POTASSIUM CYANIDE

Potassium cyanide is used to extract gold and silver from ores. It also is used in electroplating and as an insecticide, a fumigant, and a reagent in analytical chemistry (Lewis, 1997a).
The compound is used as a benzoin condensation catalyst, a component in metal surface hardening salts, in metal cleaning, and as a raw material in the manufacture of pigments, nylon, dyes, and chelating agents (ACGIH, 1991a; Ashford, 1994a).

SOURCES

Potassium cyanide can be produced by combining potassium hydroxide and hydrogen cyanide (salt formation) (Ashford, 1994a).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium cyanide is an alkaline cyanide salt compound. It is decomposed by water (slowly) and by acids (rapidly) releasing flammable and highly toxic HYDROGEN CYANIDE gas.

In water of neutral pH, not enough hydrogen cyanide gas is released to be dangerous, except in enclosed spaces. However, if the water is acidic, significant amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas may be released. While potassium cyanide is not volatile, reaction of suspended dust particles with moisture and carbon dioxide in the air can result in release of some hydrogen cyanide.

Dermal contact with the moist solid material can result in skin irritation or ulceration. Chronic occupational cyanide exposure has been associated with a variety of dermal and mucous membrane irritant complaints, usually attributed to exposure to highly alkaline aerosols or solutions of cyanide salts.

True chronic cyanide toxicity in humans is rare, although a variety of complaints including goiter, subclinical thyroid dysfunction, B12 and folate abnormalities, headaches, vertigo, chest discomfort, palpitations, eye and respiratory irritation, dermatitis, fatigue, poor appetite and sleeping, and epistaxis have been recorded in cyanide-exposed workers.

Functional changes in hearing, loss of appetite, headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, upper respiratory tract irritation, and dermatoses have been described in chronically exposed workers.

Potassium cyanide exposure may produce death within minutes. IMMEDIATELY BEGIN ADMINISTERING 100% OXYGEN. OBTAIN THE CYANIDE ANTIDOTE KIT AND PREPARE IT FOR USE.

Lesser exposures may produce nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, and vertigo. Severe hypoxic signs in the absence of cyanosis suggest the diagnosis. Patients have survived potentially lethal ingestions with supportive care only, and the absence of a rapidly deteriorating course does not exclude the diagnosis.
Cyanosis is generally a late finding and does not occur until the stage of circulatory collapse and apnea. Initially the patient may experience flushing, tachycardia, tachypnea, headache, and dizziness. This may progress to agitation, stupor, coma, apnea, generalized convulsions, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, and death.

Percutaneous absorption has been rarely said to result in systemic toxicity, although most such cases have involved either complete immersion in cyanide-salt solutions or large-area burns with molten cyanide.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death.
Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Cyanide is an extremely toxic hazard. A single exposure to as little as 50 to 100 mg may cause immediate respiratory collapse (ACGIH, 1991).

Sodium cyanide (and presumably the potassium salt) can produce toxic effects by inhalation and dermal absorption as well as from ingestion (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Cyanide causes symptoms including flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, tachycardia, hypernea, headache, dizziness, confusion, hyperventilation, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weakness, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac conduction defects and arrhythmias, seizures, metabolic acidosis, stupor, and coma. Death may occur within a few minutes (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Damage to the optic nerve has been produced in rats within 48 hours after a single injection of sodium cyanide (Lessell & Kuwabara, 1974). The optic nerve damage from a single exposure was progressive. A Parkinsonian-like syndrome has also occurred up to several weeks after acute exposure (Rosenberg et al, 1989). The CNS symptoms may be reversible up to a point (Wuthrich, 1954), but some symptoms can persist for many months following exposure (Pettigrew, 1977).

While workplace standards indicate that cyanide may be absorbed through the skin, this finding is based largely on industrial accidents involving immersion of large portions of the body in vats containing cyanide salts or significant skin contamination with powdered forms (ACGIH, 1991).

Nosebleed and nasal ulceration have occurred with exposures to mists of the alkali cyanides at concentrations slightly higher than 5 mg/m(3) (ACGIH, 1991).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Chronic exposure to cyanides has been reported to cause CNS effects, such as insomnia, loss of memory, and tremors (Chaumont, 1960). Experimental animal studies have confirmed the central nervous system as a target for the chronic toxicity of cyanide. Rats fed cyanide for 11 months suffered damage to the spinal cord (Philbrick, 1979). Other neurological effects include degeneration of the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.

Dermatitis has been reported in workers chronically exposed to cyanide in galvanic baths (Saia et al, 1970). Skin and mucous membrane irritation have been reported in plating operations (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

A goiter-like enlargement of the thyroid gland called ENDEMIC CRETINISM occurs in regions of the world where cyanogenic cassava root is a major portion of the diet (Ermans et al, 1972). The mechanism is probably competition for thyroid uptake between the metabolic product of cyanide, thiocyanate, and iodine, resulting in decreased thyroid hormone production. Enlargement of the thyroid gland has been reported with chronic occupational exposures to cyanide, and is thought to be due to accumulation of its less toxic metabolite, thiocyanate (El Ghawabi et al, 1975). Subclinical effects on the thyroid and vitamin B12 metabolism have also been reported in cyanide-exposed workers (Blanc et al, 1985).

Both neurotoxic and goiterogenic effects have been produced in rats by chronic feeding of potassium cyanide (Philbrick, 1979), where thiocyanate is also a major metabolite (Okoh, 1983; Howard & Hanzal, 1955).

In rats, the metabolites of cyanide may accumulate over long periods of chronic exposure (Tewe & Maner, 1981).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
DERMAL EXPOSURE: Immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.
INHALATION EXPOSURE: Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, thyroid, and blood (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007).

CYANIDE POISONING

The treatment of potassium cyanide poisoning is essentially that for cyanide intoxication.
Establish respiration; avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if possible during CPR to prevent self-poisoning. Immediately begin therapy with 100% oxygen. Be prepared for endotracheal intubation if necessary.
Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high airborne concentrations of this agent without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid becoming secondary victims. Avoid direct dermal contact with cyanide contaminated patient or gastric contents.
Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large-bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES

Dicobalt-EDTA (Kelocyanor(R)) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA.

INHALATION EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

In symptomatic patients, skip these steps until other major emergency measures including use of Cyanide Antidote Kit and other life support measures have been instituted.

Perform gastric lavage with a large bore tube after endotracheal intubation.
GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.

Administer 100% oxygen. Establish secure large bore IV.
A cyanide antidote, either hydroxocobalamin OR the sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate kit, should be administered to patients with symptomatic poisoning.
HYDROXOCOBALAMIN: ADULT DOSE: 5 g (two 2.5 g vials each reconstituted with 100 mL sterile 0.9% saline) administered as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes. For severe poisoning, a second dose of 5 g may be infused intravenously over 15 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the patient's condition. CHILDREN: Limited experience; a dose of 70 mg/kg has been used in pediatric patients.
The Cyanide Antidote Kit is administered as follows:

SODIUM NITRITE: Adult: 10 mL (300 mg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute; Child (with normal hemoglobin concentration): 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg) of a 3% solution IV at a rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute, not to exceed 10 mL (300 mg).
Repeat one-half of initial sodium nitrite dose one-half hour later if there is inadequate clinical response. Calculate pediatric doses precisely to avoid potentially life-threatening methemoglobinemia. Use with caution if carbon monoxide poisoning is also suspected. Monitor blood pressure carefully. Reduce nitrite administration rate if hypotension occurs.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: Administer sodium thiosulfate IV immediately following sodium nitrite. DOSE: ADULT: 50 mL (12.5 g) of a 25% solution; CHILD: 1 mL/kg (250 mg/kg) of a 25% solution, not to exceed 50 mL (12.5 g) total dose. A second dose, one-half of the first dose, may be administered if signs of cyanide toxicity reappear.

SODIUM BICARBONATE: Administer 1 mEq/kg IV to acidotic patients.
SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine; DIAZEPAM (ADULT: 5 to 10 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 20 minutes as needed. CHILD: 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes; up to a maximum of 10 mg/dose. May repeat dose every 5 to 10 minutes as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg IV initially; repeat every 5 to 10 minutes as needed, if seizures persist. CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV over 2 to 5 minutes, up to a maximum of 4 mg/dose; may repeat in 5 to 15 minutes as needed, if seizures continue).

Consider phenobarbital or propofol if seizures recur after diazepam 30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children greater than 5 years).
Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory depression, and need for endotracheal intubation. Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoxia.

ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN AND HEMODIALYSIS: May be useful in severe cases not responsive to supportive and antidotal therapy.
If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
Whole blood cyanide levels may be obtained to document the poisoning and response to treatment.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Rarely, clinically significant excessive methemoglobinemia has occurred following sodium nitrite therapy. If excessive methemoglobinemia occurs, some authors have suggested that methylene blue should not be used because it could cause the release of cyanide from the cyanmethemoglobin complex. Such authors have suggested that emergency exchange transfusion is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy could be used to support the patient while preparations for exchange transfusion are being made.
However, methylene or toluidine blue have been used successfully in this setting without worsening the course of the cyanide poisoning. There is some controversy over whether or not the induction of methemoglobinemia is the sodium nitrite mechanism of action in cyanide poisoning. As long as intensive care monitoring and further antidote doses (if required) are available, methylene blue can most likely be safely administered in this setting.
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Determine the methemoglobin concentration and evaluate the patient for clinical effects of methemoglobinemia (ie, dyspnea, headache, fatigue, CNS depression, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis). Treat patients with symptomatic methemoglobinemia with methylene blue (this usually occurs at methemoglobin concentrations above 20% to 30%, but may occur at lower methemoglobin concentrations in patients with anemia, or underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders). Administer oxygen while preparing for methylene blue therapy.
METHYLENE BLUE: INITIAL DOSE/ADULT OR CHILD: 1 mg/kg IV over 5 to 30 minutes; a repeat dose of up to 1 mg/kg may be given 1 hour after the first dose if methemoglobin levels remain greater than 30% or if signs and symptoms persist. NOTE: Methylene blue is available as follows: 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL or 0.5% solution) single-dose ampules and 10 mg/1 mL (1% solution) vials. Additional doses may sometimes be required. Improvement is usually noted shortly after administration if diagnosis is correct. Consider other diagnoses or treatment options if no improvement has been observed after several doses. If intravenous access cannot be established, methylene blue may also be given by intraosseous infusion. Methylene blue should not be given by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection. NEONATES: DOSE: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg.
Concomitant use of methylene blue with serotonergic drugs, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), triptans, and ergot alkaloids may increase the risk of potentially fatal serotonin syndrome.

ALTERNATE ANTIDOTES: Kelocyanor(R) (dicobalt-EDTA) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminophenol) are alternate cyanide antidotes in clinical use in various countries outside the USA. See Treatment Sections in the Cyanide Meditext(R) Medical Management for more information.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

The fatal dose of cyanide salts is estimated at 200 to 300 milligrams for an adult (Bonnichsen & Maely, 1966; Baselt, 1982).

A single 50 to 100 milligram dose of alkali cyanides can cause immediate collapse and respiration cessation (ACGIH, 1991).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

Patients have survived exposure to air concentrations of 500 milligrams per cubic meter (Bonsall, 1984), ingestions of one gram of potassium cyanide (Yacoub et al, 1974; Hall & Rumack, 1987), and complete immersion in solutions of cyanide salts (Bismuth et al, 1984; Dodds & McKnight, 1985).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS151-50-8 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts, as CN; cyanide salts
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Assessed under the IRIS program. ; Listed as: Potassium cyanide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Potassium cyanide (as CN)
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 2x10(-3) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk: Not Assessed under the IRIS program.
RfC: Not Assessed under the IRIS program.

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: Budavari, 1996; Clayton & Clayton, 1994; ITI, 1995 Lewis, 1996 RTECS, 1998
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)CAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)DOG:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (ORAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LD50- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (OCULAR)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RABBIT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAVENOUS)RAT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (INTRAARTERIAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INTRAMUSCULAR)RAT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:
- TDLo- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS151-50-8 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts, as CN; cyanide salts

TLV:

TLV-TWA:
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling: 5 mg/m(3)

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Skin
Definitions:

Skin: This refers to the potential significant contribution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including mucous membranes and the eyes, either by contact with vapors or, of likely greater significance, by direct skin contact with the substance. It should be noted that although some materials are capable of causing irritation, dermatitis, and sensitization in workers, these properties are not considered relevant when assigning a skin notation. Rather, data from acute dermal studies and repeated dose dermal studies in animals or humans, along with the ability of the chemical to be absorbed, are integrated in the decision-making toward assignment of the skin designation. Use of the skin designation provides an alert that air sampling would not be sufficient by itself in quantifying exposure from the substance and that measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be warranted. Please see "Definitions and Notations" (in TLV booklet) for full definition.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; headache; nausea; thyroid eff
Molecular Weight: Varies

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS151-50-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS151-50-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Potassium cyanide (as CN)
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 5 mg/m(3) (4.7 ppm) [10-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s): [*Note: The REL and PEL also applies to other cyanides (as CN) except Hydrogen cyanide.]

IDLH: Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Potassium cyanide K(CN)
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

10 (4.54)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Potassium cyanide
P or U series number: P098
Footnote:
Listed as: Potassium cyanide K(CN)
P or U series number: P098
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Potassium Cyanide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 10

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

100
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): a

a: This material is a reactive solid. The TPQ does not default to 10,000 pounds for non-powder, non-molten, non-solution form.

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS151-50-8 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS151-50-8 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Listed as Potassium cyanide, solid
Severe Marine Pollutant: No
Listed as Potassium cyanide, solution
Severe Marine Pollutant: No

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS151-50-8 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Potassium cyanide (K(CN))

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1680 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium cyanide, solid

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1680
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B69, B77, IB7, IP1, N74, N75, T6, TP33

B69: Dry sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide may be shipped in sift-proof weather-resistant metal covered hopper cars, covered motor vehicles, portable tanks or non-specification bins. Bins must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
IB7: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F). Additional Requirement: Liners of wooden IBCs must be sift-proof.
IP1: IBCs must be packed in closed freight containers or a closed transport vehicle.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T6: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 211
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 50 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 3413 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium cyanide solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3413
Packing Group: I

I: Packing Group I - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is great.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B69, B77, N74, N75, T14, TP2, TP13

B69: Dry sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide may be shipped in sift-proof weather-resistant metal covered hopper cars, covered motor vehicles, portable tanks or non-specification bins. Bins must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T14: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): 6 mm; Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): section 178.275(g)(3); Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): Prohibited.
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 201
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 1 L
Cargo aircraft only: 30 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium cyanide solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3413
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B69, B77, IB2, N74, N75, T11, TP2, TP13, TP27

B69: Dry sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide may be shipped in sift-proof weather-resistant metal covered hopper cars, covered motor vehicles, portable tanks or non-specification bins. Bins must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T11: Minimum test pressure (bar): 6; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP27: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 4 bar (400 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 4 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium cyanide solution

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN3413
Packing Group: III

III: Packing Group III - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is minor.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: B69, B77, IB3, N74, N75, T7, TP2, TP13, TP28

B69: Dry sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide may be shipped in sift-proof weather-resistant metal covered hopper cars, covered motor vehicles, portable tanks or non-specification bins. Bins must be approved by the Associate Administrator.
B77: Other packaging are authorized when approved by the Associate Administrator.
IB3: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1 and 31HA2, 31HB2, 31HN2, 31HD2 and 31HH2). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130 kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized, except for UN2672 (also see Special Provision IP8 in Table 3 for UN2672).
N74: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner containers of glass, earthenware, metal or polyethylene, capacity not over 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds) securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, not over 15 kg (33 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
N75: Packages consisting of tightly closed inner packagings of glass, earthenware or metal, securely cushioned and packed in outer wooden barrels or wooden or fiberboard boxes, capacity not over 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) net weight, are authorized and need not conform to the requirements of part 178 of this subchapter.
T7: Minimum test pressure (bar): 4; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP2: a. The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 95/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling, and alpha is the mean coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid between the mean temperature of the liquid during filling (tf) and the maximum mean bulk temperature during transportation (tr) both in degrees celsius; and b. For liquids transported under ambient conditions a may be calculated using the formula: [alpha = (d15-d50)/(35 x d50)], where d15 and d50 are the densities (in units of mass per unit volume) of the liquid at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) and 50 degrees C (122 degrees F), respectively.
TP13: Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided when this hazardous material is transported by sea.
TP28: A portable tank having a minimum test pressure of 2.65 bar (265 kPa) may be used provided the calculated test pressure is 2.65 bar or less based on the MAWP of the hazardous material, as defined in sxn. 178.275 of this subchapter, where the test pressure is 1.5 times the MAWP.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 243

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 52

52: Stow "separated from" acids.

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1680 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Potassium cyanide
UN Number: 1680

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN3413 (ICAO, 2002):

Not Listed

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS151-50-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Store in glass or metal containers that are securely closed or sealed; inside metal containers withinin wooden boxes; in wooden boxes with hermetically sealed metal linings; or in steel drums or fiber containers (OHM/TADS, 1998).
Keep all containers tightly closed and protected from light (Budavari, 1996).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Store containers in a location that is cool, dry and well-ventilated (NFPA, 1997).
Ensure that containers are kept separate from other storage (OHM/TADS, 1998).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Potassium cyanide is incompatible with acids and acid syrups, alkaloids, chloral hydrate, iodine, metallic salts, permanganates, chlorates, and peroxides (Budavari, 1996).
Keep separate from water, carbon dioxide, and strong oxidizers including acids, acid salts, chlorates, and nitrates (NFPA, 1997).
Note that potassium cyanide will absorb moisture from the air and will form a syrup (NIOSH, 1998).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Avoid all contact with potassium cyanide as solid, dust, or water solution (CHRIS , 1998). Do not attempt to handle this material or broken containers without protective equipment (Student, 1981).

When working with this compound or when in the vicinity of spills or leaks, wear full chemical protective clothing including long rubber gloves, boots, overalls, an apron, a face shield or goggles, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus (NFPA, 1997; ITI, 1995; CHRIS , 1998; Student, 1981).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Wear appropriate safety goggles when handling this compound (AAR, 1996).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 151-50-8.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid, 10%
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.).
- Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
Potassium cyanide is not combustible (NFPA, 1997).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS151-50-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS151-50-8 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Do not apply water to the material itself when involved in fire (AAR, 1996). Use water spray to keep containers that are exposed to fire cool and to knock down vapors (AAR, 1996; (NFPA, 1997). Extinguish fires surrounding a potassium cyanide fire using suitable agents (NFPA, 1997).

Use foam or dry chemical to extinguish fire (AAR, 1996). Do not use a carbon dioxide extinguisher (NFPA, 1997).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

When contained in narrow ignition tubes, mixtures of potassium cyanide and mercury (II) nitrate may explode if heated (Urben, 1995).

Potassium cyanide will initiate nitrogen trichloride decomposition, which is often violent and explosive (Urben, 1995).

The compound will explode in perchloryl fluoride gas at 100-300 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Any nitrite mixed with the compound may cause an explosion (NFPA, 1997). Urben (1995) specifies that potassium cyanide mixed with sodium nitrite will explode upon heating.

When heated, potassium cyanide and chlorates will explode (NFPA, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

When heated to decomposition, potassium cyanide evolves irritating and toxic fumes of cyanide and oxides of nitrogen (Lewis, 1996). Evolved hydrogen cyanide fumes are highly toxic and can produce serious injury or death (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Fires involving potassium cyanide will produce toxic oxides of nitrogen (AAR, 1996).

Potassium cyanide reacts with acids or acid fumes releasing deadly hydrogen cyanide gas (Lewis, 1996; CHRIS , 1998).

Some hydrogen cyanide gas is emitted when potassium cyanide is dissolved in and reacts with water. Unless this occurs in a closed space, the amount is too small to be hazardous. If the water is acidic, however, toxic amounts of hydrogen cyanide may be released nearly immediately (CHRIS , 1998).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Potassium cyanide will initiate nitrogen trichloride decomposition, which is violent and often explosive (Urben, 1995). NFPA (1997) reports that potassium cyanide will explode on contact with nitrogen trichloride.

At 100-300 degrees C, potassium cyanide in contact with perchloryl fluoride gas will react explosively. These compounds together are unreactive at 25 degrees C (Urben, 1995).

Potassium cyanide mixed with sodium nitrite will explode upon heating (Urben, 1995; ITI, 1995).

Explosions may occur when potassium cyanide is mixed with nitrites.

A nitrite residue caused an explosion when a molten bath that had previously contained nitrite salts was thoroughly cleaned and then reused. Cyanide-containing salts were deposited in the bath, and, when the furnace was reheated, a violent eruption occurred (NFPA, 1997).

When potassium cyanide and chlorates are affected by heat, shock, or friction, an explosion will occur (NFPA, 1997).

Potassium cyanide is incompatible with acids, acid syrups, alkaloids, chloral hydrate, iodine, metallic salts, permanganates, chlorates, and peroxides (Budavari, 1996).

Following heating, shock, or standing, a mixture of potassium cyanide and ammoniacal silver will explode (Formation of silver fuminate is self-explosive) (ITI, 1995).

Upon heating, mixtures of potassium cyanide and potassium nitrite will result in an explosion (Formation of dicyan is self-explosive.) (ITI, 1995).

Upon heating or following shock, oxidizing agents mixed with potassium cyanide will explode (ITI, 1995).

Chromium tetraoxide mixed with potassium cyanide will explode when heated (ITI, 1995).

An explosion occurred when potassium cyanide and mercury (II) nitrate mixtures were heated within narrow ignition tubes (Urben, 1995).

When heated to decomposition, potassium cyanide evolves irritating and very toxic fumes of cyanide and nitric oxide and potassium oxide (Lewis, 1996). Evolved hydrogen cyanide fumes are highly toxic and can produce serious injury or death (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

Potassium cyanide reacts with even weak acids or acid fumes to release deadly hydrogen cyanide gas (Lewis, 1996; CHRIS , 1998).

Some hydrogen cyanide gas is released when potassium cyanide is dissolved in and reacts with water. Unless this occurs in a closed space, the amount is too small to be hazardous. If the water is acidic, however, toxic amounts of hydrogen cyanide may be released nearly immediately (CHRIS , 1998).

Hydrogen cyanide gas is emitted when the compound comes in contact with moist air (Ashford, 1994).

Potassium cyanide absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air and slowly decomposes (ITI, 1985).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1680 - Potassium cyanide

when spilled in water
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 300 meters (1000 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1 kilometers (0.6 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen cyanide

DOT ID No. 1680 - Potassium cyanide, solid

when spilled in water
SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 300 meters (1000 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 1 kilometers (0.6 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles).

CAUTION:

This material which produces large amounts of the following gas(es)when spilled in water:

Hydrogen cyanide

DOT ID No. 3413 : Potassium cyanide, solution

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Isolate the hazard area, remove discharged material and all ignition sources, and keep unnecessary people away (CHRIS , 1998).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS151-50-8 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS151-50-8 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Potassium cyanide
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 5.3
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 5.3
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 19
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 40
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS151-50-8 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Potassium cyanide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 6.6 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 6.6 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 5.3 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 3.5 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 2.7 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Potassium cyanide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 45 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 27 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 19 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 9.3 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 6.6 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Potassium cyanide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 72 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 56 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 40 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 23 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm:
mg/m3: 18 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS151-50-8 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Add a strong alkali solution of calcium hypochlorite to neutralize the potassium cyanide (ITI, 1995).
LAND SPILLS: Pits, ponds, or lagoons may be constructed to contain spilled or leaking material and fire control runoff water (AAR, 1996).
- Contained material should be covered with plastic sheeting to prevent dissolving in rain or fire control water (AAR, 1996).
WATER SPILLS: First add caustic soda, then neutralize with calcium hypochlorite and adjust pH to neutral (pH = 7) (AAR, 1996).
AIR SPILLS: Use water spray to knock down vapors. Dike and contain the water, which may be toxic or corrosive, for later disposal (AAR, 1996).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

SMALL SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 157 (ERG, 2004)
- Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is the disposal method suggested by Sittig (1991); however, HSDB (1998) considers potassium cyanide a poor candidate for incineration.
For in situ amelioration, use an an ion exchanger or precipitate with FE(+3). Treating with caustic or hypochlorite will convert the compound to a less toxic cyanate, which, however, can still be hazardous (OHM/TADS, 1998).
SRP: "At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices" (HSDB , 1998).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Cyanide levels in underlying strata and in groundwater may be elevated when material containing cyanide compounds is disposed of on land (HSDB , 1998).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Carbon dioxide and moisture slowly attack potassium cyanide exposed to air (OHM/TADS, 1998).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- Potassium cyanide decomposes rapidly in water (OHM/TADS, 1998).

OTHER

OTHER
- In water treatment processes, use of 15 ppm potassium cyanide over a 5-day period caused a 50% reduction in oxygen utilization by synthetic sludge (OHM/TADS, 1998).

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

0.3 (calculated from water solubility using regression equations) (HSDB , 1998).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Ecotoxicity Values (CHRIS , 1998) OHM/TADS, 1998):

TLm - Bluegill: 0.16 ppm for 48H -- Test environment: fresh water
TLm - Bluegill sunfish: 0.12 ppm for 96H -- Test environment: low dissolved oxygen
TLm - Bluegill: 0.16 ppm for 48H -- Test environment: temperature, concentration aerated
TLm - Bluegill: 0.43 ppm for 96H -- Test environment: controlled environment
TLm - Bluegill sunfish: 0.7 ppm for 24 and 48H
TLm - Bluegill: 0.45-0.57 for 96H -- Effect: normal dissolved oxygen
TLm - Zebrafish: 0.49 ppm for 48H -- Test environment: salt water
TLm - Pulmonate snail: 1.08 ppm for 96H -- Test environment: syndil H2O
TLm - Scenedesmus: 0.16 ppm for 96H
TLm - Daphnia: 0.8 ppm for 48H
TLm - E. coli: 0.6 ppm for 36H
TLm - Microregma: 0.04 ppm for 48H
TLm - Daphnia: 0.7 ppm for 72H -- Test environment: temperature controlled
TLm - Brook trout: 0.09 ppm for 48H
TLm - Blacknose dace: 0.22 ppm for 24H
TLm - Mosquito fish: 1.6 ppm for 24, 48, and 96H -- Test environment: turbid
LC50 - Guppy (1 cm): 0.26 ppm for 48H -- Test environment: flow-through
LC50 - Guppy (1 cm): 0.42 ppm for 24H -- Test environment: flow-through
IL50 - Eurasion: 22.4 ppm
IL50 - Eurasion: 20 ppm
IL50 - Eurasion: 28.6 ppm
IL50 - Eurasion: 27.3 ppm
Bivalve Larvae: 0.014 ppm -- Effect: lethal
Brook trout: 0.009 ppm -- Effect: reduced ability to swim
Trout: 0.14 ppm for 1H -- Effect: helpless at 5 degrees C
Trout: 0.27 ppm for 2H -- Effect: overturned
Trout, sunfish: 5 ppm for 1H -- Effect: lethal in lake water
Rainbow trout: 0.175 ppm for 73H -- Effect: succumbed
Marine fish: 0.1 ppm -- Effect: irritating
Goldfish: 0.1-0.3 ppm for 40H -- Effect: lethal in hard water
Goldfish: 0.78 ppm for 43-118H -- Effect: lethal; Test environment: distilled
Minnows: 0.25-0.35 ppm for 6H -- Effect: lethal in hard water
Fish: 0.25-1 ppm -- Effect: lethal in unaerated water
Minnows: 0.6-1 ppm for 6H -- Effect: lethal in distilled water
Sea lamprey: 5 ppm for 9H -- Effect: lethal in lake water
Tadpoles: 15 ppm -- Effect: lethal

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

65.12

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Potassium cyanide exists as white, deliquescent granular powder or fused pieces (Budavari, 1996). It also exists in flake form or as a crystalline mass (Hathaway, 1996; (Lewis, 1997).

At minus degrees, the compound's shape changes from cubic to orthorhombic (Lewis, 1996).

Potassium cyanide has a bitter almond-like odor (ACGIH, 1991). The ability to detect this odor is genetically determined and from 20 to 60 percent of the population are unable to detect its presence (Hall & Rumack, 1986).

11.0 (0.1 N aqueous solution) (Budavari, 1996)

VAPOR PRESSURE

0 mmHg (approximate) (NIOSH, 1998)

DENSITY

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

1.52 g/m(3) (at 16 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
1.553 g/m(3) (at 20 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

634.5 degrees C; 1174.1 degrees F (CHRIS , 1998)
1173 degrees F (NIOSH, 1998)

MELTING POINT

634 degrees C (ACGIH, 1991)

BOILING POINT

1625 degrees C; 2957 degrees F (NFPA, 1997) NIOSH, 1998)

Very high (at 1 atm) (CHRIS , 1998)

FLASH POINT

Not applicable (NIOSH, 1998)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Not applicable (NIOSH, 1998)

UPPER

Not applicable (NIOSH, 1998)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Potassium cyanide is described as soluble to very soluble in water (Lewis, 1996; NFPA, 1997).
Potassium cyanide is soluble in 2 parts cold and 1 part boiling water (Budavari, 1996).
It is 72% soluble at 77 degrees F (NIOSH, 1998).
At 25 degrees C, 1000 g of water dissolves 716 g of potassium cyanide (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Potassium cyanide is soluble in glycerol (Lewis, 1997).
It is slightly soluble in alcohol: 100 g of alcohol dissolves 0.875 g of potassium cyanide at 10.5 degrees C (Clayton & Clayton, 1994)
It is soluble in the following: 2 parts glycerol, 100 parts alcohol, 25 parts methanol (Budavari, 1996).

OTHER/PHYSICAL

HEAT OF FUSION

14.7X10(3) J/mol (HSDB , 1998)

HYDROLYSIS CONSTANT

2.54X10(-5) (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 1998)

INDEX OF REFRACTION

1.410 (HSDB , 1998)

-REFERENCES

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

40 CFR 372.28: Environmental Protection Agency - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting, Community Right-To-Know, Lower thresholds for chemicals of special concern. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Printing Office (GPO). Washington, DC. Final rules current as of Apr 3, 2006.

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Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents

Information to evaluate chemical incidents