POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
HAZARDTEXT ®
Information to help in the initial response for evaluating chemical incidents
 -IDENTIFICATION
SYNONYMS
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE CAUSTIC POTASH HYDROXYDE DE POTASSIUM (French) KALIUMHYDROXID (German) KALIUMHYDROXYDE (Dutch) LYE POTASSA POTASSE CAUSTIQUE (French) POTASSIO (IDROSSIDO DI) (Italian) POTASSIUM HYDRATE POTASSIUM (HYDROXYDE DE) (French)
IDENTIFIERS
1813-Potassium hydroxide, solid 1813-Potassium hydroxide, flake 1813-Potassium hydroxide, dry, solid 1814-Potassium hydroxide, solution
USES/FORMS/SOURCES
Potassium hydroxide is very reactive with many organic compounds and is used to inactivate toxic materials for waste disposal (HSDB, 1997). Potassium hydroxide is strongly alkaline (caustic) and, although more expensive than sodium hydroxide, is preferable for some applications such as absorbing carbon dioxide because of its greater solubility (HSDB, 1997). It is used as a veterinary caustic, food additive, in electroplating, photography, lithography, printing inks, analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, in manufacture of liquid soap, absorbing carbon dioxide, in paint and varnish removers, liquid fertilizers, as an electrolyte in batteries, and as an absorbent for hydrogen sulfide in scrubbing gasses (HSDB, 1997).
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, also called CAUSTIC POTASH, is an odorless white or slightly yellow, deliquescent lump, rod, pellet, stick, flake, fused mass, or crystalline solid (HSDB, 1997). It is very soluble in water (100 g/90 mL), forming an extremely alkaline solution (pH 13.5 at 0.1 M), and is also soluble in glycerol; it is insoluble in ether and ammonia (HSDB, 1997). It generates much heat upon dissolving in water or mixing with acids (HSDB, 1997). It can attack some metals to liberate explosive hydrogen gas (HSDB, 1997).
-CLINICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS
- POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Potassium hydroxide is a severe eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant and can burn any tissue with which it comes in contact (ACGIH, 1986; HSDB, 1997; RTECS, 1997). It gelatinizes the tissue, forming deep and painful lesions (ACGIH, 1986). When ingested, it can cause severe pain, bloody diarrhea, cardiovascular collapse, and death (HSDB, 1997). Esophageal stricture can occur up to several years later (HSDB, 1997). Cicatricial CANCER may develop in the esophagus at the site of scarring 15 to 20 years following ingestion (pp 139-146).
CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS
- Chronic contact with dilute solutions of potassium hydroxide can cause dermatitis (HSDB, 1997). Inhalation produced chronic productive cough, and shortness of breath in potash miners, but there was no loss of pulmonary function (Markham & Tan, 1981; Graham, 1984).
-MEDICAL TREATMENT
LIFE SUPPORT
- Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.
SUMMARY
- FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
-RANGE OF TOXICITY
MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE
MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE
Potassium hydroxide caused a severe skin reaction to humans at a dose of 50 mg/24 hours in the standard draize test (RTECS , 1993). Esophageal stricture and perforation have been reported in children living on farms who ingested dairy pipeline cleaners containing liquid potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide (Edmonson, 1987).
- Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS1310-58-3 :
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Potassium hydroxide EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Potassium hydroxide MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed
TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES
- EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):
-STANDARDS AND LABELS
WORKPLACE STANDARDS
- ACGIH TLV Values for CAS1310-58-3 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.
- AIHA WEEL Values for CAS1310-58-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS1310-58-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
- OSHA PEL Values for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
- OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):
- EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):
- EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS1310-58-3 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):
- DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS1310-58-3 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):
- EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS1310-58-3 (EPA, 2005):
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1813 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
- DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1814 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium hydroxide, solution Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN1814 Packing Group: II Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: B2, IB2, T7, TP2 B2: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 305, and MC 306 and DOT 406 cargo tanks are not authorized. IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized. T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 202 Bulk packaging: 242
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium hydroxide, solution Symbol(s): Not Listed Hazard class or Division: 8 Identification Number: UN1814 Packing Group: III Label(s) required (if not excepted): 8 Special Provisions: IB3, T4, TP1 IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672). T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3). TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.
Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***): Exceptions: 154 Non-bulk packaging: 203 Bulk packaging: 241
Quantity Limitations: Vessel Stowage Requirements:
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1813 (ICAO, 2002):
- ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1814 (ICAO, 2002):
LABELS
- NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS1310-58-3 (NFPA, 2002):
-HANDLING AND STORAGE
STORAGE
Keep tightly closed; do not handle with bare hands (Budavari, 1989). Protect against physical damage (HSDB , 1993).
- ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location (NFPA, 1991). Storage temperature: Ambient (CHRIS , 1993)
Separate from water, acids, metals, explosives, organic peroxides, and easily ignitable materials (HSDB , 1993; NFPA, 1991).
-PERSONAL PROTECTION
SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
- Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
- CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 1310-58-3.
-PHYSICAL HAZARDS
FIRE HAZARD
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
Solid potassium hydroxide in contact with moisture or water may generate sufficient heat to ignite combustible materials (HSDB , 1993). Potassium persulfate plus a little potassium hydroxide and water ignited a polyethylene liner of a container by simultaneous release of heat and oxygen (NFPA, 1991).
- FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION
- NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS1310-58-3 (NFPA, 2002):
- FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
- SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS1310-58-3 (NFPA, 2002):
EXPLOSION HAZARD
- Potassium hydroxide forms a potentially explosive reaction with the following (Lewis, 1992):
- Potassium hydroxide can form a violent reaction or ignite under the appropriate conditions with the following (Lewis, 1992):
Acids Alcohols p-Bis(1,3-dibromoethyl)benzene Cyclopentadiene Germanium Hyponitrous acid Maleic anhydride Nitroalkanes 2-Nitrophenol Potassium peroxodisulphate Sugars 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropanol Thorium dicarbide
- Reaction of potassium hydroxide with ammonium hexachloroplatinate(2-) + heat forms a heat-sensitive explosive product (Lewis, 1992).
- The reaction of potassium hydroxide and 1,2-dichloroethylene produces chloroacetylene, which is explosive and spontaneously flammable in air. It is highly toxic (NFPA, 1991).
- A reaction between n-nitrosomethylurea and potassium hydroxide in n-butyl ether resulted in an explosion due to the formation of diazomethane (NFPA, 1991).
- When heated, trichloroethylene and potassium hydroxide form an explosive mixture of dichloroacetylene (NFPA, 1991).
DUST/VAPOR HAZARD
- When heated to decomposition, potassium hydroxide emits toxic fumes of K2O (Lewis, 1992).
- Effects from the inhalation of potassium hydroxide dust or mist will vary from mild irritation to severe pneumonitis, depending on the severity of exposure (Hathaway et al, 1991).
REACTIVITY HAZARD
- Above 84 degrees C, potassium hydroxide reacts with reducing sugars to form carbon monoxide gas (Lewis, 1992).
- Potassium hydroxide forms a violent, exothermic reaction with water (Lewis, 1992).
- When heated to decomposition, potassium hydroxide emits toxic fumes of K2O (Lewis, 1992).
- When solid potassium hydroxide and tetrachloroethane are heated, a spontaneously flammable gas, chloroacetylene, is formed (NFPA, 1991).
- When phosphorus is boiled with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide, phosphine gas is evolved which is spontaneously flammable (NFPA, 1991).
- When wet, potassium hydroxide attacks metals such as aluminum, tin, lead, and zinc to produce flammable hydrogen gas (CHRIS , 1993).
- Solid potassium hydroxide in contact with moisture or water may generate sufficient heat to ignite combustible materials (HSDB , 1993).
- Potassium persulfate plus a little potassium hydroxide and water ignited a polyethylene liner of a container by simultaneous release of heat and oxygen (NFPA, 1991).
- Reaction of potassium hydroxide with ammonium hexachloroplatinate(2-) + heat forms a heat-sensitive explosive product (Lewis, 1992).
- The reaction of potassium hydroxide and 1,2-dichloroethylene produces chloroacetylene, which is explosive and spontaneously flammable in air. It is highly toxic (NFPA, 1991).
- A reaction between n-nitrosomethylurea and potassium hydroxide in n-butyl ether resulted in an explosion due to the formation of diazomethane (NFPA, 1991).
- When heated, trichloroethylene and potassium hydroxide form an explosive mixture of dichloroacetylene (NFPA, 1991).
- Potassium hydroxide forms a potentially explosive reaction with the following (Lewis, 1992):
- Potassium hydroxide can form a violent reaction or ignite under the appropriate conditions with the following (Lewis, 1992):
Acids Alcohols p-Bis(1,3-dibromoethyl)benzene Cyclopentadiene Germanium Hyponitrous acid Maleic anhydride Nitroalkanes 2-Nitrophenol Potassium peroxodisulphate Sugars 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropanol Thorium dicarbide
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
- Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.
- SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.
- FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
- PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number: MEXICO: SETIQ: 01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.
CENACOM: 01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic; For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.
ARGENTINA: CIQUIME: 0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina; For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.
BRAZIL: PRÓ-QUÍMICA: 0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil); For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).
COLUMBIA: CISPROQUIM: 01-800-091-6012 in Colombia; For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012; For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.
CANADA: UNITED STATES:
For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
- AIHA ERPG Values for CAS1310-58-3 (AIHA, 2006):
- DOE TEEL Values for CAS1310-58-3 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):
Listed as Potassium hydroxide TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.1 TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 0.3 TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 2 TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 125 Definitions: TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects. TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.
- AEGL Values for CAS1310-58-3 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):
- NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS1310-58-3 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004) Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
"At the time of this review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices." (HSDB , 1993) LAND SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Solid) (AAR, 1987) Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
WATER SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Solid) (AAR, 1987) AIR SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Solid) (AAR, 1987) LAND SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Liquid) (AAR, 1987) Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with vinegar or other dilute acid.
WATER SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Liquid) (AAR, 1987) AIR SPILL (Potassium Hydroxide, Liquid) (AAR, 1987)
-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION HAZARD
- No information on the pollution hazard of potassium hydroxide was found in available references at the time of this review.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY
- ECOTOXICITY VALUES (HSDB , 1993):
TLm, Mosquito fish, 80 ppm/24 hour, fresh water, conditions of bioassay not specified The following concentrations were lethal to the listed species in a 24-hour exposure period (OHM/TADS , 1993): a. Bluegills 56 ppm b. Goldfish 140 ppm c. Minnow 28.6 ppm d. Trout 50 ppm
-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE
- Potassium hydroxide exists as odorless, white or light-yellow, deliquescent, lumps, rods, pellets, and sticks having crystalline fracture (Budavari, 1989; Lewis, 1992; CHRIS , 1993).
PH
- 13.5 (0.1 M aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1989).
VAPOR PRESSURE
- 1 mmHg (at 719 degrees C) (Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
DENSITY
- OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE
FREEZING/MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
- 1320 degrees C (Lewis, 1992)
SOLUBILITY
Potassium hydroxide is soluble in 0.9 part water, about 0.6 part boiling water (Budavari, 1989). Soluble in 100 g in 90 mL of water at 25 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1981)
It is slightly soluble in ether and ammonia according to Sax & Lewis (1987) and insoluble in ether according to HSDB (1993). Potassium hydroxide is soluble in 3 parts alcohol, and 2.5 parts glycerol (Budavari, 1989). Soluble in 100 g in 375 mL of ethanol at 25 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1981).
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