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PLATINUM TETRACHLORIDE

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Classification   |    Detailed evidence-based information

Substances Included Synonyms

Therapeutic Toxic Class

    A) Platinum tetrachloride is used in the electroplating industry, the platinizing of pumice for crystals, etching zinc for printing, creating platinum mirrors, developing indelible inks, and creation of color effects in ceramics (EPA, 1985).

Specific Substances

    A) No Synonyms were found in group or single elements

Available Forms Sources

    A) USES
    1) This salt is used in a variety of applications as chloroplatinic acid for electroplating, platinizing pumice for crystals, etching zinc for printing, platinum mirrors, indelible ink, ceramics (colored porcelains), and microscopy (EPA, 1985).

Overview

Life Support

    A) This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects

    0.2.1) SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    A) The primary effects of platinum salts are irritation of the respiratory tract and allergic and contact dermatitis. The number of clinically serious cases have been small.
    0.2.4) HEENT
    A) Conjunctivitis, lachrimation, and occasional photophobia have been reported after exposure to soluble platinum salts.
    0.2.6) RESPIRATORY
    A) Wheezing and coughing have been seen after exposure to soluble platinum salts. The symptoms appear similar to those of asthma.
    0.2.14) DERMATOLOGIC
    A) Dermatitis has been reported after exposure to soluble platinum salts. These rashes appear to have a mild contact irritant component and also an allergic sensitivity component.
    0.2.19) IMMUNOLOGIC
    A) The lung and skin reactions to platinum tetrachloride appear to have an allergic component. The sensitivity to platinum may be delayed for years.
    0.2.20) REPRODUCTIVE
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    0.2.21) CARCINOGENICITY
    A) Platinum tetrachloride has been shown to be mutagenic in both cell cultures and in tests on Drosophila.

Laboratory Monitoring

    A) There does not appear to be any specific laboratory measures indicated for exposure to platinum tetrachloride.
    B) Patch testing may determine allergic sensitivity.

Treatment Overview

    0.4.2) ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    A) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting.
    B) SUMMARY: The use of activated charcoal are questionable since this compound is not know to be a strong systemic poison nor has it been shown to bind to activated charcoal.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    D) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in the head down left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first.
    1) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated patients; following ingestion of corrosives; hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    0.4.3) INHALATION EXPOSURE
    A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
    0.4.4) EYE EXPOSURE
    A) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.
    0.4.5) DERMAL EXPOSURE
    A) OVERVIEW
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

    A) No specific toxic dose has been determined. Because of the allergic component, susceptibility may vary considerably.
    B) TLV-TWA - 0.002 mg/m(3) (measured as platinum) of the soluble salts.

Clinical Effects

Summary Of Exposure

    A) The primary effects of platinum salts are irritation of the respiratory tract and allergic and contact dermatitis. The number of clinically serious cases have been small.

Heent

    3.4.1) SUMMARY
    A) Conjunctivitis, lachrimation, and occasional photophobia have been reported after exposure to soluble platinum salts.
    3.4.3) EYES
    A) LACRIMATION as well as a burning sensation of the eyes and conjunctival hyperemia have been seen after exposure to the dusts of soluble platinum salts (Grant, 1986).
    B) PHOTOPHOBIA has occasionally been associated with conjunctival hyperemia seen after exposure to the dusts of soluble platinum salts (Grant, 1986).
    3.4.5) NOSE
    A) RHINORHEA may occur after exposure to platinum tetrachloride (Sax, 1984).
    3.4.6) THROAT
    A) IRRITATION of the throat has been seen in workers exposed to the dusts of soluble platinum salts (ACGIH, 1986).

Respiratory

    3.6.1) SUMMARY
    A) Wheezing and coughing have been seen after exposure to soluble platinum salts. The symptoms appear similar to those of asthma.
    3.6.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) BRONCHOSPASM
    1) Coughing and wheezing may be seen after exposure to this platinum salt (Sax, 1984). The symptoms are similar to those of an asthma attack (ACGIH, 1986).

Dermatologic

    3.14.1) SUMMARY
    A) Dermatitis has been reported after exposure to soluble platinum salts. These rashes appear to have a mild contact irritant component and also an allergic sensitivity component.
    3.14.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) DERMATITIS
    1) In tests done on rabbit skin, 100 mg for 24 hours produced severe skin irritation (RTECS , 1983; Campbell et al, 1975). This dermatitis may be due, in part, to acquired hypersensitivity (Grant, 1986)
    B) DISCOLORATION OF SKIN
    1) Platinum salts may cause a bluish discoloration of the skin (Sax, 1984).

Immunologic

    3.19.1) SUMMARY
    A) The lung and skin reactions to platinum tetrachloride appear to have an allergic component. The sensitivity to platinum may be delayed for years.
    3.19.2) CLINICAL EFFECTS
    A) ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTION
    1) Many of the platinum salts are sensitizers. They may have a latency period of years (Plunkett, 1976).

Reproductive

    3.20.1) SUMMARY
    A) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.
    3.20.2) TERATOGENICITY
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
    3.20.4) EFFECTS DURING BREAST-FEEDING
    A) LACK OF INFORMATION
    1) At the time of this review, no data were available to assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent during pregnancy or lactation.

Carcinogenicity

    3.21.1) IARC CATEGORY
    A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13454-96-1 (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004):
    1) Not Listed
    3.21.2) SUMMARY/HUMAN
    A) Platinum tetrachloride has been shown to be mutagenic in both cell cultures and in tests on Drosophila.

Genotoxicity

    A) MUTAGENICITY - Preliminary work with cell cultures and Drosophila showed some mutagenicity potential with platinum tetrachloride (Taylor et al, 1979) Valencia, 1981).

Laboratory Monitoring

Monitoring Parameters Levels

    4.1.1) SUMMARY
    A) There does not appear to be any specific laboratory measures indicated for exposure to platinum tetrachloride.
    B) Patch testing may determine allergic sensitivity.
    4.1.2) SERUM/BLOOD
    A) HEMATOLOGIC
    1) A few cases of eosinophilia and lymphocytosis have been reported (Plunkett, 1976).
    4.1.4) OTHER
    A) OTHER
    1) DERMAL
    a) Patch testing may help determine allergenicity (Plunkett, 1976).

Treatment

Life Support

    A) Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

Monitoring

    A) There does not appear to be any specific laboratory measures indicated for exposure to platinum tetrachloride.
    B) Patch testing may determine allergic sensitivity.

Oral Exposure

    6.5.2) PREVENTION OF ABSORPTION
    A) DILUTION
    1) DILUTION: If no respiratory compromise is present, administer milk or water as soon as possible after ingestion. Dilution may only be helpful if performed in the first seconds to minutes after ingestion. The ideal amount is unknown; no more than 8 ounces (240 mL) in adults and 4 ounces (120 mL) in children is recommended to minimize the risk of vomiting (Caravati, 2004).
    B) GASTRIC LAVAGE
    1) INDICATIONS: Consider gastric lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube (ADULT: 36 to 40 French or 30 English gauge tube {external diameter 12 to 13.3 mm}; CHILD: 24 to 28 French {diameter 7.8 to 9.3 mm}) after a potentially life threatening ingestion if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 60 minutes).
    a) Consider lavage more than 60 minutes after ingestion of sustained-release formulations and substances known to form bezoars or concretions.
    2) PRECAUTIONS:
    a) SEIZURE CONTROL: Is mandatory prior to gastric lavage.
    b) AIRWAY PROTECTION: Place patients in the head down left lateral decubitus position, with suction available. Patients with depressed mental status should be intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube prior to lavage.
    3) LAVAGE FLUID:
    a) Use small aliquots of liquid. Lavage with 200 to 300 milliliters warm tap water (preferably 38 degrees Celsius) or saline per wash (in older children or adults) and 10 milliliters/kilogram body weight of normal saline in young children(Vale et al, 2004) and repeat until lavage return is clear.
    b) The volume of lavage return should approximate amount of fluid given to avoid fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
    c) CAUTION: Water should be avoided in young children because of the risk of electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication. Warm fluids avoid the risk of hypothermia in very young children and the elderly.
    4) COMPLICATIONS:
    a) Complications of gastric lavage have included: aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus, or stomach, fluid and electrolyte imbalance (Vale, 1997). Combative patients may be at greater risk for complications (Caravati et al, 2001).
    b) Gastric lavage can cause significant morbidity; it should NOT be performed routinely in all poisoned patients (Vale, 1997).
    5) CONTRAINDICATIONS:
    a) Loss of airway protective reflexes or decreased level of consciousness if patient is not intubated, following ingestion of corrosive substances, hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential), patients at risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation, or trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
    C) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/CATHARTIC
    1) The usefulness of activated charcoal has not been studied. The success of adsorption by activated charcoal is questionable. Until further data are available, activated charcoal could be tried for ingestions of large amounts.
    2) CHARCOAL ADMINISTRATION
    a) Consider administration of activated charcoal after a potentially toxic ingestion (Chyka et al, 2005). Administer charcoal as an aqueous slurry; most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion.
    3) CHARCOAL DOSE
    a) Use a minimum of 240 milliliters of water per 30 grams charcoal (FDA, 1985). Optimum dose not established; usual dose is 25 to 100 grams in adults and adolescents; 25 to 50 grams in children aged 1 to 12 years (or 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram body weight) ; and 0.5 to 1 gram/kilogram in infants up to 1 year old (Chyka et al, 2005).
    1) Routine use of a cathartic with activated charcoal is NOT recommended as there is no evidence that cathartics reduce drug absorption and cathartics are known to cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalances and occasionally hypotension (None Listed, 2004).
    b) ADVERSE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
    1) Complications: emesis, aspiration (Chyka et al, 2005). Aspiration may be complicated by acute respiratory failure, ARDS, bronchiolitis obliterans or chronic lung disease (Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002; Pollack et al, 1981; Harris & Filandrinos, 1993; Elliot et al, 1989; Rau et al, 1988; Golej et al, 2001; Graff et al, 2002). Refer to the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL/TREATMENT management for further information.
    2) Contraindications: unprotected airway (increases risk/severity of aspiration) , nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tract, uncontrolled vomiting, and ingestion of most hydrocarbons (Chyka et al, 2005).
    6.5.3) TREATMENT
    A) SUPPORT
    1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. No specific antidotes have been used.

Inhalation Exposure

    6.7.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) Move patient from the toxic environment to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis.
    B) OBSERVATION: Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
    C) INITIAL TREATMENT: Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform endotracheal intubation and provide assisted ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists, if bronchospasm develops. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm (National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute, 2007). Exposed skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of water.

Eye Exposure

    6.8.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) EYE IRRIGATION, ROUTINE: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, an ophthalmologic examination should be performed (Peate, 2007; Naradzay & Barish, 2006).

Dermal Exposure

    6.9.1) DECONTAMINATION
    A) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION
    1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).

Range Of Toxicity

Summary

    A) No specific toxic dose has been determined. Because of the allergic component, susceptibility may vary considerably.
    B) TLV-TWA - 0.002 mg/m(3) (measured as platinum) of the soluble salts.

Minimum Lethal Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

Maximum Tolerated Exposure

    A) GENERAL/SUMMARY
    1) No specific maximum tolerated dose has been determined. Rhinorhea was seen in 52 of 91 workers exposed to various salts of platinum at levels of 0.9 to 1700 micrograms/cubic meter (Hunter et al, 1945).

Workplace Standards

    A) ACGIH TLV Values for CAS13454-96-1 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):
    1) Not Listed

    B) NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS13454-96-1 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):
    1) Not Listed

    C) Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS13454-96-1 :
    1) ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed
    2) EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not Listed
    3) IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
    4) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed
    5) MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
    6) NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

    D) OSHA PEL Values for CAS13454-96-1 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):
    1) Not Listed

Toxicity Information

    7.7.1) TOXICITY VALUES
    A) LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)RAT:
    1) 404 mg/kg (RTECS, 1983)
    B) LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
    1) 2 mg/kg (RTECS, 1983)

Physicochemical

Physical Characteristics

    A) Platinum chloride is a brownish-red crystalline solid (EPA, 1985).

Molecular Weight

    A) 336.89

References

General Bibliography

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