POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.

STCC NUMBER

49 411 60 - Potassium dichromate

DESIGNATIONS

STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER:52389

MOLECULAR FORMULA

K2Cr2O7

ERG GUIDE NUMBER

140-OXIDIZERS

SYNONYM REFERENCE

(CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; (IARC, 1997); ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1998; RTECS , 2001)

USES/FORMS/SOURCES

USES

Potassium dichromate is used in a variety of industrial applications including: tanning leather, dyeing, painting, porcelain decoration, printing and photolithography, pigment-printing, wood staining, inhibiting corrosion, waterproofing fabrics, and electroplating (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001). It is also employed in the production of synthetic perfumes, pyrotechnics, safety matches, analytical reagents, pharmaceuticals, alloys, chrome glues and adhesives, electric batteries, and brake linings (Ashford, 1994; HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).

FORMS

Potassium dichromate exists as a bright red to yellowish-orange crystal (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000a; NTP, 2001). Its triclinic crystals are odorless, water soluble and metallic-tasting (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1998).
Potassium dichromate changes from triclinic to monoclinic prisms at 241.6 degrees C (Budavari, 2000; NTP, 2001).

SOURCES

Potassium dichromate is produced by the reaction of potassium chloride on sodium dichromate (Ashford, 1994; NTP, 2001).
It is also produced industrially by roasting chrome ore with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide (Budavari, 2000; HSDB , 2001)

SYNONYM EXPLANATION

Note: The title compound is a hexavalent chromium compound. Please refer to the "CHROMIUM VI" document for more information.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium dichromate has many of the same health hazards as other hexavalent salts of chromium. It is irritating and corrosive to skin and mucous membranes themselves as well as after uptake through mucous membranes. It is a corrosive poison by ingestion, and is readily absorbed after ingestion and inhalation.

Inhalation of chromium dust or mist irritates and can destroy mucous membranes, and results in sneezing, rhinorrhea, throat erythema, and nasal septum lesions or perforation with bleeding, discharge or crusting. Several days of exposure can produce cough, headache, dyspnea, wheezing and substernal pain. Respiratory sensitization can occur, resulting in asthma attacks during subsequent exposures. Bronchospasm has been reported.

Ingestion may be followed by violent gastroenteritis, and severe gastrointestinal bleeding due to mucosal ulcerations, with subsequent peripheral vascular collapse, vertigo, muscle cramps, cardiovascular shock, coma and, later, toxic nephritis with glycosuria.

Severe skin irritation, allergic skin reactions and skin ulcers may occur after dermal contact. The deep ulceration of the skin of the hands resulting from occupational exposure can pentrate as far as bone in severe cases. Severe damage with possible loss of vision are consequences of eye contact; direct contact may cause transient corneal bulging, with residual irregular astigmatism and anesthesia of the area after the bulge resolves.

Renal tubular necrosis and liver necrosis have occurred after exposure to chromium compounds.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium dichromate is STRONGLY CORROSIVE TO ANY TISSUE with which it comes into contact. Inhalation of the dust or mist can produce irritation of the nose, eyes, and respiratory tract, and bronchospasm. It is corrosive to the skin and can cause burns. When ingested even in small amounts, it can cause burns of the esophagus with possible stricture formation and perforation of the stomach (HSDB, 1997).

Following ingestion, symptoms may include abdominal and esophageal pain, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, respiratory distress, cyanosis, coma, and death (HSDB, 1997). Methemoglobin formation has been reported in a single ingestion poisoning case (HSDB, 1997).

SULFOETHYLGLUCAN protected mice from induction of micronuclei and alterations in alkaline phosphatase caused by potassium dichromate (Ashford, 1993). It is not known if a similar protective effect would occur in humans.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium dichromate is a common SKIN SENSITIZER (Magnusson, 1966). Repeated or chronic skin contact can produce eczematous allergic contact dermatitis with deep ulcers which do not heal (HSDB, 1997).

Potassium dichromate was the second most common skin sensitizer in the USA in 1972 (Rudner, 1973). Over 90 percent of persons who had dermatitis from exposure to chromate paints reacted to potassium dichromate in patch tests (Engel & Calnan, 1963). Persons remained sensitized for at least 7 years after the last exposure (Thorman, 1979), possibly because chromate exposure is commonplace. Barrier creams are generally ineffective in preventing chromate dermatitis (Engel & Calnan, 1963). Frequent rinsing of the skin in a 10 percent ascorbic acid solution resulted in resolution of chromate dermatitis in one case (Milner, 1980).

Long-term exposure to potassium dichromate can cause chronic rhinitis, asthma, perforation of the nasal septum, and mucous membrane injury (HSDB, 1997). Hexavalent chromium has been reported to cause liver and kidney damage with chronic occupational exposure (ACGIH, 1986).

Potassium dichromate caused anemia when given to rats in the drinking water for one year (Yasuda, 1980), and caused a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction following chronic inhalation exposure in guinea pigs (Miyamoto, 1975).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

CAUSTIC EYE DECONTAMINATION: Immediately irrigate each affected eye with copious amounts of water or sterile 0.9% saline for about 30 minutes. Irrigating volumes up to 20 L or more have been used to neutralize the pH. After this initial period of irrigation, the corneal pH may be checked with litmus paper and a brief external eye exam performed. Continue direct copious irrigation with sterile 0.9% saline until the conjunctival fornices are free of particulate matter and returned to pH neutrality (pH 7.4). Once irrigation is complete, a full eye exam should be performed with careful attention to the possibility of perforation.
EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

ORAL EXPOSURE

MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. The exact ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting. Patients should not be forced to drink after ingestion of an acid, nor should they be allowed to drink larger volumes since this may induce vomiting, and thereby re-exposure of the injured tissues to the corrosive acid. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion.
GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac contraindicated. Activated charcoal is not recommended as it may interfere with endoscopy and will not reduce injury to GI mucosa. Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent large ingestion of a strong acid; the risk of further mucosal injury or iatrogenic esophageal perforation must be weighed against potential benefits of removing any remaining acid from the stomach.
ENDOSCOPY: Early endoscopy allows patients without gastrointestinal injury to be medically cleared, and provides important prognostic information in patients who do have varying degrees of gastrointestinal burns. In addition, it facilitates the safe placement of enteral feeding tubes thereby shortening the period of time that patients with burns are without enteral nutritional support. Endoscopy should be performed within the first 24 hours post-ingestion, and should be avoided from 2 days to 2 weeks post-ingestion since wound tensile strength is lowest and the risk of perforation highest during this time. Endoscopy is indicated for all adults with deliberate ingestion or any signs or symptoms attributable to ingestion, and for children with stridor, vomiting, or drooling. Consider endoscopy in children with dysphagia, refusal to swallow, significant oral burns, or abdominal pain. If second or third degree burns are found, follow 10 to 20 days later with barium swallow or esophagram.
SURGICAL OPTIONS: Initially, if severe esophageal burns are found a string may be placed in the stomach to facilitate later dilation. Insertion of a specialized nasogastric tube after confirmation of a circumferential burn may prevent strictures. Dilation is indicated after 2 to 4 weeks if strictures are confirmed; if unsuccessful, either colonic intraposition or gastric tube placement may be performed. Consider early laparotomy in patients with severe esophageal and/or gastric burns.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ADULT

The minimum lethal dose of potassium dichromate via ingestion for a man has been reported at 143 mg/kg (RTECS , 2001).
Potassium dichromate is thought to have a lethal oral dose in a 150 pound human of between 50 and 500 mg/kg, or between one teaspoon and one ounce (HSDB , 2001).
A patient with a blood chromium concentration of 5,800 mcg/dl presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. This rapidly progressed to coma and the development of methemoglobinemia, coagulopathy, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and respiratory distress, leading to death after approximately five hours (HSDB , 2001).
Thirty grams of potassium dichromate has been reported to cause death in a man within 35 minutes of ingestion (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Five hundred mg/L of potassium chromate in drinking water has been reported as lethal (OHM/TADS , 2001).

PEDIATRIC

The minimum lethal dose of potassium dichromate via ingestion for a child has been reported to be between 26 and 50 mg/kg (RTECS , 2001).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ADULT

Potassium dichromate dust is a severe eye and respiratory system irritant. It cannot be tolerated even at low concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).
A man ingested 0.35 mg/kg a day of potassium dichromate in his drinking water for three days. Three instances of vomiting were observed, with no other effects (ITI, 1995).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7778-50-9 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 1 ; Listed as: Potassium dichromate

1 : The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

References: CHRIS, 2001 Lewis, 2000 HSDB, 2001 ITI, 1995 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LD50- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)PRIMATE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TD- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- TD- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7778-50-9 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7778-50-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7778-50-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Potassium bichromate
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7778-50-9 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7778-50-9 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7778-50-9 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7778-50-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Avoid skin contact with potassium chromate. Protective clothing, gloves, boots, eye/face protection and an approved respirator should be worn at all times when working with this chemical (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).
Protect against ingestion, inhalation and contact with skin or eyes (OHM/TADS , 2001) NIOSH, 1999).

HANDLING

If Tyvek-type (DuPont) disposable protective clothing is not worn when working with this chemical, Tyvek-type sleeves should be taped to the gloves for added protection (NTP, 2001).

If potassium dichromate comes into direct contact with skin, wash affected area with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 2000; ITI, 1995).

Workers handling potassium dichromate should thoroughly wash hands, forearms and face with soap and water before eating or taking medication, using tobacco products, using the toilet or applying cosmetics (HSDB , 2001).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

A regulated, marked area should be established where potassium dichromate is handled, used or stored (Sittig, 1991).
Chromates are corrosive to metals (NIOSH, 1999).
Protect containers from physical damage (HSDB , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Avoid storing potassium dichromate in rooms with wood floors (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
Storage temperatures should be ambient and storage area should have open venting (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001).
Potassium dichromate should be stored in a cool, dry area, separated from easily oxidized materials, combustibles and organic materials (e.g., wood, paper, sulfur, hydrazine, plastics) (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
A regulated, marked area should be established where potassium dichromate is handled, used or stored (Sittig, 1991).
Local exhaust ventilation may be helpful in reducing potassium dichromate exposure in areas where it is used or handled (HSDB , 2001).
This compound should be stored in a refrigerator (NTP, 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Potassium dichromate may react violently with reducing agents and combustibles (NTP, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 2000).
It explodes violently on contact with hydrazine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).
A single drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on potassium dichromate produces a violently explosive reaction (NFPA, 1997).
It ignites or reacts violently when combined with sulfuric acid and acetone, hydroxylamine, and ethylene glycol (above 100 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).
When combined with boron plus silicon, iron, or tungsten, it forms a pyrotechnic mixture (Lewis, 2000).
Store potassium dichromate clear of mercury cyanide, hydrazine and its hydrates, hydroxyl amine and its salts, and slaked lime (ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001). Contact with combustible, organic or easily oxidized materials should also be avoided, as violent reactions can occur upon contact (Sittig, 1991).
Contact with strong acids produces toxic vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Avoid skin contact with potassium chromates and dichromates. Protective gloves, clothing, equipment and safety goggles should be worn when working around these chemicals (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

If Tyvek-style (DuPont) protective clothing is not worn when working with potassium dichromate, taping Tyvek-type sleeves to your gloves is recommended (NTP, 2001).

If potassium dichromate should contact the skin, wash affected area immediately with copious amounts of water or soap and water (AAR, 2000).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Potassium dichromate is a severe eye irritant and may cause corneal injury upon contact with possible loss of vision (CHRIS , 2001; Grant & Schuman, 1993; Sittig, 1991).

Great swelling of the corneal stroma was observed in a man whose eye had been contaminated with potassium chromate. The swelling gradually subsided but irregular astigmatism and anesthesia of the area persisted (Grant & Schuman, 1993).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Potassium dichromate dust or mist is irritating to the nose and throat and can cause lung injury; it can not be tolerated, even at low concentrations. Appropriate respiratory protection should be worn at all times when working around this chemical (CHRIS , 2001).

Any level of possible exposure warrants use of a MSHA/NIOSH-approved supplied-air respirator with full facepiece operated in positive pressure mode. A self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode is also suitable (Sittig, 1991).

If exposure to 30 mg/m(3) or greater exists, a MSHA/NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in continuous flow or other positive-pressure mode is recommended (Sittig, 1991).

When working with potassium dichromate, wear a NIOSH-approved half-face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge and a dust/mist filter (NTP, 2001).

When heated to decomposition, potassium dichromate emits toxic fumes of potassium oxide (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7778-50-9.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: solution in water
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Local exhaust ventilation may be helpful in reducing potassium dichromate exposure in areas where it is used or handled (HSDB , 2001).

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Based on the material's physical and chemical properties, toxicity, or chemical group, a guide has been assigned. For additional technical information, contact one of the emergency response telephone numbers listed under Public Safety Measures.
POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.
- Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- May explode from heat or contamination.
- Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels).
- May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Potassium dichromate is nonflammable but may support the combustion of other materials, as it can decompose in a fire, generating oxygen (AAR, 2000; CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).
It is a dangerous fire risk when in contact with organic materials (Lewis, 1997). It may cause fire on contact with combustible or readily oxidized materials (e.g., paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, plastics) (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001).
Contact with finely powdered combustibles (e.g., sawdust) may cause ignition (CHRIS , 2001; HSDB , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
Potassium dichromate can be flammable by chemical reaction (Lewis, 2000).
It ignites or reacts violently when combined with sulfuric acid and acetone, hydroxylamine, and ethylene glycol (above 100 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7778-50-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Flood fire area with water from a distance.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7778-50-9 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

If potassium dichromate is involved in a fire, use extinguishers suitable for the type of surrounding fire (HSDB , 2001).

Fires associated with potassium dichromate should be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or halon extinguisher (NTP, 2001; Sittig, 1991).

Use flooding amount of water to extinguish fires involving this chemical (ITI, 1995).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

When heated to decomposition, potassium dichromate emits toxic fumes of potassium oxide (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Potassium dichromate may react violently with reducing agents and combustibles (NTP, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 2000).

It explodes violently on contact with hydrazine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

A single drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on potassium dichromate produces a violent explosion (NFPA, 1997).

It ignites or reacts violently when combined with sulfuric acid and acetone, hydroxylamine, and ethylene glycol (above 100 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).

When combined with boron plus silicon, iron, or tungsten, it forms a pyrotechnic mixture (Lewis, 2000).

Store potassium dichromate clear of mercury cyanide, hydrazine and its hydrates, hydroxyl amine and its salts, and slaked lime (ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001). Contact with combustible, organic or easily oxidized materials should also be avoided, as violent reactions can occur upon contact (Sittig, 1991).

Incidents of closed bottles of potassium chromate plus sulfuric acid mixtures exploding have been reported on multiple occasions (Urben, 2000).

Potassium dichromate is of itself a stable compound (CHRIS , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Contact with strong acids produces toxic vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

When heated to decomposition, potassium dichromate emits toxic fumes of potassium oxide (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Potassium dichromate may react violently with reducing agents and combustibles (NTP, 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997; Urben, 2000).

It explodes violently on contact with hydrazine (Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; Urben, 2000).

A single drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on potassium dichromate produces a violently explosive reaction (NFPA, 1997).

It ignites or reacts violently when combined with sulfuric acid and acetone, hydroxylamine, and ethylene glycol (above 100 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; NTP, 2001).

When combined with boron plus silicon, iron, or tungsten, it forms a pyrotechnic mixture (Lewis, 2000).

Store potassium dichromate clear of mercury cyanide, hydrazine and its hydrates, hydroxyl amine and its salts, and slaked lime (ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001). Contact with combustible, organic or easily oxidized materials should also be avoided, as violent reactions can occur upon contact (Sittig, 1991).

Contact with strong acids produces toxic vapors (Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

If potassium dichromate is involved in an uncontrollable fire, consider evacuation within a one-half mile radius (AAR, 2000).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7778-50-9 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7778-50-9 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Potassium dichromate
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0141
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 4
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 30
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 42.4
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7778-50-9 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7778-50-9 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Do not get water inside containers.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
Consult all existing state and federal regulations regarding hazardous waste disposal prior to disposing of potassium dichromate and/or materials contaminated with it (NTP, 2001).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL LIQUID SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.
SMALL DRY SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.
Add spilled potassium dichromate to a large volume of reducer (a bisulfate or a ferrous salt) and then acidify with three molar sulfuric acid (OHM/TADS , 2001). After reduction, transfer slurry into a large container of water and add soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid to neutralize the solution (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Keep personnel not wearing appropriate personal clothing and equipment away from the area of the spill (Sittig, 1991).
Dig a pit, lagoon or similar holding area to contain the spilled chemical. Cover spill with plastic sheet to prevent chemical dissolving in the rain (AAR, 2000).
Dampen solid spill material with water, then transfer to a suitable container. Wipe up any remaining material with absorbent paper dampened with water. Place this paper along with any contaminated clothing in an air-tight plastic bag for later disposal. Wash all contaminated areas with a solution of soap and water (NTP, 2001).
Wet methods of cleaning up solid potassium dichromate spills are preferable, though vacuum cleaning is an acceptable alternative. Spills should be removed immediately to prevent generation of dusts (HSDB , 2001).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 140 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Following product recovery, flush area with water.
Add spilled potassium dichromate to a large volume of reducer (a bisulfate or a ferrous salt) and then acidify with three molar sulfuric acid (OHM/TADS , 2001). After reduction, transfer slurry into a large container of water and add soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid to neutralize the solution (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Keep personnel not wearing appropriate personal clothing and equipment away from the area of the spill (Sittig, 1991).
Wet methods of cleaning up solid potassium dichromate spills are preferable, though vacuum cleaning is an acceptable alternative. Spills should be removed immediately to prevent generation of dusts (HSDB , 2001).

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

For in situ amelioration use anion exchanger, then precipitate with ferric chloride and sodium bicarbonate (OHM/TADS , 2001).
Add potassium dichromate to a large volume of reducer (a bisulfate or a ferrous salt) and then acidify with three molar sulfuric acid. After reduction, transfer slurry into a large container of water and add soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid to neutralize the solution (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001).
Sealed containers containing solid wastes contaminated with potassium dichromate can be disposed of in sanitary landfills (HSDB , 2001).
Refer to the "CHROMIUM VI" HAZARDTEXT(R) Management for more information.
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is not a recommended disposal method for potassium dichromate (HSDB , 2001).
Recommended method of disposal for potassium dichromate wastes involves reduction, solidification and proper landfill disposal (HSDB , 2001).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Oxygen utilization of sewage is reduced by fifty percent through exposure to 100 ppm potassium dichromate (OHM/TADS , 2001).

Potassium dichromate may be dangerous to aquatic life in high concentrations (CHRIS , 2001).

Refer to the "CHROMIUM VI" HAZARDTEXT(R) Management for more information.

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

No information found at the time of this review.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Freshwater toxicity (OHM/TADS, 2001 unless otherwise noted):

LC100 - (WATER) GAMMARUS PULEX: 1.4 ppm
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 118,000 ppm mcg/L (as Cr), water hardness of 20 mg/L (as CaCO3) (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL (Lepomis macrochirus): 133,000 ppm mcg/L (as Cr), water hardness of 360 mg/L (as CaCO3) (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 113 ppm (as Cr) for 96H, static
LC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1.8 to 3.3 ppm for 96H, static
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: > 200 ppm for 96H, static
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 17,300 mcg/L (as Cr) for 11D, water hardness of 220 (as CaCO3) (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 17,600 mcg/L (as Cr) for 11D, water hardness of 20 (as CaCO3), static unmeasured method (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 26,000 to 66,000 mcg/L (as Cr), water hardness of 220 (as CaCO3), flowthrough measured method (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium lamarrei): 5.44 mg/L for 24H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium lamarrei): 3.69 mg/L for 48H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium lamarrei): 2.47 mg/L for 72H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium lamarrei): 1.84 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus): 90,000 to 135,000 mcg/L (as Cr), water hardness of 220 (as CaCO3), flowthrough measured method (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (ORAL) JAPANESE QUAIL, 5 days old: 4400 ppm for 5D (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (ORAL) MALLARD DUCK, 10 days old: 5000 ppm (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) Paramecium caudatum: 74 ppm for 1H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) Paramecium caudatum: 33 ppm for 2H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) PHYSAHETEROSTROPHA: 17.3 ppm (as Cr) for 96H, lab water
LC50 - (WATER) PHYSAHETEROSTROPHA: 17.3 ppm (as Cr) for 96H, lab water
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 100 ppm, for 72 to 92H, static
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Larvae: 150 ppm for 24 to 48H, static
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 300 ppm for 24H, static
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 125 ppm for 48H, static
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 100 ppm for 72H, static
LC50 - (WATER) STRIPED BASS, Fingerling: 75 ppm for 96H, static
LC - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 75 ppm for 96H
LC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.05 ppm for 264H
LC - (WATER) EELS, Young: 520 ppm for 5 to 12H
LC - (WATER) TROUT: 100 ppm for 6H
LC - (WATER) TROUT: 50 ppm for 33H
EC50 - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 1,570 mcg/L (as Cr) for 24H, water hardness of 200 mg/L (as CaCO3) (HSDB, 2001)
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 320 ppm for 96H, high and low O2
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 739 ppm for 24H, lake water
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 440 ppm for 48H, 24 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 118 ppm for 96H, soft
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 133 ppm for 96H, hard
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 284 ppm for 24H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 171 ppm for 48H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 113 ppm for 96H
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 118 ppm for 96H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 103 ppm for 93H
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 145 ppm for 24H
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 213 ppm for 48H
TLM - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 300 ppm for 24H
TLM - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO, Adult: 180 ppm for 48H, 24 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) BRACHYDANIO, Eggs: 1500 ppm for 48H, 24 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) CARP: 704 ppm for 24H, lake water
TLM - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.4 ppm for 96H, lake water
TLM - (WATER) DIATOM (NARICULA): 0.21 ppm, 22 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) DIATOM (NARICULA): 0.25 ppm, 22 degrees C, hard
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 17.6 ppm for 96H, soft
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 27.3 ppm for 96H, hard
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 39.6 ppm for 24H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 19.7 ppm for 48H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 17.6 ppm for 96H, 25 degrees C, soft
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 63.5 ppm for 24H, 25 degrees C, hard
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 35.4 ppm for 48H, 25 degrees C, hard
TLM - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW: 27.3 ppm for 96H, 25 degrees C, hard
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 37.5 ppm for 96H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 122 ppm for 24H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 58.8 ppm for 48H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 104 ppm for 6 to 84H
TLM - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 37.5 ppm for 96H, soft
TLM - (WATER) GUPPY: 113 ppm for 24H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GUPPY: 61.7 ppm for 48H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GUPPY: 30 ppm for 96H, 25 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) GUPPY: 30 ppm for 96H, soft
TLM - (WATER) HYDROPSYCHE: 28 ppm for 48H, soft
TLM - (WATER) LARGEMOUTH BASS: 196 ppm
TLM - (WATER) MOSQUITOFISH: 280 ppm for 96H, 21 to 23 degrees C
TLM - (WATER) NITSCHIA LINEARIS: 0.208 ppm for 96H
TLM - (WATER) PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA: 17.3 ppm for 96H
TLM - (WATER) STENONEMA: 3.5 ppm for 48H, soft
TLM - (WATER) TROUT: 100 ppm for 24H
TLM - (WATER) SNAIL: 17.3 ppm, 20 degrees, soft
TLM - (WATER) SNAIL: 40.6 ppm, 20 degrees, hard
TLM - (WATER) SUNFISH: 113 ppm for 96H
TLM - (WATER) SUNFISH: 135 ppm for 96H, hard
TLM - (WATER) SUNFISH: 170 ppm for 96H
TC - (WATER) BROWN TROUT: 5.2 ppm
TC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.016 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: < 0.10 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.51 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) DAPHNIA MAGNA: 0.7 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) E. COLI: 0.7 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) FISH, Unspecified: 9 ppm
TC - (WATER) FISH, Unspecified: 5 ppm
TC - (WATER) FISH, Unspecified (Several species): 180 to 362 ppm
TC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 177 ppm for 92H
TC - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 52 ppm for 0.5H
TC - (WATER) POLYCELIS NIGRA: 148 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) RAINBOW TROUT: 20 ppm, 18 degrees C
TC - (WATER) SCENEDESMUS: 0.7 ppm, threshold level
TC - (WATER) SILVER SALMON: 10 ppm, fresh water
TL - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 148 ppm
TL - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 50 ppm for 720H
TL - (WATER) BLUEGILLS: 70 ppm for 168H

Saltwater toxicity (OHM/TADS , 2001):

LC50 - (WATER) ARMED BULLHEAD: 33 to 100 ppm (as Cr) for 48H, aerated
LC50 - (WATER) COCKLE: 100 to 300 ppm (as Cr) for 48H, aerated
LC50 - (WATER) BROWN SHRIMP: 100 (as Cr) for 48H, aerated
LC50 - (WATER) STARFISH: 33 to 100 ppm (as Cr) for 48H, aerated
TC - (WATER) SILVER SALMON: 17.8 ppm

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

294.15

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Potassium dichromate exists as a bright red to yellowish-orange crystal (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1998; NTP, 2001). Its triclinic crystals are odorless, water soluble and metallic-tasting (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1998).

Potassium dichromate changes from triclinic to monoclinic prisms at 241.6 degrees C (Ashford, 1993; NTP, 2001).

Aqueous solution (1%): 4.04 (Ashford, 1993; NTP, 2001)

Aqueous solution (10%): 3.57 (Ashford, 1993; NTP, 2001)

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

2.68 g/mL (NTP, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

MELTING POINT

398 degrees C (Ashford, 2001; HSDB, 2001; ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001; Sittig, 1991a)
396 degrees C (Lewis, 1997a)

BOILING POINT

Decomposes at 500 degrees C (ITI, 1995; NTP, 2001)

FLASH POINT

Potassium dichromate is noncombustible (AAR, 2000).

Potassium dichromate is flammable by chemical reaction (Lewis, 2000)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

Not applicable.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not applicable.

UPPER

Not applicable.

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Potassium dichromate is soluble in water (AAR, 2000; Ashford, 1993; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 1998; Lewis, 2000).
45 g/l (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
10 to 50 mg/mL (at 20 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
49,000 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
4.9 g/100cc (at 0 degrees C); 102 g/100cc (at 100 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

SOLUBILITY IN LIQUID HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

Dimethyl sulfoxide: <1 mg/mL (at 20 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
95% ethanol: <1 mg/mL (at 20 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)
Acetone: <1 mg/mL (at 20 degrees C) (NTP, 2001)

OTHER

Potassium dichromate is insoluble in alcohol (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997).
It is soluble in acids (NTP, 2001).

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

Data not available.

VISIBLE

Data not available.

Data not available.

MASS

Data not available.

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

Odorless (CHRIS , 2001; NTP, 2001)

HEAT OF FUSION

29.8 cal/g (Ashford, 1993; CHRIS , 2001; NTP, 2001)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.738 (HSDB , 2001)

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