 1991).
No adverse effects were observed in normal volunteers breathing 10,000 ppm (1 percent) propane for 10 minutes, but vertigo occurred when the concentration was increased to 100,000 ppm (10 percent) for 2 minutes (Snyder, 1987).
Volunteers who breathed concentrations of 1000 ppm, 8 hours daily for 5 days one week and 4 days the following week had no EEG abnormalities or changes in adrenocortical, cardiopulmonary, neurological, cognitive, or visual functions (Snyder, 1987).

Propane could be detected in the blood of volunteers exposed to between 250 and 1000 ppm (Snyder, 1987).

ANIMAL DATA

Guinea pigs exposed to concentrations between 24,000 to 29,000 ppm or 47,000 to 55,000 ppm for 5 to 120 minutes developed irregular breathing at lower concentrations and tremors at the highest concentrations. The effects were reversible upon cessation of exposure, and there were no pathological organ changes in these animals at necropsy.

CNS depressant effects were not demonstrated in guinea pigs until concentrations reached about 50,000 ppm(Snyder, 1987).

In chronic toxicity experiments, monkeys breathed 750 ppm for 90 days with no observed abnormalities(Snyder, 1987).
Dogs breathing 15 to 90 percent propane for 10 minutes had a decrease in the myocardial threshold to the arrhythmogenic effects of injected epinephrine (Snyder, 1987).

Decreased cardiac output was observed in dogs breathing 10,000 to 33,000 ppm. Similar effects were shown in monkeys, who also developed respiratory depression at concentrations of 20,000 ppm(Snyder, 1987).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS74-98-6 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Propane
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Propane
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Propane
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ppm = 1.83 mg/m(3)

Conversion factor at 68 degrees F and 760 mmHg (NIOSH , 1996) -

Other conversion factors (Snyder, 1987) -

1 ppm = 1.80 mg/m(3) = 0.00180 mg/L
1 mg/m(3) = 0.555 ppm

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS74-98-6 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Propane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

See Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases: Alkanes [C1-C4]

Under Study

Propane

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Adopted Value

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, Alkanes (C1-C4)

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1000 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): Card sens; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Under Study

Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s):
Molecular Weight:

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS74-98-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS74-98-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Propane
REL:

TWA: 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m(3))
STEL:
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 2100 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Propane
Table Z-1 for Propane:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 1000

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 1800

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS74-98-6 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS74-98-6 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS74-98-6 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1075 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Petroleum gases, liquefied or Liquefied petroleum gas

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1075
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: T50

T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1978 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Propane see also Petroleum gases, liquefied

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.1

2.1: Flammable gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1978
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.1

2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 19, T50

19: For domestic transportation only, the identification number "UN1075" may be used in place of the identification number specified in column (4) of the sxn. 172.101 table. The identification number used must be consistent on package markings, shipping papers and emergency response information.
T50: Applicable liquefied compressed gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in accordance with the requirements of sxn. 173.313 of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 306
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: E

E: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but is prohibited from carriage on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1075 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Petroleum gases, liquefied
UN Number: 1075

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1978 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Propane
UN Number: 1978

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS74-98-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propane
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Only non-sparking tools should be used on propane equipment, and explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be installed wherever propane is used, handled, manufactured, or stored (Sittig, 1991).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Above- or below-ground steel tanks are used to store propane and LP-gas, with capacities up to 120,000 gallons. Underground caverns or pits such as natural salt deposits may also be used to store large quantities, especially at natural gas plants or refineries. A frozen earth pit may also be constructed to contain propane. The walls and bottom are frozen and a dome is constructed over the pit (CGA, 1990; HSDB , 1996).
Propane is usually shipped at ambient temperatures as a liquefied compressed gas in cylinders, portable tanks, cargo tanks, or tank cars. It is sometimes stored in refrigerated, ambient pressure units which use the LP-gas vapor as refrigerant (CGA, 1990).
- Caution must be used to heat propane stored in refrigerated units to ambient temperatures prior to transfer to steel containers designed for ambient temperature service (CGA, 1990).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Propane containers should be stored outdoors, out of direct sunlight or heat radiation, and protected from weather. They should be in a well-ventilated area, at a safe distance from occupied buildings (HSDB , 1996; ITI, 1988).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Propane is incompatible with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (NIOSH , 1996; Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

Propane may be stored as a refrigerated liquid. Protective clothing designed for chemical resistance may not provide adequate thermal protection when handling this material (North BE, 1993).

All skin contact with liquefied propane or the vapor found in aerosol sprays should be avoided as it may cause frostbite or a severe, deep tissue injury similar to a thermal burn (CGA, 1990; Corn et al, 1991; Lacour & LeCoultre, 1991).
One study demonstrated that a wool glove liner covered with a neoprene glove provided better protection against liquid propane than neoprene alone (Corn et al, 1991).

Personnel should not touch spilled material unless appropriate protective clothing is worn, including protective gloves and goggles. Fires involving propane should be approached upwind, with caution, and firefighters should avoid breathing vapors (AAR, 1994).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 74-98-6.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

River City

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Reflector

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

River City

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (River City, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Bluemax

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Natural Rubber

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Neoprene

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Nitrile

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Boss Manufacturing Company

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Boss Manufacturing Company 221 W. First Street Kewanee, IL 61443 USA Phone: (309) 852-2131 Fax: (309) 852-0848 Toll-Free: (800) 447-4581 Website: http://www.bossgloves.com Email: custserv@bossgloves.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com
River City 5321 East Shelby Dr. Memphis, TN 38188 USA Phone: (800) 888-0347 Fax: (901) 795-3815 Toll-Free: (800) 888-0347 Website: http://www.protectivewear.com Email: support@protectivewear.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
- Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Will form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Propane is extremely flammable and explosive, and is a dangerous fire risk. It burns with a luminous, smoky flame (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1989).
- Sparks, flames and other ignition sources should be kept away, as propane is easily ignited (AAR, 1994).
- Propane vapor is heavier than air, and flammable mixtures of the gas and air may travel significant distances from a propane leak, allowing the vapors to be potentially ignited by sources far removed from the leak (Budavari, 1989; HSDB , 1996).
Fires involving propane should be allowed to burn unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1996).
Water streams may be used to cool containers exposed to the heat of a fire. Water spray may also be effective in dispersing propane vapors and may be used to protect personnel attempting to stop leaks. It should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1994; CHRIS, 1996).
Normally, tanks involved in fire should not be moved because the hazard will not be significantly reduced, and valves or appurtenances may be damaged in the process (CGA, 1990).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS74-98-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propane
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) and Deuterium (UN1957) burn with an invisible flame.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray or fog.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS74-98-6 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Propane
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Small fires may be extinguished with dry chemical or carbon dioxide aimed at the base of the flame (CGA, 1990).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Propane burns completely, forming carbon dioxide and water, when sufficient oxygen is present. When sufficient oxygen is not present, carbon monoxide may be formed (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).
Acrid smoke and irritating fumes may be released if propane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Propane vapors are explosive if exposed to heat or flames (Lewis, 1996).

Containers may explode if exposed to the heat of a fire. Cylinders may rupture and rocket violently if exposed to fire conditions (CHRIS, 1996; AAR, 1994).

Propane forms a potentially explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide (Lewis, 1996).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Propane burns completely, forming carbon dioxide and water, when sufficient oxygen is present. When sufficient oxygen is not present, carbon monoxide may be formed (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes may be released if propane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

A violent exothermic reaction may occur between propane and barium peroxide if heat is present (Bretherick, 1995).

Propane decomposes to ethane and ethylene when subjected to temperatures of 650 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Propane forms a potentially explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide (Lewis, 1996).

Propane burns completely, forming carbon dioxide and water, when sufficient oxygen is present. When sufficient oxygen is not present, carbon monoxide may be formed (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes may be released if propane is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

Propane will react vigorously with oxidizers and is incompatible with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine (Lewis, 1996; Sittig, 1991).

Propane does not react with water or common materials (CHRIS, 1996).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.

Consider evacuating an area one-half mile in radius if a fire becomes uncontrollable or a container is directly exposed to flames (AAR, 1994).

If propane is leaking but not on fire, evacuation in a downwind direction should be considered, with the area determined by such factors as weather conditions, the location, and the amount of material spilled (AAR, 1994).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS74-98-6 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS74-98-6 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Propane
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 1,000
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 5500
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 17000
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 33000
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS74-98-6 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS74-98-6 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 2100 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 115 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
- Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.
Only those personnel wearing protective equipment should have access to the area of the leak. Maintain the air concentration below the explosive range with forced ventilation. Then remove the leaking tank or cylinder to an open area and allow the propane to empty into the atmosphere (Sittig, 1991; ITI, 1988).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Propane leaking from small lines made from copper may be stopped by flattening or crimping the tubing (CGA, 1990).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Expert emergency responders may respond to a large uncontrollable leak by igniting the propane from a safe distance upwind after all personnel have been evacuated. The propane is then allowed to burn while water is applied to cool containers and piping (CGA, 1990).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Controlled incineration has been suggested as a disposal method (HSDB , 1996; Sittig, 1991).
- A pipeline may be fitted into a furnace or pit, and the propane carefully burned in a controlled manner (ITI, 1988).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Propane may be released to the environment through the production, use, and disposal of petroleum and natural gas products. It is released to the atmosphere from waste incinerators and from the combustion of gasoline, natural gas, and polyethylene (HSDB , 1996).

Propane is a volatile decomposition product of phenolic resins (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Propane should exist entirely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere, due to its vapor pressure of 760 mmHg at 25 degrees C. The atmospheric half-life for the reaction of propane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is approximately 13 days. Nighttime reactions with radical species and nitrogen oxides may also be a process for the removal of propane from the atmosphere (HSDB , 1996).
Photolysis is not expected to occur, as propane does not absorb ultraviolet light in the wavelength range greater than 290 nm (HSDB , 1996).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Volatilization is expected to be the most important fate process for propane in water. Based on the estimated Henry's Law Constant of 7.07 x 10(-1) atm-m(3)/mole at 25 degrees C, volatilization from water is expected to occur very rapidly (HSDB , 1996).
- Some adsorption to sediment and suspended materials may be expected, based on the estimated Koc for propane of 450 to 460 (HSDB , 1996).
- Biodegradation of propane in water may be possible (HSDB , 1996).
- Photolysis and hydrolysis are not expected to be important fate processes for propane in water (HSDB , 1996).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Volatilization is expected to be the major removal process for propane in soil (HSDB , 1996).
- Propane is expected to be moderately mobile in soils. Some adsorption may occur, and biodegradation may also be possible (HSDB , 1996).
- Photolysis and hydrolysis are not expected to be important removal mechanisms for propane in soil (HSDB , 1996).

BIODEGRADATION

Propane is readily biodegraded in soil by microorganisms, including Mycobacterium phlei, which uses propane as its sole carbon source (HSDB , 1996).

Propane was oxidized by more than 20 methyltrophic organisms taken from soils and lake water samples. The breakdown products included methyl ketone, acetone, and the alcohols 1-propanol and 2-propanol (HSDB , 1996).

BIOACCUMULATION

FISH

Propane is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (HSDB , 1996).

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

The bioconcentration factor of propane has been calculated to be 1.56 and 1.78 using the water solubility of 62.4 ppm at 25 degrees C, the log Kow of 2.36, and recommended regression-derived equations (HSDB , 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

The aquatic TLm96 of propane is greater than 100 ppm (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Propane does not have significant aquatic or waterfowl toxicity, has no Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and does not concentrate in the food chain (CHRIS, 1996).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

44.096 (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Propane is a colorless gas which may have a natural gas or faint petroleum-like odor, but is odorless when pure (ACGIH, 1991) AAR, 1994).

It is shipped as a liquified gas under its vapor pressure, and a foul-smelling odorant is often added (AAR, 1994; NIOSH, 1994).

Liquified propane floats and boils on water, producing a visible vapor cloud (CHRIS, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

760 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

8.4 atm (at 70 degrees F) (NIOSH , 1996)

756.56 kPa; 109.73 psig (at 21.1 degrees C; 70 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

1195.41 kPa; 173.38 psig (at 37.8 degrees C; 100 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

1468.24 kPa; 212.95 psig (at 46.1 degrees C; 115 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

1781.40 kPa; 258.37 psig (at 54.4 degrees C; 130 degrees F) (CGA, 1990)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.5853 (at -45/4 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
LIQUID: 0.505 (at 20/4 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
LIQUID: 0.5852 (at -44.5/4 degrees C) (Sax & Lewis, 1989)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
GAS: 1.8324 g/L (Budavari, 1989)

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
LIQUID: 0.531 g/mL (Lewis, 1993)
GAS: 2.0200 g/L (Budavari, 1989)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

LIQUID: 0.585 g/mL (at -44 degrees C) (Snyder, 1987)
LIQUID: 0.5077 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1982)
LIQUID: 0.590 g/mL (at -50 degrees C) (CHRIS , 1985)
LIQUID 0.5005 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-189.9 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)
-189.69 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
-187.69 degrees C; -305.84 degrees F (at 1 mmHg) (CGA, 1990)

BOILING POINT

-42.1 degrees C (at 760 mmHg) (ACGIH, 1991)

-42.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1993)

-42.07 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

-42.04 degrees C; -43.67 degrees F (at 1 mmHg) (CGA, 1990)

-25.6 degrees C (at 2 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

1.4 degrees C (at 5 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

26.9 degrees C (at 10 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

58.1 degrees C (at 20 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

78.7 degrees C (at 30 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

94.8 degrees C (at 40 atm) (Budavari, 1989)

FLASH POINT

-105 degrees C; -156 degrees F (closed cup) (Lewis, 1993) CHRIS, 1996)

-104.44 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

467 degrees C; 874 degrees F (Lewis, 1993)

450 degrees C; 842 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

2.1% (NIOSH , 1996)
2.2% (ACGIH, 1991)
2.3% (Lewis, 1996)
2.37% (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
2.4% (Lewis, 1993)

UPPER

9.5% (NIOSH , 1996)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Propane is slightly soluble in water (Lewis, 1993).
0.01% by weight (NIOSH , 1996)
62.4 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
Relatively insoluble in water at 6.5 mL per 100 mL water (Snyder, 1987).
Solubility in water is 0.065 vol/vol (at 37.8 degrees C; 100 degrees F) (CGA, 1990).
100 volumes water dissolve 6.5 volumes propane (at 17.8 degrees C and 753 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Propane has greater than 10 percent solubility in ether, benzene, ethanol, and chloroform. It is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in acetone (HSDB , 1996; Lewis, 1993).
100 volumes absolute alcohol dissolve 790 volumes propane (at 16.6 degrees C and 754 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)
100 volumes ether dissolve 926 volumes propane (at 16.6 degrees C and 757 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)
100 volumes chloroform dissolve 1299 volumes propane (at 21.6 degrees C and 757 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)
100 volumes benzene dissolve 1452 volumes propane (at 21.5 degrees C and 757 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)
100 volumes turpentine dissolve 1587 volumes propane (at 17.7 degrees C and 757 mmHg) (Budavari, 1989)

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 2.36 (HSDB , 1996)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

7.07x10(-1) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (estimated) (HSDB , 1996)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

1800-36,000 mg/m(3) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
5000-20,000 ppm (CHRIS, 1996)

SURFACE TENSION

16 dynes/cm; 0.016 N/m (at -47 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

minus 528.4 cal (constant volume) (Budavari, 1989)
minus 553.5 cal (constant pressure) (Budavari, 1989)

HEAT OF FUSION

19.11 cal/g (HSDB , 1996)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.2898 (at 20 degrees C/D) (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

11.07 eV (NIOSH , 1996)

VISCOSITY

79.5 micropoises (at 17.9 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
100.9 micropoises (at 100.4 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)
125.1 micropoises (at 199.3 degrees C) (HSDB , 1996)

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents