POTASSIUM, METAL

Uses of potassium metal encompass a broad range, including laboratory reagents, fertilizers, liquid detergents, fireworks, heat-transfer alloys in nuclear reactor systems and high-reading thermometers, and preparation of potassium peroxide. It is primarily used in the making of NaK-78, a sodium-potassium alloy. Potassium is also used as a reducing agent, such as in the seeding of combustion gases in magnetohydrodynamic generators or for oxygen generation in oxygen breathing apparatus (Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB, 2003; ILO, 1998a; Lewis, 2001; Pohanish, 2002).
Potassium metal is used in the synthesis of inorganic potassium compounds; in organic syntheses involving condensation, dehalogenation, reduction, and polymerization reactions; and as a heat transfer medium with sodium. The radioactive isotope is used in geological dating methods (Budavari, 2001).
It is a component of fertilizers used in agriculture (ILO, 1998a).

FORMS

Potassium is a Group 1A alkali metal. It has a body-centered cubic structure (Budavari, 2001).
Potassium metal is a shiny, silver, soft metallic substance. Oxidation will cause it to tarnish when exposed to air, and it will normally appear silver- or greyish-white. It is considered by NFPA to be a combustible solid (AAR, 2002; Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001).
Naturally occurring isotopes of potassium include: 39 (93.26%); 40 (0.012%), which is radioactive; and 41 (6.73%) (Budavari, 2001).
Recognized grades reported in industrial literature include technical and 99.95% pure (Lewis, 2001).
Available forms include up to 99.99% pure; high-purity grade (packed under argon), technical grade (packed under nitrogen), and bricks (packed under oil)(HSDB, 2003) .
Impurities in the material may include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, alkali metals, aluminum, calcium, copper, boron, or silicon. Iron, nickel, and chromium may also be impurities resulting from leaching of these metals from container materials. High purity potassium, for example, may have impurities of <30 ppm oxygen, <100 ppm transition metals, and <50 ppm other alkali metals (HSDB, 2003).

SOURCES

Potassium is a naturally occurring alkali metal. It is the seventh most abundant element and exists in combination in nature, such as in ores of carnallite, sylvite, and polyhalite. It is found primarily as the chloride (sylvite), and also in the aluminosilicates, orthoclase and microcline. It makes up 1.5 - 2.59% by weight of the earth's crust (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2001).
It was first prepared in free form in 1807 by Davy through electrolysis of fused potassium hydroxide (Budavari, 2001).
The primary method of production in the United States is thermochemical distillation of potassium chloride with sodium. Reduction/fractionation processes using these substances are also used to produce potassium (Ashford, 2001; Lewis, 2001).
Industrial production is by chemical reduction (Budavari, 2001).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium metal (K) or elemental potassium is a corrosive, highly flammable and explosive substance. The metal reacts violently on exposure to water or moist air. Exposure routes include skin, eyes or lungs. Fumes from explosion or burning are also highly toxic. Ingestion is unlikely.

Short term exposure to fumes or dusts may cause skin and mucus membrane irritation. Irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs, with sneezing, coughing and sore throat may occur.

Higher exposures or direct metal contact may cause severe burns from the exothermic reaction of the metal with water. Burns may also occur from the formation of potassium hydroxide produced in the chemical reaction. First, second and third degree burns have been reported. Severe eye irritation, burns or permanent eye damage may occur. Acute lung injury and death from toxic fumes or particles is possible.

Chronic exposure to fumes may result in nasal and inner septum sores and bronchitis.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death.
May produce corrosive solutions on contact with water.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, wipe from skin immediately; flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

GENERAL -

In the presence of water, metallic potassium (K) is an explosion hazard. It is also corrosive and highly flammable. Metallic potassium burn management differs from standard alkaline chemical burn treatment in that WATER IS CONTRAINDICATED in the initial management. Potassium may ignite on contact with water and leave a highly caustic residue (Herbert & Lawrence, 1989).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
Seek medical attention immediately. The use of humidified oxygen is not recommended.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately. Blot or wipe any residue from the skin. Remove any metal particles from the skin or wound with a dry forceps. Cover the burn with mineral or cooking oil, if available. Washing or lavage of the skin with water is contraindicated initially(Clare & Krenzelok, 1988).
Place fragments of metal removed from skin and clothing in a container of pure tertbutyl alcohol for safe disposal. Dry xylene is also an acceptable medium for potassium metal storage (Krenzelok, 1992).
Wounds and burn areas may require debridement and/or surgical extraction of deeply imbedded particles. Once all metal has been removed, the area may be irrigated with water. See Corrosives-Alkaline management for further treatment.

EYE EXPOSURE -

Remove contact lenses, if present. Any metallic particles clearly visible should be removed immediately. Withhold ocular irrigation with water until all metallic particles are removed. Seek medical attention and ophthalmology consultation immediately.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Ingestion of elemental potassium is unlikely. Should ingestion occur, keep the patient NPO and seek medical treatment immediately. Gastric decontamination, lavage or prehospital activated charcoal is NOT recommended.
Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-09-7 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- 700 mg/kg(RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 169.2 mg/kg for 180D, continuous --changes in heart weight, gastrointestinal changes, and unspecified changes in blood cell count (RTECS, 2003)
TDLo- (ORAL)RAT:
- 157.5 mg/kg for 12W, continuous -- biochemical effects including effects on dehydrogenases, mitochondrial function, and catecholamine levels in CNS (RTECS, 2003)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7440-09-7 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7440-09-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7440-09-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7440-09-7 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7440-09-7 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7440-09-7 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Potassium

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 2257 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 4.3

4.3: Dangerous when wet material. See 49 CFR section 173.124 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN2257
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 4.3

4.3: Dangerous When Wet.

Special Provisions: A7, A19, A20, B27, IB4, IP1, N6, N34, T9, TP3, TP7, TP33

A7: Steel packagings must be corrosion-resistant or have protection against corrosion.
A19: Combination packagings consisting of outer fiber drums or plywood drums, with inner plastic packagings, are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
A20: Plastic bags as inner receptacles of combination packagings are not authorized for transportation by aircraft.
B27: Tanks must have a service pressure of 1,034 kPa (150 psig). Tank car tanks must have a test pressure rating of 1,379 kPa (200 psig). Lading must be blanketed at all times with a dry inert gas at a pressure not to exceed 103 kPa (15 psig).
IB4: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N).
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N6: Battery fluid packaged with electric storage batteries, wet or dry, must conform to the packaging provisions of sxn. 173.159 (g) or (h) of this subchapter.
N34: Aluminum construction materials are not authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally in contact with the hazardous material.
T9: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP3: The maximum degree of filling (in %) for solids transported above their melting points and for elevated temperature liquids shall be determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95 x (dr/df)], where df and dr are the mean densities of the liquid at the mean temperature of the liquid during filling and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport respectively.
TP7: The vapor space must be purged of air by nitrogen or other means.
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 244

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: 15 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN2257 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Potassium
UN Number: 2257

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7440-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Full PPE, including respiratory protection, is necessary when handling potassium metal due to its high reactivity and associated caustic and corrosive characteristics. Emergency response to spills or fire situations may require implementation of SCBA with chemical protective gear. It is combustible and presents a dangerous fire and explosion hazard (AAR, 2002; CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).
Potassium must be handled, stored, and packaged for transport under specific conditions that avoid its oxidation or any contact with incompatible materials. It undergoes a violent reaction with a number of chemical substances, and can explode or ignite upon contact with water or air. It should be separated from other chemicals that present a potential reactivity hazard (AAR, 2002; CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 2002; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).
Potassium should be kept away from sources of ignition, and explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used where it is handled, used, manufactured, or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

Patients received at an emergency department with potassium metal exposure will require wound debridement and metal fragment removal. Water is contraindicated in the initial management of exposure due to the hazards associated with the reactivity of potassium metal with water. Extracted potassium fragments can be placed in pure tertbutyl alcohol for eventual disposal (Clare & Krenzelok, 1988).

HANDLING

Training on the proper handling and storage of potassium metal is suggested for individuals working with or around this chemical. It presents serious fire, explosion, reactivity, and toxicity hazards of which workers should be aware of for safe handling and storage (Pohanish, 2002).

When handling potassium metal, the use of protective gloves and clothing will prevent the likelihood of skin contact. Respiratory and eye/face protection are also recommended. Broken packages in transport should not be handled unless proper PPE is worn (AAR, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

Potassium should not be handled or stored near sources of ignition due to the potential for fire or explosion hazard (Pohanish, 2002)

Explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings should be used where potassium is handled, used, manufactured, or stored (Pohanish, 2002).

Handling procedures should consider the dangerous fire and explosion hazards associated with potassium metal, its peroxide and superoxide. Oxidized potassium metal stored under oil may explode violently when handled or cut (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

Potassium metal is considered stable for transport if protected from air and water. It may be stored under mineral oil, kerosene, nitrogen, argon, or liquid that contains no oxygen, such as liquid petrolatum or petroleum. It is inert to the saturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (Budavari, 2001; CHRIS, 2003; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002).

Cutting and handling of oxidized potassium for disposal purposes is recommended to be completed under dry xylene under a hood (Urben, 1999).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

The usual shipping container for potassium metal is a hermetically sealed can shipped inside a wooden box. Other common shipping containers are metal cans, pails, drums, or tanks, including tanks on trucks rail cars or barges. It should be packaged under inert gas or mineral oil (NFPA, 2002).
Containers should be kept away from water and protected from physical damage. Potassium must be maintained in storage under liquid containing no oxygen. It can also be stored under nitrogen or kerosene (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1998; Pohanish, 2002).
Storage under dry xylene in airtight containers is recommended to prevent oxidation of fresh potassium (Urben, 1999).
Store metallic potassium in inert atmospheres, such as argon or nitrogen, under liquids that are oxygen-free, such as toluene or kerosene, or in glass capsules filled under vacuum or inert atmosphere (Lewis, 2001).
Containers should be labelled for shipping as "dangerous when wet"; DOT Class 4.3, dangerous when wet material (NFPA, 2002).
Never store potassium under halogenated hydrocarbons (ITI, 1995).
Storage containers should prevent contact with carbon monoxide and moisture, compounds of heavy metals, and carbon tetrachloride to control the potential for violent reactions (Pohanish, 2002).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Potassium containers should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated location. (NFPA, 2002).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Potassium metal is incompatible with a broad range of substances. Its highly reactive characteristics should be thoroughly considered when establishing storage conditions for the material (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).
Potassium metal should be kept under liquid that does not contain oxygen (Budavari, 2001).
Separate stored potassium metal from water, acids, halogens, silicates, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates, oxides and hydroxides of heavy metals, organics, and Teflon (NFPA, 2002) .
Oxidized metal should not come into contact with organic materials to avoid an explosion hazard. Oxidation can occur at room temperature, including when the material is stored under oil. The metal forms potassium peroxide (K2O2) and superoxide (KO3 or K2O4) which can explode on contact with organic material. The explosion is caused by interaction of residual traces of mineral oil or other organic contaminant, not the potassium metal, and is initiated by the pressure of dry cutting or impact (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999).
Potassium stored in aluminum containers is reported to have led to severe corrosion and perforation of the container. The corrosion occurred as a result of potassium carbonate formation from atmospheric carbon dioxide inside the container (Urben, 1999).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is necessary for emergency response or when handling potassium as it is corrosive and highly toxic through skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation. It is a severe irritant to the skin, eyes, and membranes, strongly caustic to tissues, and causes severe eye and skin burns. An additional toxic inhalation hazard exists from fumes released in a fire situation (Bingham et al, 2001; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 2002).

Emergency response PPE should include special chemical protective clothing, gloves, boots, goggles, and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) (AAR, 2002; CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 2002).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Contact lenses should not be worn when potassium metal is being handled in the workplace or in an emergency response situation (Pohanish, 2002).

Dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield are recommended unless a full-face respirator is used (CHRIS, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Where the potential for inhalation exposure exists, a MSHA/NIOSH approved respirator should be used with particulate filters capable of collecting dusts, fumes, and mists. A MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator or a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are recommended where high potassium inhalation exposure may occur or in emergency response situations (AAR, 2002; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7440-09-7.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Cutting and handling of oxidized potassium for disposal purposes is recommended to be completed under dry xylene and under a hood (Urben, 1999).

OTHER

INDUSTRIAL DECONTAMINATION

In instances of exposure to potassium metal, immediately seek medical attention. Do not use water for personnel decontamination (Clare & Krenzelok, 1988; Pohanish, 2002).
Wipe material from skin immediately and quickly remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Isolate the contaminated items. Metal particles should be removed from the eyes, skin, or wound immediately. Burn areas should be covered with oil, such as mineral or cooking oil, to insulate any unreacted metal (AAR, 2002; Clare & Krenzelok, 1988).
In instances of inhalation exposure, the individual should be removed from the exposure area to an area with fresh air (Pohanish, 2002)
Provide emergency showers and eyewash stations (Pohanish, 2002).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Produce flammable gases on contact with water.
- May ignite on contact with water or moist air.
- Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
- Some are transported in highly flammable liquids.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Potassium metal presents a dangerous fire hazard. It is a combustible solid which, once ignited, burns violently. Contact with a number of substances can lead to fire and/or explosion due to its high reactivity. For example, contact with air causes spontaneous ignition; contact with water releases flammable hydrogen gas, and the heat of the reaction ignites the material. Potassium metal can also ignite with just the presence of moisture (AAR, 2002; Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS, 2003; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish, 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; NFPA, 1997).
Storage in aluminum cans has been reported to lead to fire from corrosion of the container. There is also risk of fire if powdered potassium, or potassium sand, dispersed in benzene is exposed to air. Fires occurred when potassium was blotted with filter paper to take up solvent used to remove traces of oil (Urben, 1999).
Potassium metal burns with a characteristic violet colored flame (Budavari, 2001).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7440-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Contact with water can readily lead to fire due to the generation of flammable hydrogen gas and ignition of the metal from the heat of reaction (Bingham et al, 2001).
Due to its reactivity with water, potassium could potentially ignite damp combustible materials. On the converse, if the potassium material is damp, it will readily burn in combination with combustible materials (CHRIS, 2003; NFPA, 2002).
Storage of potassium in an aluminum container was reported to cause a fire. Oxidation of the stored potassium material to potassium oxides corroded an aluminum can. The oil in which the potassium was stored was released, exposing the material to accelerated oxidation (Urben, 1999).
Molten potassium ignites in acetylene (HSDB, 2003).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT USE WATER or FOAM.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or sand.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

LITHIUM OR MAGNESIUM FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Magnesium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder or Met-L-X® powder.

Lithium Fires:

DRY sand, sodium chloride powder, graphite powder, copper powder or Lith-X® powder.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7440-09-7 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Burning potassium is hard to extinguish. It burns violently, and may be accompanied by explosion and thus material dispersal and fire spreading. Water or carbon dioxide should not be used if the material is on fire or involved in a fire. Recommended extinguishing agents are dry powdered soda ash, dry graphite, powdered sodium chloride, lime, or special mixtures of dry chemicals. The material can also be smothered with dry sand, dry clay, or dry ground limestone (AAR, 2002; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

Approved Class D fire extinguishers should be used for potassium metal fires (Clare & Krenzelok, 1988; NFPA, 1997).

Carbon dioxide, halogenated extinguishing agents, foam, or water should not be used in a fire situation involving potassium (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish, 2002).

Water spray from a secure and explosion-proof location can be used to cool storage containers exposed to a fire hazard. If container venting sound increases in volume and pitch, discoloration of the container occurs, or if containers show any signs of deformation, cooling measures are not effective and firefighters should withdraw immediately (Pohanish, 2002).

Employees who are part of an employer's fire brigade must be trained and equipped per 29 CFR 1910.156 (Pohanish, 2002).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Potassium is a combustible solid that can ignite spontaneously in moist air. Combustion may produce toxic gases and irritants. Combustion products include oxides (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
Toxic fumes of potassium oxide (K2O) are released when potassium metal is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Potassium metal presents a serious explosion hazard, particularly due to its high and often violent reactivity with a number of substances. It reacts violently with a broad range of materials, including water and air. In some situations, certain conditions of temperature, pressure, and material state are necessary for an explosion hazard to exist. An explosion hazard can be also present during storage of potassium metal at room temperature and even when stored in mineral oil; the metal forms potassium peroxide (K2O2) and superoxide (KO3 or K2O4) which can explode on contact with organic material. Oxidized potassium metal stored under oil may also explode violently when handled or cut. The explosion is caused by interaction of residual traces of mineral oil or other organic contaminant, not the potassium metal, and is initiated by the pressure of dry cutting or impact(Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1999).

Oxide-coated potassium metal presents an extremely serious and dangerous explosion hazard (Pohanish, 2002).

A violent explosion hazard may occur with the following materials under specific conditions of temperature, pressure, and state of division (Lewis, 2000):

acetylene
air (and moist air)
alcohols
aluminum bromide (AlBr3)
ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate
ammonium chlorocuprate
ammonium bromide (NH4Br)
ammonium iodide
ammonium halides
arsenic halides
arsine (AsH3) + ammonia (NH3)
Bi2O3
boric acid
Boron tribromide (BBr3)
carbon disulfide (impact-sensitive)
solid carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
chlorinated hydrocarbons
halocarbons
interhalogens
ClO
chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Cu2OCl2
Cupric oxide (CuO)
ethylene oxide
fluorine
graphite (alone, with air, or with potassium peroxide)
hydrogen iodide
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydrogen chloride
hydrazine
Pb2OCl2
lead dioxide (PbO2)
lead sulfate (PbSO4)
maleic anhydride
metal halides
metal oxides
nitric acid
nitro en-containing explosives
nonmetal halides
nonmetal oxides
oxalyl dihalides (including oxalyl dibromide, oxalyl dichloride)
P2NF
peroxides
phosgene (COCl2)
phosphine + ammonia (PH3 + NH3)
phosphorus
phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)
phosphorus tribromide (PBr3)
potassium chlorocuprate
potassium oxides
selenium
selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2)
silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4)
silver iodate (AgIO3)
sodium iodate (NaIO3)
sodium nitrite and ammonia (NaNO2 + NH3)
sodium binoxide (Na2O2)
tin tetraiodide + sulfur (SnI4 + S)
tin dioxide (SnO2)
sulfur
sulfuric acid
tellurium
thiophosphoryl fluoride
vanadyl dichloride (VOCl2)
water

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Dusts or mists of potassium metal cause exposure hazards, such as irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, and higher exposure levels can lead to greater health complications and death. Prolonged exposure to fumes will also cause adverse health effects (Pohanish, 2002)

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Potassium is one of the most reactive metals. It is a strong reducing agent and will readily react with most gases and liquids; although it does not react with the noble gases such as helium or argon. It undergoes a vigorous reaction with oxygen, water, acids, and halogens. Reaction with water is violent, generating flammable and explosive hydrogen gas and a strong caustic solution (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS, 2003; HSDB, 2003; Lewis, 1998; NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

A violent reaction results with oxidizers, organic materials, carbon dioxide, heavy metal compounds, carbon tetrachloride, halogenated hydrocarbons, easily oxidized materials, and many other substances. Reaction with alcohol releases hydrogen gas. Potassium metal can form unstable peroxides under normal temperature and storage conditions, or it can form potassium peroxide and superoxide. The latter materials may explode violently upon handling, including when potassium is stored under mineral oil (Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Pohanish, 2002; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 1999).

The following materials will react with potassium metal (Urben, 1999):

Potassium reacts with (Budavari, 2001; Urben, 1999):

oxygen (vigorously)
water (even at -100 degrees C)
acids
halogens (igniting with bromine and iodine)
organic compounds containing active groups

It will react slowly with hydrogen at 200 degrees C, and rapidly at 350-400 degrees C. At room temperature, it will react slowly with anhydrous hydrogen halides; the molten metal ignites in this reaction (Budavari, 2001).

It will reduce (Budavari, 2001):

silicates
sulfates
nitrates
carbonates
phosphates
oxides and halides of heavy metals (often with metal separation resulting)

The molten metal reacts with sulfur and hydrogen sulfide (Budavari, 2001).

Reactivity may lead to a violent explosion with the following materials (under required conditions of temperature, pressure, and state of division) (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):

acetylene
air (and moist air)
alcohols
aluminum bromide (AlBr3)
ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate
ammonium chlorocuprate
ammonium bromide (NH4Br)
ammonium iodide
ammonium halides
arsenic halides
arsine (AsH3) + ammonia (NH3)
Bi2O3
boric acid
boron tribromide (BBr3)
carbon disulfide (impact-sensitive)
solid carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
chlorinated hydrocarbons
halocarbons
interhalogens
ClO
chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Cu2OCl2
cupric oxide (CuO)
ethylene oxide
fluorine
graphite (alone, with air, or with potassium peroxide)
hydrogen halides
hydrogen iodide
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydrogen chloride
hydrazine
Pb2OCl2
lead dioxide (PbO2)
lead sulfate (PbSO4)
maleic anhydride
metal halides
metal oxides
nitric acid
nitrogen-containing explosives
non-metal halides
non-metal oxides
oxalyl dihalides (including oxalyl dibromide, oxalyl dichloride)
P2NF
peroxides
phosgene (COCl2)
phosphine + ammonia (PH3 + NH3)
phosphorus
phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)
phosphorus tribromide (PBr3)
potassium chlorocuprate
potassium oxides
selenium
selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2)
silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4)
silver iodate (AgIO3)
sodium iodate (NaIO3)
sodium nitrite and ammonia (NaNO2 + NH3)
sodium binoxide (Na2O2)
sulfur
sulfuric acid
tin tetraiodide + sulfur (SnI4 + S)
tin dioxide (SnO2)
tellurium
thiophosphoryl fluoride
vanadyl dichloride (VOCl2)
water

Hazardous reactions may occur with (Lewis, 2000; Urben, 1999):

bismuth trioxide
bromine vapor
carbon (e.g., soot, graphite, activated charcoal)
chloride or iodide
chlorine
chromium trioxide
copper II oxide
dimethly sulfoxide
ethylene oxide
hydrogen bromide
maleic anhydride
mercury
mercury II oxide
molybdenum (III) oxide
potassium iodide + magnesium bromide
phosphorus trichloride
sulfur dioxide
tin (IV) oxide

It is reported that there is risk of fire from reactivity of powdered potassium, or potassium sand, dispersed in benzene with air. Reactivity also lead to a fire when potassium was blotted with filter paper to take up solvent used in the removal of trace oil (Urben, 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate the area before entry.

Evacuate and keep people away from any spill area to avoid contact with the solid (CHRIS, 2003).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7440-09-7 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7440-09-7 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Potassium
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.075
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.2
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 1.5
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 300
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7440-09-7 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7440-09-7 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.
POWDER SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading and keep powder dry.
- DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
In the event of a spill or release of potassium metal, immediately stop any migration of the discharged material. Ignition sources should be turned off and the fire department contacted, as well as local health, wildlife, and pollution control agencies. Water intakes and outtakes should be protected to avoid fire and explosion hazards from material contact with water, to avoid the likelihood of fire and explosion in a confined space such as a sewer, and to protect aquatic life. If the material enters a drain or outtake or potential migration to a surface water body exists, operators of nearby water intakes and any downstream water users should be contacted (CHRIS, 2003; Pohanish, 2002).
If the material is not on fire and not involved in a fire (AAR, 2002):
- Do not use water
- Keep sparks, flames, and other ignition sources away.
- Keep material out of water sources and sewers.
- Keep material dry.
- Do not attempt to sweep up dry material.
Water should be kept away from any release of potassium. The material should be shoveled into a dry, sealed container (NFPA, 2002; Pohanish, 2002).
The area of a spill should be ventilated after completion of material clean-up (Pohanish, 2002).
Waste material containing potassium metal may require management as a hazardous waste. Employees involved in spill clean-up must be properly trained per OSHA requirements for hazardous waste operations and emergency response per 29 CFR 1910.120(q) , Emergency Responses to Hazardous Substances Releases (Pohanish, 2002).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 138 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Dike for later disposal; do not apply water unless directed to do so.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Corrective response actions related to chemical or physical treatment may include neutralization (CHRIS, 2003).
Potassium residues in bulk storage and processing vessels may be disposed safely using reaction with dry condensate-free steam under controlled conditions. This method is appropriate where smaller scale methods are not useful (Urben, 1999).
Oxidized potassium can be destroyed by addition of tert-butanol to small portions under xylene in a hood. The material should be handled and cut under dry xylene. Scraps should be disposed in xylene by addition of tert-butanol, although use of tert-butanol can cause a violent reaction. Ethyl acetate-hydrocarbon mixtures may also be used with small quantities for disposal (Urben, 1999).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

INCINERATION

Oxide-coated potassium, such as old oxidized stocks, can be destroyed through burning (Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; Urben, 1999).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Potassium exposure is general addressed for the anion species. It does not exist in the free form in nature, but rather it is found as the chloride in sylvite, in aluminosilicates (orthoclase and microcline), or as carnallite. Exposure to potassium metal is not common in industry, research, or academia. Releases to the environment may result from accidents during its production, handling, storage, use or storage (HSDB, 2003; Bingham et al, 2001a; Budavari, 2001).

Welding fumes have been found to be a source of occupational exposure to potassium metal. In a study of the hazardous and toxicological aspects of potassium, it was found that improper storage or lack of appropriate precautions were the cause of most occupational exposure incidents (NIOSHTIC, 2003).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Potassium metal reacts vigorously with oxygen and will explode when exposed to air. It can ignite spontaneously in moist air (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- The Kd for potassium in soils and clays ranges from 2.0 to 9.0 ml/g, with a mean of 1.7 and standard deviation of 0.5 (Dragun, 1988).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Release of metallic potassium to the environment will result in immediate reactivity with air or water. It spontaneously ignites or explodes upon contact with either media (Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Elemental potassium is harmful to aquatic life at very low concentrations (CHRIS, 2003).

TLm - (freshwater) MOSQUITO FISH: 80 ppm for 24 hr (CHRIS, 2003).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

39.09

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Elemental potassium is shiny and silver in appearance. It loses its metallic sheen and can appear silvery-white or greyish due to rapid oxidation in air. The material is odorless, soft, and waxy, and it is brittle at low temperatures. Potassium is a Group 1A alkali metal and has a body-centered cubic structure, leading to its ductility. It is the lightest metal known. Potassium is one of the most reactive and electropositive metals. The high reactivity of potassium metal contributes to its caustic and corrosive characteristics as well as its flammable and explosive properties. It presents a dangerous fire hazard, as it can ignite or explode when exposed to water or moisture and it may spontaneously ignite in air. A characteristic violet flame is emitted when potassium burns (HSDB, 2005; Ashford, 2001; Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 2001; Lewis, 2000; Lewis, 2001; NFPA, 2002).

VAPOR PRESSURE

8 mm Hg (at 432 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001; ILO, 1998)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.856 (at 20 degrees C) (Budavari, 2001)
0.86 (at 20 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)
0.86 (at 20 degrees C; solid) (CHRIS, 2005)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.856(ILO, 1998)
0.86 (NFPA, 2002)
0.862 (ITI, 1995)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.862 g/cm(3) (at 20 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000)
0.98 kg/l (at 20 degrees C) (Ashford, 2001)

VAPOR DENSITY

1.4 (Bingham et al, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

63 degrees C (145 degrees F; 336 K) (CHRIS, 2005)

MELTING POINT

63 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001)
63 degrees C (146 degrees F) (NFPA, 2002)
63.2 degrees C (Budavari, 2001; ILO, 1998)
63.65 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000)
64 degrees C(Pohanish, 2002)
98 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)

BOILING POINT

760 degrees C (Ashford, 2001)

765.5 degrees C (Budavari, 2001; ILO, 1998)

766 degrees C (1410 degrees F) (NFPA, 2002)

770 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Lewis, 2001)

774 degrees C (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000; Pohanish, 2002)

774 degrees C (1425 degrees F; 1047 K) (CHRIS, 2005)

FLASH POINT

Not pertinent; combustible solid (CHRIS, 2005)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

441 degrees C (Pohanish, 2002)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Solubility in water (at 68 degrees F): Reacts (Bingham et al, 2001).
Decomposes in water (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 2002).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Soluble in aniline (Lewis, 2001).
Soluble in ethylenediamine and aniline (Budavari, 2001).

OTHER

Soluble in liquid ammonia (NH3) or blue-black solution (Lewis, 2000).
Soluble in liquid ammonia and in several metals (Budavari, 2001).
Soluble in liquid ammonia, mercury, and sodium (Lewis, 2001).
Soluble in liquid ammonia (Ashford, 2001).
Soluble in acid and mercury (HSDB, 2005).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS, 2005).

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-2003 Btu/lb; -1113 cal/g; -46.57 x 10(5) J/kg (CHRIS, 2005)

HEAT OF FUSION

14.6 cal/g (CHRIS, 2005)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.23 cal/sec 21 degrees C cm; 0.956 cal/sec 400 degrees C cm(Budavari, 2001)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

40 CFR 372.65: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Chemicals and Chemical Categories to which this part applies. National Archives and Records Association (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

49 CFR 172.101 - App. B: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials, Appendix B: List of Marine Pollutants. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 29, 2005.

49 CFR 172.101: Department of Transportation - Table of Hazardous Materials. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Aug 11, 2005.

62 FR 58840: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 1997.

65 FR 14186: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 39264: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

65 FR 77866: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2000.

66 FR 21940: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2001.

67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

68 FR 42710: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2003.

69 FR 54144: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2004.

AAR: Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation, American Association of Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, Transportation Technology Center, Pueblo, CO, 2002.

AIHA: 2006 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, 2006.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists : ACGIH 2010 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs(R)) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs(R)), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 2010.

Ashford R: Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 2nd ed, Wavelength Publications Ltd, London, England, 2001.

Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 3. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001.

Bingham E, Cohrssen B, & Powell CH: Patty's Toxicology, Vol 4. 5th ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2001a.

Budavari S: The Merck Index, 13th ed (CD-ROM version). Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2001.

CHRIS: CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2003; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

CHRIS: CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. US Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard. Washington, DC (Internet Version). Edition expires 2005; provided by Truven Health Analytics Inc., Greenwood Village, CO.

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