POTASSIUM ARSENITE

Potassium arsenite was formerly used in the silvering of mirrors to reduce silver salts to metallic silver, and as a weather and fungal resistant wood treatment (AAR, 1987; (Sax & Lewis, 1987; CHRIS , 1993; Budavari, 1989; EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1993; HSDB , 1991).
FOWLER'S SOLUTION, an aromatic solution of potassium arsenite, is used in veterinary medicine and previously was widely used in human medicine for a variety of indications, including psoriasis and other chronic dermatoses, asthma, blood disorders, rheumatic fever, a wide variety of other illness, and as a general "tonic" (Sax & Lewis, 1989; Finkel, 1983; ACGIH, 1986; Lander et al, 1975; Falk et al, 1981).

FORMS

Potassium arsenite is a white, odorless, water-soluble powder solid (AAR, 1987; (Sax & Lewis, 1987; CHRIS , 1993; Budavari, 1989; EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1993; HSDB , 1991).
Potassium arsenite is a TRIVALENT ARSENIC COMPOUND. Trivalent arsenic compounds are generally considered to be more toxic than pentavalent arsenic compounds on an equal dose basis (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989). Trivalent arsenic compounds are thought to produce their toxic effects by reversibly combining with sulfhydryl groups, resulting in inhibition of various enzyme systems (Hood, 1972; Byard, 1979). Arsenic inhibits enzymes required for cellular respiration and has the effect of depleting cellular energy stores, leading to cellular death (Schoolmeester & White, 1980).
OSHA considers potassium arsenite to be a human carcinogen.
Because it is odorless, ODOR IS NOT AN ADEQUATE WARNING FOR OVEREXPOSURE TO POTASSIUM ARSENITE.
The ACGIH has established a Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for arsenic. Refer to the BIOMONITORING section for more information.
The following review is based on the toxic effects of arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds in general, with effects attributed specifically to potassium arsenite where noted.

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium arsenite is an odorless white powder solid, water-soluble, trivalent arsenic compound. Its toxicity is similar to that of other arsenicals and it can be absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and through the skin. It is a skin irritant and contact allergen, as well as a known human carcinogen. Potassium arsenite has caused mutations in human leukocytes and sister chromatid exchanges in Vicia faba.

Prolonged medicinal use of potassium arsenite (Fowler's solution) has been associated with portal cirrhosis with esophageal varices; this condition is nearly always associated with arsenical dermatoses.

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food. A metallic or garlic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-water-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur. Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common. Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early event.

Systemic arsenic poisoning from occupational exposure is uncommon. Arsenic workers have developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation and possibly perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and rarely, cirrhosis of the liver. Nausea and vomiting are infrequent. Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with dust exposure.

The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys. Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged. The peripheral neuropathy appears similar regardless of the route of exposure.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium arsenite is highly poisonous. It can be absorbed by the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes (Sax & Lewis, 1989; EPA, 1985). It is a skin irritant (Sax & Lewis, 1989; EPA, 1985; OHM/TADS , 1993; HSDB , 1991).

Acute arsenic ingestion generally produces symptoms within 30 to 60 minutes, but symptom onset may be delayed for several hours if ingested with food (Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985). A metallic or garlic taste and garlic-like odor of the breath, vomiting, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and profuse watery (rice-like) and sometimes bloody diarrhea may occur (Sittig, 1985; Finkel, 1983; EPA, 1988).

Dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are common (Morgan, 1989). Hypovolemia from capillary leaking ("third spacing" of fluids) is a common early sign (Morgan, 1989; EPA, 1988; HSDB , 1993). Cardiac arrhythmias may occur, but these may be secondary to electrolyte imbalance (Peterson & Rumack, 1977; Goldsmith, 1980; St Peter et al, 1970; Sittig, 1985).

Conjunctivitis, photophobia, dimness of vision, diplopia, and lacrimation may occur from acute exposure to arsenic compounds (Heyman et al, 1956; Grant, 1986). The primary target organs initially are the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, and kidneys (Sittig, 1985; Morgan, 1989; Finkel, 1983; HSDB , 1993). Eventually, the skin, bone marrow, and peripheral nervous system may be significantly damaged (Finkel, 1983; Morgan, 1989; Sittig, 1985; HSDB , 1993). Hemolysis, pancytopenia, and anemia may occur after acute arsenic poisoning (Kyle & Pease, 1965; Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

MEE'S LINES, transverse white lines in the nails, may be seen after acute exposure. Mee's lines commonly take 5 weeks to appear above the cuticle and advance 1 mm per week afterwards, allowing an approximation of the time of acute exposure (Heyman et al, 1956).

Permanent encephalopathy may ensue from acute exposure to arsenic compounds. The encephalopathy can result in atrophy of the cortex one to six months after exposure (Fincher & Koerker, 1987). This can cause loss of many higher brain functions.

Peripheral neuropathy of both the sensory and motor type can appear in a similar pattern, regardless of the route of exposure (Finkel, 1983). It commonly begins one to 3 weeks later (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977; Heyman et al, 1956). It usually begins as paresthesias of the soles of the feet, then the hands, progressing proximally over the next few days (Heyman et al, 1956).

Severe muscle weakness and wasting then develops, causing severe disability (Le Quesne & McLeod, 1977). It may initially be confused with Guillain-Barre' syndrome (Donofrio et al, 1987). The paresthesias may be painful, and are frequently described as severe burning pain in a "stocking and glove" distribution.

Physical findings of arsenic neuropathy usually include prominently decreased sensation to touch, pinprick, and temperature, frequently in a stocking and glove distribution (Heyman et al, 1956). Loss of vibration sense is also common. Profound muscle weakness and wasting, distal more so than proximal, is also seen (Donofrio et al, 1987; Heyman et al, 1956). Wrist drop, foot drop, and fasciculations may also occur with arsenic poisoning (Heyman et al, 1956).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Potassium arsenite would be expected to cause chronic arsenic poisoning with repeated exposure. Prolonged use of Fowler's solution has been associated with portal cirrhosis with esophageal varices; this condition is nearly always associated with arsenical dermatoses (Franklin et al, 1950).

Workers chronically exposed to arsenic by inhalation and dermal contact have mainly developed a hoarse voice, nasal irritation, possible perforation of the nasal septum, irritation of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and, rarely, cirrhosis of the liver (ACGIH, 1986; Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985; Proctor et al, 1988; Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Nausea and vomiting are infrequent complaints among arsenic workers (Clayton & Clayton, 1981). Painful ulceration of the wrist and scrotal skin, lips, and nostrils may develop with arsenic dust exposure (Finkel, 1983; Sittig, 1985).

Chronic arsenic poisoning involves alopecia (hair loss) and an enlarged liver, in addition to the signs and symptoms mentioned in the ACUTE EXPOSURE section above (Finkel, 1983). Aplastic anemia has also been described after chronic arsenic exposure (Kjeldsberg & Ward, 1972).

Skin disorders after chronic arsenic ingestion have included: melanosis, depigmentation, keratosis, and hyperkeratosis (Das et al, 1995; Leda, 1994). A study of Taiwanese living in an area with endemically high arsenic levels in ground water used for drinking reported that a cumulative arsenic exposure of greater than 15 ppm-year increased the prevalence of diabetes mellitus by a ratio of 10 (Lai et al, 1994).

Arsenic can cause cancer in humans. (Refer to the CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS section for more information.) Chronic arsenic poisoning may be a predictor of the risk of development of cancer in individuals who have ingested potassium arsenite (in the form of Fowler's solution) for many years (Cuzick et al, 1992).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

INHALATION EXPOSURE

Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.
Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water. Following ingestion, measures to decrease absorption may be useful if the patient is seen soon after the exposure.

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Remove contaminated clothing while washing with an open faucet, hose, or shower for at least 15 minutes. Do repeated soap washings; include hair and nails. Wear chemical protective clothing (gloves etc) if necessary, to prevent self-exposure (HSDB , 1991).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.

EYE EXPOSURE

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
No cases of systemic arsenic poisoning following only eye exposure have been reported.

ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
First responders treatment.

If swallowed and victim is conscious, have victim drink water or milk (CHRIS , 1991).
If swallowed and victim is unconscious or having convulsions, do nothing except keep victim warm (CHRIS , 1991).

Because poisoning by ingested arsenic almost always results in profuse diarrhea, it is generally not appropriate to administer a cathartic (Morgan, 1989).
If treatment has been delayed, and if the victim remains fully alert, administer activated charcoal (Morgan, 1989).

Although arsenic is commonly listed as being effectively adsorbed to charcoal, data are lacking.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Administer intravenous fluids to restore adequate hydration, support urine flow, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Monitor intake/output continuously to guard against fluid overload if acute renal failure occurs.
Monitor blood electrolytes regularly.
Blood transfusions and oxygen by mask may be needed to treat shock.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

One milligram/kilogram of ingested arsenic may be lethal in a child (Woody & Komentani, 1948).
As little as 20 milligrams of arsenic may produce life-threatening toxicity (Zaloga et al, 1970; Schoolmeester & White, 1980) Huttone & Christians, 1983).
An oral dose of 120 mg of arsenic trioxide may be fatal (Finkel, 1983).

CASE REPORTS

In a study of 478 patients given Fowler's solution (containing potassium arsenite), for periods ranging from 2 weeks to 12 years, researchers failed to find an excess incidence of cancer deaths and only a slightly increased incidence of deaths from lung tumors (Cuzick et al, 1982).

The median dose was 448 mg (mean dose of 1891 mg) over a mean duration of 8.92 months in this group; the mean follow-up duration was 20.3 years (Cuzick et al, 1982).

Two patients who developed hepatic angiosarcoma following long-term ingestion of Fowler's solution for psoriasis had cumulative doses of between 15 and 30 grams (Falk et al, 1981).
A patient who developed both hepatic angiosarcoma and bronchioaveolar carcinoma had taken a cumulative dose of 10 grams of Fowler's solution for dermatitis hepatiformis over a 6-year period (Kasper et al, 1984).
A patient who developed angiosarcoma of the liver and skin had taken a cumulative dose of 15 grams of Fowler's solution for psoriasis over a 14-year period (Lander et al, 1975).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE

Estimates of acute oral toxic doses of various arsenic compounds range from one milligram to 10 grams.
Arsenic trioxide in a solubilized form becomes sodium arsenite which is more toxic than in an unsolubilized form.

CASE REPORTS

ADULT

200 milligram of arsenic trioxide ingestion by an adult may be lethal (Baselt & Cravey, 1989; Baselt, 1988).
A 30-year-old man survived an ingestion of 6 ounces of "Blue Ball Rat Killer" containing 1.5 arsenous oxide (2.150 milligrams metallic arsenic per 6 ounces) with aggressive therapy (fluid resuscitation, chelation and hemodialysis) (Fesmire et al, 1988).

INFANT

Acute ingestion of 9 to 14 milligrams of arsenic trioxide by a 16-month-old child produced classic gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning (Watson et al, 1981).

ANIMAL DATA

Trivalent arsenic (arsenite) is more toxic in animals than the pentavalent form (arsenate). However, significant toxicity may occur with large amounts of pentavalent salts in humans.
Pentavalent arsenic may be converted in vitro to trivalent arsenic (Morgan, 1989).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS10124-50-2 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Not Listed

TOXICITY VALUES

Reference: RTECS, 2000
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)CAT:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (ORAL)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)DOG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)GUINEA_PIG:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)MOUSE:
- LDLo- (INTRAVENOUS)RABBIT:
- LDLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)RABBIT:
- TDLo- (ORAL)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS10124-50-2 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Not Listed

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS10124-50-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS10124-50-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Potassium arsenite
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1 (0.454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Potassium Arsenite
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 1

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500/10,000
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS10124-50-2 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Not Listed

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS10124-50-2 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS10124-50-2 (EPA, 2005):

Not Listed

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1678 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Potassium arsenite

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 6.1

6.1: Poisonous materials. See 49 CFR section 173.132 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1678
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 6.1

6.1: Poison Inhalation Hazard (inhalation hazard, Zone A or B) or Poison (other than inhalation hazard, Zone A or B; the packing group for a material is indicated in column 5 of the table.).

Special Provisions: IB8, IP2, IP4, T3, TP33

IB8: Authorized IBCs: Metal (11A, 11B, 11N, 21A, 21B, 21N, 31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (11H1, 11H2, 21H1, 21H2, 31H1 and 31H2); Composite (11HZ1, 11HZ2, 21HZ1, 21HZ2, 31HZ1 and 31HZ2); Fiberboard (11G); Wooden (11C, 11D and 11F); Flexible (13H1, 13H2, 13H3, 13H4, 13H5, 13L1, 13L2, 13L3, 13L4, 13M1 or 13M2).
IP2: When IBCs other than metal or rigid plastics IBCs are used, they must be offered for transportation in a closed freight container or a closed transport vehicle.
IP4: Flexible, fiberboard or wooden IBCs must be sift-proof and water-resistant or be fitted with a sift-proof and water-resistant liner.
T3: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(2).
TP33: The portable tank instruction assigned for this substance applies for granular and powdered solids and for solids which are filled and discharged at temperatures above their melting point which are cooled and transported as a solid mass. Solid substances transported or offered for transport above their melting point are authorized for transportation in portable tanks conforming to the provisions of portable tank instruction T4 for solid substances of packing group III or T7 for solid substances of packing group II, unless a tank with more stringent requirements for minimum shell thickness, maximum allowable working pressure, pressure-relief devices or bottom outlets are assigned in which case the more stringent tank instruction and special provisions shall apply. Filling limits must be in accordance with portable tank special provision TP3. Solids meeting the defnintion of an elevated temperature material must be transported in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 153
Non-bulk packaging: 212
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 25 kg
Cargo aircraft only: 100 kg

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: A

A: The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1678 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Potassium arsenite
UN Number: 1678

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS10124-50-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Storage containers must have tightly closed inner receptacles of earthenware, glass or metal (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Strong compatible plastic bottles, not over 5 pounds in capacity each may be used (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Sealed compatible plastic bags, not over one pound in capacity each may be used (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Keep containers tightly closed in a well-ventilated area away from food products (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Keep away from heat and water (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 10124-50-2.

Specific recommendations and test data for this chemical were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature. A complete list of consulted manufacturers and references is presented below.

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
- Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
- Containers may explode when heated.
Toxic arsenic fumes and potassium oxide gas may be generated during a fire.
Since potassium arsenite does not easily burn, extinguish fire using an agent that is suitable for the surrounding fire.

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS10124-50-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS10124-50-2 (NFPA, 2002):

Not Listed

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (AAR, 1987; (EPA, 1985; HSDB , 1991).

Keep unnecessary people away from hazard area and deny entry (AAR, 1987; (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Stay upwind; keep out of low areas (AAR, 1987; (OHM/TADS , 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Potassium arsenite will decompose to toxic arsenic fumes and potassium oxide gas at 300 degrees C (HSDB , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Potassium arsenite will not ignite rapidly (EPA, 1985).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Inhalation if potassium arsenite dust is highly toxic; the compound also is a strong irritant to the skin, upper respiratory tract and eyes (Proctor et at, 1988).

The dust can produce a contact dermatitis or an allergic sensitivity reaction (Proctor et al, 1988; OHM/TADS , 1991; HSDB , 1991).

Arsenic is a skin carcinogen (IARC, 1973).

Potassium arsenite emits highly toxic and irritating fumes and gases when heated to decomposition (OHM/TADS , 1991; Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Prolonged exposure to low levels of inorganic arsenic is characterized by weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal disturbances, peripheral neuropathy and skin disorders.

Acute or chronic systemic poisoning by sodium arsenic is not common in the workplace (Proctor et al, 1988).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Potassium arsenite is unstable when aerated (EPA, 1985).

It gradually will decompose when in contact with CO2 (HSDB , 2000).

Potassium arsenite slowly is converted in solution to arsenate when in contact with atmospheric oxygen (HSDB , 2000).

Conditions to avoid: aeration (EPA, 1985).

Incompatibility (HSDB , 2000):

Alkaloid salts
Hypophosphites and sulfites in acid solution
Salts of iron and of most other heavy metals
Tannic acid

Toxic arsine gas is released upon contact with acid (OHM/TADS , 2000).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate enclosed areas.

Potassium arsenite, as well as its thermal decomposition products are extremely toxic: Avoid any contact with material.

Access to contaminated areas should be restricted and persons in the immediate area should be evacuated if potassium arsenite or its decomposition products are/or have the potential to become airborne.

For IDL or unknown conditions, full-face, positive pressure demand SCBAs must be worn.

Water Spill: Close beach and shore to public until material has been removed. If tidal, scrape affected area at low tide with a mechanical scrapper. Do not burn material (OHM/TADS , 1991).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS10124-50-2 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS10124-50-2 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Potassium metaarsenite; (Potassium arsenite)
TEEL-0 (units = mg/m3): 0.0533
TEEL-1 (units = mg/m3): 2
TEEL-2 (units = mg/m3): 14
TEEL-3 (units = mg/m3): 26.7
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS10124-50-2 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Not Listed

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS10124-50-2 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 154 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Do not touch spilled material.
Do not handle the material without appropriate respiratory and chemical protective equipment (AAR, 1987).
If the container is small, the leak may be stopped by repositioning the opening above the level of the material (EPA, 1985).
Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material (AAR, 1987; (HSDB , 1991).
Liquids: Take up liquids with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal (EPA, 1985).
Solids: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move container(s) from spill area (AAR, 1987; (EPA, 1985).
Solids: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water (AAR, 1987; (HSDB , 1991).
Water Spill: Dam stream if possible to reduce the flow and prevent further dissipation by water movement (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: To remove any undissolved material from the bottom, bottom pumps or underwater vacuum systems may be employed in small bodies of water dredging may be effective in larger bodies (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: Pump water into a suitable container (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (flaked lime), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate.
Potassium arsenite cannot be accepted at a municipal sewage treatment plant (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Potassium arsenite contaminated waste will have to be transported to a permitted storage, treatment or disposal facility (EPA, 1989).
Elemental arsenic wastes should be placed in long-term storage or returned to suppliers or manufacturers for reprocessing (Sittig, 1985).
After the material has been contained, remove it and the contaminated soil and place in impervious containers. If practical, transport material back to the supplier or chemical company to recover the heavy metal content and deactivation. If this is not practical, or facilities not available, the material should be encapsulated and buried in a especially designed chemical landfill (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Notify local and state health authorities, local solid waste disposal authorities, supplier, and shipper (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Treatment: Adjust pH to 5 to 9, oxidize with hypochlorous acid to residual (OHM/TADS , 1991; HSDB , 1991).
Treatment: Add calcium hydroxide to pH 10.5; add ferric chloride to floc, settle, filter neutralize to pH 7 with hydrochloric acid and discharge (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Treatment: Potassium arsenite can be removed from the water column by co-precipitation or adsorption onto iron oxides. Arsenite is readily adsorbed onto metal sulfides (HSDB , 1991).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Contain all contaminated water. Treat and dispose as hazardous waste (EPA, 1989).
Land Spill: First dig a pit or holding area to contain the liquid or solid neutralize the spill with agricultural lime crushed limestone or sodium bicarbonate (AAR, 1987).
Water Spill: Dam stream if possible to reduce the flow and prevent further dissipation by water movement. Bottom pumps or underwater vacuum systems may be employed in small bodies of water and drying may be effective in larger bodies of water to remove undissolved solids from the bottom (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Water Spill: Pump water into a suitable container (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Separate potassium arsenite from contaminated water by co-precipitation or adsorption (HSDB , 1991; OHM/TADS , 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Potassium arsenite is persistent in the environment (OHM/TADS , 1991).

Potassium arsenite is water soluble, so runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution (Budavari, 1989; OHM/TADS , 1991).

Notify operators of near-by water intakes (AAR, 1987).

Threatened water uses include: Potable supply, Fisheries, Irrigation, Food processing. Restrict access to affected waters (OHM/TADS , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

OTHER

OTHER
- AQUATIC : In aerobic water, inorganic arsenic(III) is slowly oxidized to arsenic(V) at neutral pH, but the reaction proceeds measurably faster in several days in strongly alkaline or acidic solutions (HSDB , 1991).
- AQUATIC: The pH of aqueous solutions appears to be a major factor in the relative stability of arsenic (HSDB , 1991).
- AQUATIC: In the water column, arsenic(III) is oxidized in seawater 10 times faster at depths of 165 m compared to samples taken at 50 m (HSDB , 1991).
- Biodegradation: Microorganisms in sediments that contain arsenic convert arsenic into dimethyl arsine. A variety of arsenicals are converted into dimethyl arsine by methanobacteria (HSDB , 1991).
- Biotransformation: Most arsenicals in marine life are present in water-soluble organic forms, indicating that inorganic arsenic does not bioconcentrate in marine organisms (HSDB , 1991).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

WATER CONTAMINATION

The critical concentration for fish toxicity is 2 mg/L (CHRIS , 1991).
Aquatic toxicity to fish in fresh water (OHM/TADS , 1991):

CONCENTRATION SPECIES EFFECT 35 ppm bluegill LC50 sunfish

No data on waterfowl (CHRIS , 1991).
Toxicity to aquatic plants: 0.1 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991)

SOIL CONTAMINATION

Irrigable plants: 0.5 for pineapples and oranges (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Chronic plant toxicity: 0.01 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1991).
Food chain bioconcentration not shown (CHRIS , 1991).
Biological oxygen demand (BOD): Data not available (CHRIS , 1991).

AIR POLLUTION

Potassium arsenite is a high pollution hazard (OHM/TADS , 1991).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

254.8 (HSDB , 2000)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Potassium arsenite is a white, odorless powder at 15 degrees C and one atmosphere (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000).

Potassium arsenite is colorless in water (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Aqueous solution is alkaline (OHM/TADS , 2000).

Potassium arsenite is hygroscopic (Budavari, 1996).

Grades of purity

Commercial: Variable composition (Budavari, 1996)

Stability: Unstable (EPA, 1985)

Hygroscopic, gradually decomposes on exposure to air (CO2) (Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 2000).

VAPOR PRESSURE

No information found at the time of this review.

DENSITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

GAS: 8.76 g/cm(3) (calculated) (CHRIS , 2000)

FLASH POINT

Not flammable (CHRIS , 1991). Potassium arsenite may burn with difficulty and will not react rapidly (HSDB , 1991).

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

Nonflammable

UPPER

Nonflammable

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67 FR 7164: Notice of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances - Proposed AEGL Values, Environmental Protection Agency, NAC/AEGL Committee. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and the Government Publishing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, 2002.

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